the inmates to direct draughts from windows to cool overheated apartments, nor to the discomfort of cold rooms for hours because the thermometer in the open air has dropped below zero for a few days.

For warming and ventilating churches, public buildings, halls, and large private dwellings, in which steam is to be employed as the agent to accomplish the object, the plan above described offers a plain, common-sense method, comprehensive in all its details, and should commend itself to those having works of this kind under consideration.

The olden time fire-place had its peculiar advantages in ventilating the apartments in which they were situated; and no one will dispute that they still have an attractive appearance, as well as a charming influence, in the family circle wherever they are to be found. The only objection is and has been, they are expensive, as they are great consumers of fuel, and much of the heat generated within their glowing sides is lost by being carried up the flue with the air which they remove from the room.

Mechanics and practical men have for a long time been pondering over the problem how the fire-place of our fathers could be restored in principle, and economy in fuel maintained at a minimum of expense.

The open grate has always been a favorite in our homes, and it is only because in the ordinary form it is such a great consumer of fuel and so feeble in its heating capacity that it has been supplanted by other and more economical kinds of heating apparatus.

Mr. Edwin A. Jackson, of New York, has placed before the public a modification of the Galton fire-place and grate, combined in such a manner as to give it superior heating power and perfect ventilating capacity.

In perfecting this most excellent device to meet the requisite conditions to render our homes comfortable and healthful, the designer has rendered valuable service to the people, for he has so far remodelled the ordinary grate that a large percentage of the heat can be saved, and at the same time preserve the chimney flue for ventilating purposes.

The ordinary grate will remove much of the noxious air from a room in which it is situated, but it takes its supply of fresh air

from the doors and windows, or through the crevices surrounding them, thereby creating drafts of cold air which are uncomfortable, and not free from deleterious results.

Mr. Jackson's ventilating grate seeks to avoid these objections, as will be seen from the following description of the manner in which it is constructed, and the principles involved in its operation.

Figure 10 shows the construction of the heat-saving chambers in the Jackson Fire-place, the outer shell being in part broken away. Pure air from outdoors is admitted through the opening shown in the base of the cut, and is distributed by the heated spurs there represented to the chambers directly back of and on the sides of the fire. From

these chambers the no w partially heated air enters the chamber shown at the top of the cut, through which the four smoke flues are seen to pass. These also imparting a large portion of their heat to the passing current, its temperature is raised to 150 degrees or 200 degrees (according to the

intensity of the fire), and it now passes a volume of pure air either directly into the room through the openings shown in the frieze of the grate (Fig. 9), or, at the option of the owner, up a pipe to a room on the floor above. It will be seen, by an inspection of the diagrams above, that, in construction, the HeatSaving and Ventilating Grate essentially consists of an inner shell, against which the fire rests, or is in close contiguity, and an outer shell, which lines the brickwork of the fire-place. The inner shell has projecting from its back a great number of spurs or spikes, which increase the extent of its radiating surface, and serve as conductors in conveying the heat rapidly into the surrounding fresh air chambers. These chambers are included between the shells described, and they are entirely protected from the noxious gases of the fire, there being no joints or openings in the shells. The heating surfaces facing the air chambers, and upon which the inflowing current of pure air circulates, amount in the smallest sized grate to about 15 superficial feet, and in the largest sized grate to 23 feet. A valuable feature in these grates is, that, in consequence of the circulation of a current of air over the inner surface of the iron shell which forms the back and the sides of the basket in which the fire rests, these surfaces cannot be warped and broken by the action of the fire, and the grate thus is practically indestructible and will last a lifetime.

"CONCORD" PATTERN.

This form of the Heat-Saving and Ventilating Grate is constructed for uniformly heating and ventilating large rooms, and those that are in exposed situations, as are those in most country or village houses, and which the common form of grate, with an equal consumption of fuel, would be entirely inadequate to heat. It is adapted for burning hard or soft coal or wood. It has the full open front or fire-place, and the beauty, cheerful effect, and full radiating power of the ordinary grate, combined with threefold the heating capacity of the common grate. It was with this grate that the experiments were made by Mr. J. P. Putnam, architect, of Boston, Mass., the results of which are recorded in the work entitled "The Open Fireplace in All Ages." From these experiments it is shown that with the ordinary grate, a little

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less than 9 per cent. of the whole heat generated" is utilized in the heating of the room in which the grate is placed, while with the Jackson Heat-Saving and Ventilating Grate "twenty-seven per cent. is utilized" for heating purposes.

The construction of the grate is such that it is a constant ventilator in all seasons. In winter with a full fire and with the doors and windows effectually closed, the whole atmospheric contents of large rooms are replaced by pure warm air every fifteen or twenty minutes. For bedrooms, or for rooms communicating with bedrooms, these grates provide the most perfect automatic ventilation, maintaining a purity of atmosphere in them not sensibly less than that of the open air with the entire absence of the unpleasant and unhealthful draughts that accompany the usual modes of ventilation.

In a word, by the Heat-Saving and Ventilating Grate there is secured the full heating power of the stove or fireplace-heater, devoid of all the noxious effects of those forms of heating apparatus.

It is a truth that is rapidly becoming recognized by householders, that the heating apparatus employed in the dwelling should also perform the office of a ventilator for it. The chimney has been aptly called the lungs of a house, and where its office is unobstructed, it may prove a very efficient ventilator. Dr. Hartshorne, in the Health Primer entitled "Our Homes," says,"Every room in the house, intended to be occupied, should have in it an open fire-place. Especially is it important for an open fire-place to be in every sleeping-chamber. For a sick person, the difference between a wood fire on the hearth and the usual heated air or coal stove in the room is immense. It may in critical cases make the turning-point between death and recovery."

There are, however, two prominent objections to the open fireplace, and to the ordinary form of fire-place grate: First, though they are excellent agencies for removing the air from the lower levels of the room (removing, as they frequently do, the whole air contents of the room once every fifteen or twenty minutes), they provide no means for supplying the vacuum thus produced, and thus they cause drafts of cold air about the windows and of impure air from the surrounding rooms. Second, they supply to the rooms in which they are placed but a very small fraction of