go, IF you are willing to go with him. I can go, If my friends permit me. I may go, Ir the weather shall prove favorable. (11) Here we have arranged the principal propositions first; but the accessory in all these examples may be arranged first without any impropriety as regards order, or any change of sense. In all cases we are at liberty in using conditional propositions to place that first to which we wish to secure the greatest emphasis, or to accommodate the arrangement to our notions of harmony. The same remark applies equally to hypothetical propositions.

(12) There are other words besides if sometimes employed to connect conditional accessories. Such are, provided or providing that, suppose that or supposing that, in case that, put case that, set case that, &c. Examples of all these may be found in our older writers, but they are now seldom-used, with the exception of provided or providing that, and in case that. (13) We give examples of the propositions connected by provided that, providing that, and in case that. I will remain PROVIDED THAT you remain with me. (14) Here we may regard the accessory proposition as a substantive accessory preceded, as usual, by that determinative, and as forming with the participle, provided, the construction called a substantive with a participle in the case absolute. (See § 143: 13, et seq.) (15) PROVIDING THAT I have your assistance, I will attempt the business. Here I have your assistance may also be regarded as a substantive accessory preceded by that, and forming the objective modification of the participle providing; the whole being a participial construction used instead of the compound accessory proposition, If you, or somebody provide, or, if it be provided that I have your assistance. IN CASE-Or, IN CASE THAT-you cannot go, I will not go, IF you cannot go, I will not go.

(16) An imperative proposition is sometimes employed with the same force as a conditional accessory. Examples: Be good, and you shall be happy. Be industrious, frugal, and honest, and you cannot fail of success. These are manifestly equivalent to, IF you are good, you shall be happy. If you will be industrious, frugal, and honest, you cannot fail of success. In some cases, by using the imperative proposition, we render the expression more animated.

(12) Mention other words employed to connect conditionals; and repeat the remark in reference to their use. (13) Give examples of the use of such of these connecting words as occur in modern writers. (14) How may such accessories be regarded? (15) Transcribe the example, "providing that," &c., and explain it, with the copy in hand.

(16) Repeat the remark about the use of imperative propositions; and illustrate by examples.

(17) It will be observed that in such constructions the imperative proposition and the principal proposition are simply united as co-ordinate propositions by the copulative and. The real relation of the propositions here, as in many other cases, is left to be discovered from the matter, rather than the form of the expression. (See § 146.) ·

EXERCISE.-Furnish examples of conditional propositions.

We next give examples of hypothetical propositions. (18) These differ in form from conditional propositions only in one circumstance, that either the hypothetical or a past tense is employed in them. Indeed, both as to form and purpose, the hypothetical may be regarded as a subdivision of conditional propositions; namely, that class of conditionals in which the condition is not contingent or doubtful, but imagined to exist that we may have the opportunity of asserting hypothetically what we would assert absolutely, on the supposition that this condition really existed. (19) Hypothetical propositions are generally, like conditional propositions, constructed with IF preceding and introducing the hypothetical accessory. (20) Examples: I would go, ir I could; implying that I cannot now go, but that it is supposable that I had the power at a past time, and if so, that I had the will to go. He could write more frequently IF he had the inclination to write; implying that he has not the inclination, but that it is supposable that he possessed it. IF I had the book I would give it to your friend. More examples may be found in the remarks on the Conditional and Hypothetical Forms of the verb. (See § 63.)

(21) Hypothetical accessories can be introduced by means of the other words or phrases which introduce conditional accessories. Thus, I would certainly go, PROVIDED THAT OF IN CASE THAT, &c., I could leave my business.

(22) In hypothetical accessories, the conjunctive word is often omitted, especially when in the arrangement the accessory takes prece dence of the principal proposition. Thus, Had I the book, I would give it to you, If I had the book, I would give it to you. (See §

63.)

(23) In the hypothetical accessory the conjunctive past tense of the verb to be is employed, and not, as in other verbs, the indicative

(17) Repeat the observation about these constructions with imperatives. (18) Explain the difference between hypothetical and conditional propositions. (19) What connective word is chiefly employed in hypotheticals? (20) Illustrate by examples. (21) What is said of introducing hypotheticals by other words and phrases? Examples? (22) Repeat what is said of the omission of the conjunctive word. Give example. (23) What form of the verb to be is employed in hypotheticals? Example. (24) When is suppressed, what arrangement is preferable?

past. Example: I would do that for you, IF I were able, or, were I able. (24) When we suppress if, it is best to place the accessory first. Were I able, I would do that for you.

(25) Conditional and hypothetical propositions are used in the Interrogative form; as, Will he not assist me, IF he can? Would I not assist you, IF I could?

(26) Then illative (indicating a consequence or inference), is sometimes employed to introduce the principal proposition in conditionals and hypothteicals. In this case the principal proposition comes after the accessory. Examples: If I can help you, THEN I will. If I could help you, THEN I would. "If I knew, then would not I tell?" Then used in this manner appears rather stiff, and is, we believe, seldom introduced in the modern written language.

