temperate regions, and the rivers and shores of southern latitudes, thus uniting the phenomena of summer and winter; and lying at the point of connection between the eastern and western world, was also fitted to be a centre of moral influence, radiating the light of Divine revelation on every side, in a literature equally adapted to every people and climate. But the grand distinction of Canaan is, that it was the only part of the earth made, by divine institution, a type of heaven. (Gen. xxiii. 4; Heb. iv. 3-11; xi. 8-16.) Information on the various subjects of the names, divisions, minerology, mountains, plains and valleys, rivers, lakes, climate and seasons, will be found under their several names. CANAANITE.-See ZELOTES. Even Jacob, 200 years later, ranged with his flocks at large over the land. (Gen. xii. 6; xiii. 7; xxxvii. 14.) Subsequently the Canaanites multiplied extremely, probably by the accession of Shemitic Aramæan or Syrian emigrants, who gradually mixed with the several tribes, and were, distinguished in trade and war. They were, as appears from the ancient monuments, occasionally engaged in war with the Egyptians, and even with the Assyrians. The illustration represents an armed Zidonian and a Zuzim, from the monuments of Egypt. The principal tribes which constituted the seven nations of Canaan, were the Hittites, the Hivites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, the Jebusites, the Amorites, and the Perizzites. (Gen. x. 15—19: Acts, xiii. 19.) Other Canaanitish tribes, as the Arkites, Arvadites, and Hamathites, dwelt in the northern part of the country. During the sojourn of the Hebrews in Egypt several of the Canaanitish tribes had taken possession of the whole of the country destined for the Hebrews, and established several small kingdoms. They had appropriated to their own use the pasture grounds occupied by Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; and expelled from their possessions those Hebrews who had occasionally visited Canaan during their residence in Egypt. (1 Chron. vii. 20-29.) These usurpers of the Hebrew lands, wells, CANAANITES = low-landers, or and cisterns, were a perfidious race, merchants. The descendants of Canaan their morals where corrupt in the the son of Ham. (Gen. x. 15-19.) This extreme, and their shocking idolatry, name was specially applied to the inha- which was high treason in the Land bitants between the Jordan and the Sea; of Jehovah, had taken such deep root and generally to the inhabitants of the that it could not be eradicated. Hence entire territory. (Num. xiii. 29; Josh. the expulsion of the Canaanites from xi. 3; Ex. iii. 8, 17; xxxiii. 2; xxxiv. the Land of Promise was an act per11.) The cuneiform inscriptions repre- fectly defensible, and consistent with sent them as a Hamite people, of the strictest principles of justice. the same blood as the Egyptians They had been long spared, and and the Ethiopians; the Khatta or repeatedly warned by partial judg Hittites being their chief tribe. Some ments, and reproved by the faithful. of the descendants of Canaan had (Lev. xviii. 24-30.) And lest those settled in this region before the time nations should corrupt the Hebrews, of Abraham, but the most of them it was enacted by Jehovah, that they were, at that time, wandering nomades. I should not in any way be tolerated, Ancient Canaanites but cut off unsparingly, as a warning | to others to flee from the Land where Jehovah was king. (Ex. xxiii. 32, 33; xxxiv. 12-16; Deut. vii. 1-11; xx. 16-18.) The decree of extermination must be understood as implying that the Canaanites might leave the country in peace if they choose. Many betook themselves to flight, and settled colonies over all the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean. Some were celebrated as merchants; hence the Hebrew term Canaani for "merchant." (Job xli. 6; Prov. xxxi. 24; Isa. xxiii. 8; Ezek. xvii. 4; Hos. xii. 7; Zeph. i. 11.) No city except Gibeon sought peace, and the remaining tribes were mostly subdued by arms. (Josh. xi. 19.) The Hebrews, however, formed alliances with some; (Judg. i. 3-23;) and even David not only permitted the remains of the Canaanites to live, but promoted some of them to high stations in his army. (2 Sam. xxiii. 