a causal accessory. Among these we may enumerate since, seeing that, as, whereas. We might substitute any of these conjunctive expressions for because in the above examples without much change of the sense, though some of them would give an antiquated appearance to the form of the language. Thus, I cannot go, SINCE I have not time. I cannot go, SEEING or SEEING THAT I have not time.*

(14) These conjunctive words differ from because in this, that they intimate that the cause assigned in the accessory is manifest-apparent to the party addressed. (15) Thus, I cannot go, SINCE or SEEING THAT I have not time, is equivalent to I cannot go, the reason is apparent to yourself, viz.; I have not time, or I cannot go, you see I have not time. Using as we say, I cannot go, as I have not time. (16) This may be regarded as a less formal, less forcible way of alleging a cause for not going. (17) With the conjunctive whereas, we say WHEREAS I have not time, I cannot go. When this word is used, the accessory comes first. But whereas is now seldom employed except in contracts and formal papers.

(18) PUNCTUATION.-Here a comma is inserted between principal and accessory.

EXERCISES.-Furnish examples of this construction.

§ 131. 2d. (1) There is a species of accessory very similar to the last, sometimes interchanging place with it, in which the preposition FOR serves chiefly as the conjunctive word. (2) The proper use of this species of accessory seems to be to express a reason—an argument to enforce the assertion in the principal proposition; in other words, to express a logical cause. (3) We do not think that for conjunctive (that is employed before an accessory) is entirely restricted to cases in which the cause is of a logical nature,

* Since in this sense and seeing may be regarded as different forms of the same word. It is not so certain that since, which we have had occasion to notice in treating of accessories of time, and which means from a definite time onward or down is exactly the same word, though agreeing now in form. (See Diversions of Purley on these words. R. Taylor's Ed. p. 144.)

(14) How do these conjunctive words differ from because? (15) Illustrate by examples, (16) How may this mode of expression be regarded? (17) What is said of the use of the word whereas (18) What is the usage as to punctuation?

§ 181. (1) Describe another form of accessory similar to the preceding, and tell the conjunctive word. (2) What is the proper use of this accessory? (8) What is said in reference to its restriction to this use?

or what is properly called a reason. Our older authors, we think, sometimes use it where modern usage would demand because.*

(4) Upon the whole, we think that FOR conjunctive is now seldom employed for any other purpose except that of assigning a reason. We select a few examples for the purpose of illustration. (5) We can find the most abundant examples of this use of for in the writings of the apostle Paul as rendered in our authorized translation. (6) In the translation, we find conjunctive for used only, as far as we recollect, to introduce an argument-a reason for some preceding assertion, or statement of doctrine embracing perhaps numerous propositions. (7) It is often used in the commencement of a new sentence to indicate the connection between it and the preceding discourse. (8) "In all these things we are more than conquerors, through him that loved us. FOR I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, &c., shall be able to separate us from the love of God." Here FOR introduces the apostle's reason, or argument to corroborate the assertion, "In all these things we are more than conquerors." (9) We extract another short passage from the Epistle to the Romans, in which there are five examples of this species of accessory. "For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation. For the scripture saith, Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek; for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him. For whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be saved." (10) The first for indicates the purpose of the first proposition quoted; namely, that of an accessory to corroborate the sentiments uttered in the preceding verses. The purpose served by

the

*For is sometimes employed as a simple preposition (that is, before a single noun as opposed to an accessory proposition), in assigning a physical cause, though this is only one purpose for which it is employed, and perhaps purpose for which it is now most rarely employed. Thus, He acts so For fear; He cannot do so FOR shame, FOR pride, &c. It is now more common to use another form of expression in such cases; thus, He acts 80 BECAUSE of fear, THROUGH fear, or, On account of fear, according to the particular manner in which the word fear may be modified.

(4) Repeat the opinion given in reference to the use of FOR conjunctive. (5) Where may we find abundant examples of this use of FOR to connect an accessory? (6) What is said of the use of FOR in the authorized translation? (7) For what purpose is it said to be often employed? (8) Adduce examples for illustration. (9) Present a written copy of the passage from Romans in which FOR occurs five times. (10) Show the use of each of these

for in other parts of the extract can be discovered without reference to any thing beyond what it contains. (11) "For, for this cause pay ye tribute also." Here the first for is conjunctive, the second a preposition. When the passage is arranged in a different order, the construction is perfectly clear. For ye pay tribute for this cause. (12) Though the word cause occurs in this accessory, the proposition as a whole expresses a reason, not a cause as distinguished from a

reason.

