"Whilst thou, more happy power, fair Charity, Thy office and thy nature still the same, Lasting thy lamp, and unconsumed the flame, Shalt still survive," &c. The participle being is here implied with the nouns office, nature, lamp and flame; and must be supplied in analysis. (20) PUNCTUATION.-The noun and participle absolute must always be separated from the rest of the discourse by a comma, or by commas, when it does not Stand first in the sentence. EXERCISES I., II., &c.-Furnish examples of constructions containing the noun and participle absolute; and present in contrast with them equivalent forms of expression containing either an accessory, or in suitable cases, a co-ordinate proposition, instead of the participial, or independent form of construction. (20) Punctuation? CHAPTER X. COMBINATION OF INDEPENDENT PROPOSITIONS. § 144. (1) We have now finished the important part of our proposed task-the analysis of the structure of propositions. We have considered the subject and the predicate-the parts essential to every proposition; the subject noun and verb, which are the principal, the prominent or central constituents of these essential members of propositions; and the various modifications which nouns and verbs receive from inflection, from single words employed to complete them, and from propositions employed to complete them. (2) It now remains to consider the connection of propositions (simple or compound) grammatically independent of each other, in order to form discourse; and with this the connection of independent members of propositions, and independent complements or modifications which enter into the structure of propositions. The connection or combination of indepen dent propositions will chiefly engage our attention, but the combination of independent members under the form of a single assertion, and of independent complements modifying the same principal word must not be forgotten.* (3) Propositions grammatically independent are, when connected together, sometimes called co-ordinate propositions to distinguish them from subordinate or accessory propositions, used to modify other propositions, to which, on this account, they are regarded as subservient or subordinate. Independent members and complements may also be called co-ordinate members and co-ordinate complements. * It must be remembered that we here speak of propositions, members of propositions, and complements as grammatically independent of independence as regards construction, not of absolute logical independence. $144. (1) Recapitulate progress made. (2) State what remains to be done. (3) What name is given to independent propositions when combined? To independent members and complements combined? And what name to the connecting or combining of such proposi The connecting or combining of independent propositions may be called co-ordinate construction, or the construction of discourse, as distinguished from the construction of propositions. GENERAL REMARKS.-(4) It may be proper here to remark that independent propositions, uttered in succession, and without coherence, do not form what we call discourse. Speech is a representation of thought, discourse a representation of a process of thought. Now, in thinking, what passes in a sane man's mind is not an endless succession of scattered incoherent thoughts, but thoughts connected together, each thought suggesting the succeeding thought, in accordance with certain laws of association. Even in the most desultory conversation of a man of sound mind, there is a regular succession of thought communicated to those whom he addresses; and if he expresses a thought which seems manifestly foreign to the general purport of his discourse, the hearer is disappointed, and feels ready to ask, what connection has this with the subject under discussion. Much more do we expect this kind of coherence-this connection of the thoughts and of the propositions which express them-in a regular and carefully prepared discourse, whether spoken or written. (5) When the train of thought in a discourse is natural and coherent, and the words chosen to express it appropriate, and well arranged, the mere juxtaposition of the propositions often serves to indicate sufficiently the nature of their connection. Hence it often happens that no word or sign is employed to unite consecutive independent propositions. But because no connective word is used, we must not conclude that there is no connection. On the contrary, propositions most closely connected by the train of thought which they express, often least need the aid of connectives. (6) If only connection-mere joining together of Independent Propositions were to be effected, a single connective would be sufficient for this purpose. Indeed, we might in this case dispense altogether with connective words, and indicate connection by mere juxtaposition. But there are other relations, besides that of being linked together in expressing a train of thought, subsisting between co-ordinate propositions, though these relations are not those of grammatical dependence. Some of these relations are shown by the contrivances adopted in co-ordinate construction. The words used for the purpose of combining such propositions often, if not always, imply more than mere con (4) State the substance of this paragraph. (5) State the substance of what is said about the omission of connective words. (6) Explain the reason that we have more than