39.) CANDACE royal authority? A queen of Ethiopia, whose treasurer was converted by Phillip. (Acts. viii. 27.) Candace, or properly Kandake, was a name or title common to the queens of Ethiopia Superior or Meroe, like Pharaoh for king in Egypt, and Cæsar at Rome. Dr. Lepsius, in his recent journey, saw on the monuments near Begerauieh, in Ethiopia, the name of this queen, written in hieroglyphics: ww Kn da hh ai The two latter signs are determinative of the gender, and show that it is the name of a queen. CANDLESTICK. The Hebrew and Greek words rendered "candlestick," properly designate a candelabrum, or lamp-bearer. The candlestick or lampbearer, made by Moses for the tabernacle, was wholly of pure gold, and weighed a talent, about 125 pounds troy weight: (Ex. xxxvii. 24;) although, as Josephus informs us, it was hollow within. It is said by the all paralled to one another, and were worked out in knobs, flowers, and bowls, placed alternately. On the extremities of the branches were seven golden lamps, one on each branch. The lamps were kept burning perpetually, and were supplied morning and evening with pure olive oil. (Ex. xxv. 31-40; xxvii. 20; xxx. 7, 8; Lev. xxiv. 2, 4.) The golden lampstand was placed in the first apartment of the tabernacle, on the south side, so as to throw light on the altar of incense and on the table of the shew-bread, occupying the same apartment. This lamp-stand with the other sacred utensils, was transferred to the temple; it finally became a prey to the Chaldeans. A new one was made for the second temple, having doubtless a general resemblance to the former one. On the overthrow of Jerusalem, the table of shew-bread, the purple veil of the sanctuary, and the copy of the law, with the other spoils of the temple, were paraded in triumph through the city of Rome. After the triumph, the lamp-stand and the golden table were lodged in Vespasian's temple of Peace; but the copy of the Law and the purple veil were deposited in the imperial palace. (Jos. Ant. vii. 5. 7.) When Genseric sacked Rome, A D. 455, it is said that he took the sacred trophies to Carthage; afterwards Belisarius, in his conquest of Africa, A.D. 533, recovered them, and translated them to Constantinople: and by a strange vicissitude they were again transferred to Jerusalem. How they finally disappeared no one knows; some suspect they were carried to Persia by Chosroes, A.D. 641. The best representation of the golden lamp-bearer is that which still exists on the Arch of Titus at Rome, of which the illustration is an early copy. We also give an ancient lamp, which may have been the form of those which stood upon the candlestick. The seven candlesticks" or lamp-bearers, in Rev. i. 12, are the symbols of the seven Asiatic churches. In Rev. xi. 4, "the two candlesticks,' symbolise a competent number of divinely commissioned and faithful Christian "witnesses," during the last days of the Jewish com.monwealth. CANE.-See CALAMUS, and REED. CANKER-WORM.-See LOCUST. CANNEH.-See CALNEH. CAPERNAUM=Nahum's village, or village of consolation. A town or city which lay on the shore of the Lake of Tiberias. It was for a time the residence of Jesus, and was much frequented by Him; hence it is called "His own city." (Matt. iv. 13; ix. 1; Mark, ii. 1.) Here Jesus delivered some of His most pointed discourses, and wrought some of His most wonderful works. (Mark. i. 21, 37; ii. 1-28: John vi. 25-70; Isa. ix. 1, 2.) Notwithstanding this place was thus highly favoured with the presence, and instructions of the Lord of glory, it was the subject of the most fearful denunciations. (Matt. xi. 20-24.) The site of Capernaum, is supposed by Dr. Robinson and Mr. Porter, to have been at Khan-Minyeh, on the western shore of the Lake, in the plain of Gennesaret, where there is a mound with ruins, and a fountain called Ain et Tin. Thomson fixes the site at Tel Hum Nahum's hill, at the north east | end of the Lake, and not in the plain of Gennesaret; where, from the shapeless remains, there was evidently once a large town. At Tabiga, a mile and a half distant, there are large fountains, with mills, and traces of old buildings extend nearly all along the shore to the Tel. In 1866 the Palestine Exploration Party visited the ruins at Tel Hum, which they hold to be the site of Capernaum. They made excavations at the old Synagogue, which appears to have been built of marble; among the ruins are columns, entablatures, cornices, and other fragments. The houses, with few exceptions, were built of basalt. CAPHTOR=0 crown, chaplet, circlet. A region on the sea coast, or perhaps an island. (Jer. xlvii. 