(13) For is often followed by other conjunctive words. When this occurs, the student will take notice that the two conjunctive words introduce (except they form a compound conjunction) two distinct accessories. (14) We often find for followed by if, sometimes by when. Examples, "For, if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to glory." Let us change the arrangement, and it will become manifest that the two conjunctive words belong to, and introduce distinct propositions. Thus, FOR Abraham hath whereof to glory, IF he were (was) justified by works. "For, when ye were the servants of sin, ye were free from righteousness," FOR ye were free from righteousness, WHEN ye were the servants of sin. (15) We find sometimes three conjunctive words together, each introducing a distinct accessory. Example: "For, if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son; much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life." Here for introduces the whole compound accessory, having connection especially with the main or leading proposition in this compound accessory, "much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life." If introduces the proposition "we were reconciled by the death of his Son "-an accessory to the main proposition just mentioned; and when introduces the proposition before which it immediately stands, we were enemies," which is an accessory to "if we were reconciled to God," &c. So that this last is the accessory of a compound accessory of a main compound accessory. If we arrange the passage in the following order, the student will readily see the functions which the several conjunctive words perform. For, being reconciled to God, we shall much more be saved by the life of his Son, IF we were reconciled by his death, WHEN we were enemies. (16) The

conjunctive Fors, viz., the propositions which they connect. (11) Give an example with two consecutive FORS. Explain it. (12) Repeat the remark about the word cause.

(18) What is said of cases in which FOR is followed by other conjunctions? (14) By what conjunctions is for often followed? Write the two examples, and, with them before you, explain the connection. (15) Write out the example commencing with three conjunctions, and explain the connection of the passage. (16) Repeat the substance of the remarks which follow.

reader will observe how vastly inferior this arrangement is to that of the translators in energy, and even in perspicuity. This may teach us to appreciate the skill of the translators (Wiclif is the leader, followed by Tyndale, Cranmer, &c.), and the importance and difficulty of the art of arranging language, so as to express our thoughts with clearness and with force. It will be seen that it was not without reason that three conjunctive words are huddled together in this construction. Still this huddling together of conjunctive words, though here employed for good purpose, is not to be imitated, without the most urgent reasons.*

(17) We may call this species of accessory, THE ARGUMENTATIVE ACCESSORY. By argumentative in this case we mean that which assigns a reason or argument.

(18) PUNCTUATION.-Such accessories are usually separated from their principal by a comma, if not, as in many of the above examples, by a greater point.

We may notice some compounds of for, which are used, especially in older writers, to serve nearly similar purposes with for conjunctive. (19) We may enumerate forasmuch as, for that, for why, among these. (20) The accessory which originally followed for asmuch as, was, no doubt, a sort of Accessory of the Comparison of Equality, indicating that the principal assertion had an equal extent with the assertion in the accessory. But this form of expression has now come insensibly to indicate a reason, perhaps sometimes a cause, in the same way as the accessory with since or seeing that has come to do the same thing. This accessory, with forasmuch as, has the same form with the Accessory of Equal Intensity (much being the adjective compared), only that for is introduced before the as which precedes the adjective.t

* It would form a useful grammatical exercise to select a number of passages similar to those above, and then ascertain which proposition each conjunctive word serves to introduce. Abundant examples can be found in the same treasury from which we have selected the above specimens.

If we admit that much is here substantively employed (that is, has a noun implied, which it certainly has), the form exactly coincides with the following, in which the accessory is evidently of the class to which we have

(17) By what name may we call this accessory?

(18) Remark on punctuation.

(19) Enumerate some compounds of FOR used by old writers for similar purposes. (20) Repeat the substance of what is said about the accessory which follows forasmuch as illustrating by examples. Write the examples.

Examples: "Forasmuch as I know that thou hast been of many years a judge unto this nation, I do the more cheerfully answer for myself," Since, or seeing that I know, &c. The accessory, "Forasmuch as I know," &c., expresses the apostle's reason for more cheerfully answering for himself; or, if you please, the cause that he more cheerfully answered for himself, but a logical, not a physical cause. "Be ye steadfast, unmovable, always abounding in the work of the Lord, forasmuch as ye know that your labor is not in vain in the Lord,"

Since ye know, &c., in the Greek simply knowing that. Here the accessory follows the principal proposition; in the former example it preceded it.

(21) We also meet with Forasmuch then as = therefore since, or therefore if. For example, "Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold,” &c. THEREFORE SINCE we are the offspring, &c. Both then in the example and therefore in our substitute belong to, and connect the second proposition, or rather the whole compound proposition, "we ought not," &c., with the preceding discourse. "Forasmuch as we are the offspring of God" is the accessory in this compound proposition.

(22) These accessories which commence with forasmuch as, are represented in some of the other versions by accessories commencing with because, since, and in Wiclif (Luke xix. 9), by for that.

(23) Inasmuch as is also employed nearly in the same way, but retaining more similarity to the accessory of Equal Intensity. (See Ex. Heb. vii. 20.)

(24) In Wiclif's translation, as above noticed, we have for that since or because, and in James iv. 15, our translators have employed for that as equivalent to therefore. "For that ye ought to say," &c.

THEREFORE ye ought to say. The word therefore in fact is for that inverted; since there is simply the dative feminine corresponding to that, now used as of all genders. The dative there is used because

given the name of accessories of equal intensity. It is outrageous for as RICH A MAN AS you are to oppress the poor; or, for a man as rich, &c. We believe this is English, though so would be more proper before the adjective than as; at all events, the example will serve the purpose of illustration.

(21) Repeat in substance what is said of forasmuch then as. Illustrate by examples. (22) Repeat the remark about accessories with forasmuch as.

(23) Remark in reference to inasmuch as?

(24) Repeat the remarks in reference to for that, and therefore, and show the relation between these expressions.