(27) It has been noticed already, in the remarks on the hypothetical form of the verbs, that the negative hypothetical accessory, exactly the reverse of all other negative propositions, implies that the supposed condition actually exists. This might have been anticipated from the fact already known, that the accessory of the affirmative form implies the present non-existence of what it expresses. The negative being the counterpart in form of the affirmative accessory, should also be its counterpart in sense. Examples: IF that man could NOT pay his debts, he would not be so blame-worthy. This implies that the man is actually able to pay his debts, and therefore worthy of greater blame. If he were NOT a worthy man, we would not defend him so zealously. This implies that we take him for a worthy man.

(28) We must observe here that the hypothetical form of compound proposition is sometimes used, when we do not intend to express a foregone conclusion; in other words, when it is not implied that the condition expressed in the accessory no longer exists. Such cases may, perhaps, be regarded as an extension of the use of this form to express an assertion in a softened manner under the cloak of a hypothesis. Example: If your friend would come to me to-morrow, I could, or might, or would explain to him the difficulty which perplexes him. This is a promise less absolute than when I say, If your friend WILL come, I CAN, or MAY, or WILL, &c. In the latter case my ability, power, will to explain the difficulty is absolutely asserted, but in the former case it is

(25) Repeat the remark about the interrogative form. Give examples.

(26) What is said of the use of then illative in conditionals and hypotheticals? Illustrate by examples.

(27) Repeat in substance what is said of the negative hypothetical proposition; and illustrate the statement by examples.

(28) Repeat the substance of the observation, and illustrate by examples.

only asserted as dependent, at least, on your friend's will to come, and perhaps on other casualties.

(29) PUNCTUATION.-In conditionals and hypotheticals a comma separates the principal and accessory.

EXERCISE. Furnish examples of hypothetical propositions.

§ 138. (1) In the conditional and hypothetical proposition the accessory might be represented as expressing a concession asked by the speaker, on which concession the validity of the main assertion depends. (2) There is another kind of compound proposition, in which the accessory also expresses a concession, but a concession granted or admitted by the speaker, and, notwithstanding which, the assertion is made, and made absolutely, not conditionally. (3) This kind of accessory has been called by some of the Germans the concessive accessory; and this name we adopt for want of a better, though not perfectly satisfied of its appropriateness.*

(4) In this class of propositions, the accessory is most generally introduced in the English of the present day by the words THOUGH and ALTHOUGH, sometimes in ancient writers and in imitations of the antiquated style by ALBEIT. (5) The force of the conjunctive though is often supported by the introduction of the adverb YET in the principal proposition; perhaps sometimes by STILL. Yet is only introduced when the principal proposition follows the accessory. The yet thus introduced may be regarded as equivalent to after all, notwithstanding the objection.

"Though

(6) We present examples both with and without yet. thou detain me, I will not eat of thy bread." "Though hand join in

*We are not sure that this name sufficiently distinguishes this accessory from the conditional accessory. Nor do we think that it exactly expresses the purpose of the accessory. The name applies, perhaps, better to the compound proposition taken as a whole, which expresses an assertion, and, connected with it, a concession of something apparently adverse to it, but held not to invalidate it.

(29) Punctuation?

§ 138. (1) Remark about the conditional and hypothetical proposition. (2) Describe another kind of compound proposition. (3) What has the accessory in this kind of proposi tion been called?

(4) What words are most generally employed to introduce the accessory in these compound propositions? (5) What is said of the use of yet in concessive propositions? (6) Adduce examples for illustration. (7) What is said of the verbs in these examples?

hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished." "Though he slay me, yet
will I trust in him." Though the Lord be high, yet hath he respect
unto the lowly." That is to say, admitting-conceding-that the
Lord is high, and that this admitted fact might appear an objection to
his acting in the manner to be asserted, still, setting this aside, this
notwithstanding, it is asserted, that "He hath respect unto the lowly."
It may here be observed that our translators generally employ the
conjunctive form of the verb To Be after though, even when a matter
of fact, as in the last example, is expressed by the proposition. (7)
The verbs in the other examples, and in that which we are about to
give, may be regarded as contracted future conditional, or hypotheti-
cal forms. (See § 55, p. 111.)

แ Yet, though destruction sweep those lovely plains,
Rise, fellow-men! your country yet remains."

The first yet is here to suit the versification, separated from its proposition. Its proper place is before the verb "rise."

(8) We give examples of Although, the first two as found in Richardson's Dictionary.

"ALL THOUGH a man be wise hym selve,

YET is the wisdom more of twelve."-Gower.
"In which ALTHOUGH good fortune me befall,
YET shall it not by none be testifyde."-Spencer.
"ALTHOUGH all should be offended, YET will not I."

(9) We give the following as examples of the now antiquated

ALBEIT:

"Who are you, tell me for more certainty.

ALBEIT I'll swear that I do know your tongue."

"One whose subdued eyes,

ALBEIT unused to the melting mood,

Drop tears," &c.-Shak.

"ALBEIT betwixt them roared the ocean grim,

YET So the sage had hight to play his part."-Scott.

This example from Scott is an imitation of the antiquated style. (10) It will be seen from these examples that although and albeit are employed exactly like though, and for the same purpose. The com. position of these two words is obvious. All-though; All-be-it.

(8) Give examples with although for conjunction.

(9) Examples of albeit? (10) Repeat remark about although and albeit.