4.) Some understand the island of Crete. The Caphtorim, however, are described as a colony of the Egyptians, and as ancestors of the Philistines. Stach identifies them with the Hyksos or shepherd kings, who were expelled from Egypt. (Gen x. 14; Deut. ii. 23; Jer. xlvii. 4; Am. ix. 7.) CAPHTORIM.-See CAPHTOR. CAPPADOCIA. A province of Asia Minor, bounded N. by Pontus, W. by Lycaonia, S. by Cilicia, and E. by Syria and Armenia Minor. Ptolemy derives the name from a river, Cappadox. This region was celebrated for the production of wheat, and for its fine cattle. The Cappadocians were called Leuco-Syri=White Syrians, in opposition to those who lived south of the mountains, and more exposed to the sun. They were notorious for their dulness and vice. Cappadocia was also placed first in the proverb which cautioned against the three K's-Kappadocia, Kilicia, and Krete. Christianity was introduced into this province at an early period. (Acts ii. 9; 1 Peter i. 1.) CAPTAIN. There are several Hebrew terms translated "captain" in our version. 1. Rosh, properly head; (Num. xiv. 4; Deut. i. 15;) 2. nasia, a person of rank, prince, chief; (1 Kings xi. 34 Num. ii. 3, 5; iii. 24 ;) 3. katzin, a prince, ruler, or chief; (Prov. XXV. 15; Isa. 1. 10; iii. 6; Judg. xi. 6, 11;) 4. nanid, a military chief; (1 Sam. ix. 16; xiii. 14; 2 Sam. v. 2;) 5. sar, a chief, ruler, a military commander. (Gen. xxi. 22; xxxvii. 36; xl. 4.) The term sar is used of an officer in the Hebrew army whose rank or power was designated by the number of men under his command, as captain of fifty, or captain of a thousand; and the commander, or chief of the whole army was called "the captain of the host." Sometimes distinguished men who were not Hebrews were promoted to high stations in the army. (Deut. i. 15; 1 Chron. xiii. 1; 2 Chron. xxv. 5; 2 Sam. xxiii. 39.) The term cari, rendered "captains," designates the "Cherethites." (2 Kings xi. 4, 19.) The word chiliarchos translated "captain," designates a military tribune, an officer in the Roman armies; (Acts xxi. 31-33; xxii. 22-26; xxiii. 722;) also other Roman officers;) Mark vi. 21; Acts xxv. 23; Rev. vi. 15; xix. 18;) and the prefect of the temple. (John xviii. 12.) The word strategos designates the "captain of the temple," the chief officer of the priests and Levites, who kept guard in and around the temple. (Luke xxii. 4; Acts iv. 1; v. 26.) The term archegos is used of our Lord, as "the Captain of our salvation"; (Heb. ii. 10;) also translated "Prince"; (Acts iii 15; Dan. viii. 11;) and "Author." (Heb. xii. 2.) -See BAND. Captives. CAPTIVES. Various indignities and cruelties were inflicted on those who had the misfortune to be taken prisoners in war. The victors trampled upon captured kings and nobles; (Josh. x. 24; Isa. li. 2;) or mutilated their persons by cutting off their thumbs, toes, or ears; (Judg. i. 7; 2 Sam. iv. 12; Ezek. xxiii. 25;) and sometimes, they suspended their unhappy captives by the hand. (Lam. v. 12.) Sometimes their chiefs were dragged with a hook or bridle put through their lip, and had their eyes thrust out with the point of a spear. (Judg. xvi. 21; 2 Kings xxv. 7.) Others, again, were thrown amongst thorns, were sawn asunder, beaten to pieces with threshing instruments, or had imposed upon them the severest and most laborious occupations. (Judg. viii. 7; 2 Sam. xii. 31; 1 Chron. xx. 3.) When the city was taken by assault, all the men were slain; or were, with the women and children, sold into servitude; (Isa. xx. 3, 4; xlvii. 3; 2 Chron. xxviii. 9-15; Ps. xliv. 12; Mic. i. 11; Joel iii. 3;) or were transplanted to distant countries. (2 Kings xvii. 24; xxiv. 12-16.) Women and children were also exposed to treatment at which humanity shudders. (Nah. iii. 5, 6; Zech. xiv. 2; Est. iii. 13; 2 Kings viii. 12; Ps. cxxxvii. 