one connective for independent proposi nection. (7) The words thus employed are called Conjunctions, though they ought to be carefully distinguished from those conjunctions and conjunctive words which serve to connect accessory with principal propositions. When we wish to distinguish these conjunctions from those employed with accessories we may call them Conjunctions, or Connectives of Co-ordination, or simply Connectives. (8) All these connectives serve one purpose in common, viz.: they indicate that the construction is co-ordinate, as distinct from the connection of principal and accessory in compound propositions. (9) But besides this common purpose, these words serve peculiar and distinct purposes. This fact, that distinct purposes are served by co-ordinate construction, implies the possibility of dividing such construction into separate species, according to the several purposes which it effects. (10) We shall call attention to three well marked species of Co-ordinate Construction, each serving a distinct purpose, besides the common purpose of indicating co-ordination. We shall treat each of these three species briefly, noticing varieties under them, and illustrating each by examples. We shall also subjoin some additional observations on this kind of construction, and on some of the words which are chiefly employed as connectives. § 145. I. (1) The first species of Co-ordinate Construction which invites our attention is that which we may call COPULATIVE CO-ORDINATION, or Simple Connection. (2) This is the most simple and the most frequently employed of all the forms of co-ordinate construction. It indicates less beyond simple connection in the same train of thought than any other species of co-ordinate construction, perhaps, sometimes nothing beyond this. Hence this comes to be used in all cases where there is nothing in the relation of propositions to one another calling for the other forms of construction. All that is, in any case, implied by this species of co-ordination, beyond mere conjunction, is that the connected propositions have the same relation to the general drift or bearing of the discourse. (3) The word chiefly employed to indicate this species of co-or tions. (7) What are the connectives used for this purposo called? From what words must they be distinguished, and how? (8) What common purpose does this class of connectives serve? (9) Do they serve any other besides this common purpose? (10) How many species of co-ordinate construction may be distinguished? § 145. (1) What name is given to the first species of co-ordinate construction? (2) State the substance of what is said of this kind of connection of propositions. (8) What is the word chiefly employed to indicate this species of connection? (4) Men dination is AND. This word is the grand copulative. (4) The adverbs also, moreover, too, are sometimes employed with a copulative force, and the adverbial phrases, besides this, in addition to this, &c. (Eke may be regarded as obsolete.) And, however, is often employed along with these, and when it is not, it is perhaps always implied. It may perhaps be admitted as the correct statement of fact, that when these adverbs or phrases are employed, the suppression of and is more readily admitted. We shall say something more of these adverbial conjunctives after .we have first treated and. (5) We subjoin an example or two of propositions connected by AND. "Length of days is in her right hand; and in her left hand are riches and honor." "Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." Here and connects simple grammatically independent propositions. In the following example it unites two compound propositions. "She is a tree of life to them that lay hold of her; and happy is every one that retaineth her." Again in the following it connects two accessory propositions, which in relation to one another are independent, or what we may call co-ordinate accessories. "When wisdom entereth into thine heart, and (when) knowledge is pleasant unto thy soul, discretion shall preserve thee," &c. We need not multiply examples; the form of construction is so very common and familiar. We can scarcely write a line without the employment of an and. (6) The word and may be considered as performing alone the function of a proposition-perhaps, an imperative proposition. It is pretty generally agreed, even by those who differ most widely about the derivation of this word, that and means add, or something equivalent. (7) By substituting the imperative proposition add, or add to this, in the examples above adduced, the meaning will remain unchanged, though the junction will naturally appear more clumsy from the exclusion of the customary form of expression, and the introduction of an unusual one. Thus, "Length of days is in her right hand;" add, or add to this, "in her left hand (are) riches and honor." (8) If and is thus recognised as an imperative, and equivalent to an imperative pro tion some other subsidiary words, and tell how they are used. (5) Give examples of the connection of simple independent propositions, of compound propositions, and of accessory propositions independently used to modify the same principal proposition. (6) What is said of the function which AND performs, and of its original sense? (7) What word may be substituted for it, without destroying the sense? Illustrate by examples. (8) What results if AND is recognised as an imperative? |