9; Isa. xiii. 16, 18; 2 Kings xv. 16; Hos. xiii. 16; Am. i. 13.) In some instances the victors permitted the conquered kings to retain their authority, only requiring of them the promise of good faith, and the payment of tribute. But if in such a case they rebelled, they were treated with the greatest severity. (Gen. xiv. 4-11; 2 Kings xxiii. 34; xxiv. 1-4; Isa. xxiv. 2; Jer. xx. 5, 6.) The Assyrian monuments, from which the illustrations are copied, frequently exhibit captives, sometimes suffering horrid cruelties and indignites.-See TRIUMPH. CAPTIVITY. This term, in the history of the Hebrews, sometimes denotes subjucation or servitude; (Num. xxi. 29;) but usually it designates expatriation. The servitude, of the Hebrews in Egypt, from about B.C. 1706 to 1492, was evidently a permission of Providence, in order to prepare carried the principal part of the popu them by a special training "in all the wisdom of the Egyptians," for becom-lation away into Assyria and Media. ing a distinguished nation, and the conservators of the true religion. On account of their defection from Jehovah their king, the Hebrews, during the period of the judges, were repeatedly subjucated by their enemies; but when they returned to their allegiance they were delivered from foreign oppression. See JUDGES. 包裝 Captives. CAPTIVITIES OF ISRAEL. From the name of "Jehu, the son, i.e., successor, of Khumri," (Omri,) occuring on the obelisk now in the British Museum, it would appear that the kingdom of Israel had been rendered tributary to the Assyrians, as early as B.C, 880, or perhaps earlier. The Assyrian monuments state that whenever an expedition was undertaken against the Hebrew kings, it was on the ground that they had refused to pay the customary tribute. The same statement is made by the Hebrew historian. (2 Kings xvi. 7; xvii. 4.) About B.C. 770, Pul, the king of Assyria, invaded the kingdom of Israel, in the reign of Menahem, whose name occurs on the monuments as one of the tributaries of the Assyrian king. (2 Kings xv. 19, 20.) About 740 B.C., Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, made an inroad upon the regions around the northern and eastern parts of the Lake of Tiberias, "and carried the people captive to Assyria." (2 Kings xv. 29; 1 Chron. v. 26; Isa. ix. 1.) About 721 B.C., Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, took Samaria, and (2 Kings xvii. 6; xviii. 9-11.) An inscription on one of Assyrian monuments describes 27,280 Israelites as having been carried into captivity from Samaria. Their places were supplied by foreign colonists, chiefly from Babylonia. (2 Kings xvii. 24.) After the overthrow of the kingdom, the large body of the Israelites still inhabiting Galilee, and the other districts, except that of Samaria, to a great extent again gave in their adhesion to the worship of Jehovah at Jerusalem, as the central point and head of the Hebrew commonwealth. This amalgamation of the tribes of Judah and Israel, which had begun in Palestine before the captivity of Jerusalem, was still continued in the countries of their exile. (2 Kings xxiii. 19; 2 Chron. xxx. 1-11; xxxi. 1—5; xxxiv. 6, 9; xxxv. 18; Zeph. iii. 12, 13.) The condition of the captives in Assyria and Media appears not to have been one of oppression; many of them were prosperous; and they retained, partially at least, their own chiefs and elders. Some have supposed that the ten tribes never returned from the exile, and that they were never incorporated with the heathen around them. Hence the Afghans, the Nestorians, and even the aborigines of North America, have in turn been considered the representatives of the lost ten tribes of Israel. But is it not clear that the numerous prophecies refer, just as much, to the return of Israel, as of Judah, to the land of their fathers? (Jer. xxx. 3-10; xxxi. 1—4; xxxiii. 7; 1. 17-34; Ezek. xxxiv. 13, 14; xxxvi. 37.) The proclamation of Cyrus, B.C. 536, permitting the exiles of Palestine to return, was to all the people, to Israel as well as to Judah. (Ezra i. 1—4.) CAPTIVITIES OF JUDAH. The ambitious Sennacherib, in prosecution of his plans against Egypt, invaded Judea, B.C. 713. Having taken the fenced cities of Judah, he mulcted Hezekiah in a heavy tribute, and probably taking hostages, then withdrew to Assyria. |