the respective stations where the party (who was convicted of quitting a carriage while the train was in motion) entered and left the train, and not of the publication at every station on the line. The seal of the company to the bye-laws need not be proved (see 8 & 9 Vict. c. 113, s. 1, ante, p. 104). With respect to the legality of a bye-law, see Note 51, ante, p. 328.

The following are the short statements of the bye-laws made by the principal railway companies. Getting upon or entering carriage without paying fare (L. & N.W., G. E., G. N., G. W., L. & S. W., L. B. & S. C. and L. C. & D.):-Not producing or delivering up ticket when required (S. E., G. N., L. & S. W., G. E., G. W., L. & N. W., L. Č. & D. and L. B. & S. C.). This applies to holders of annual tickets, Woodard v. Eastern Counties Railway Company, 30 L. J. (N. S.) M. C. 196; 4 Law T., N. S. 336; and see Jennings v. Great Northern Railway Company, 35 L. J. (N. S.) Q. B. 15; 13 Law T., N. S. 254; Deardon v. Townsend, 35 L. J. (N. S.) M. C. 50; 13 Law T., N. S. 323-Travelling in a superior class carriage to that for which fare paid (S. E., L. C. & D., L. B. & S. C., G. N., L. & S. W., G. E., L. & N. W. and G. W.); -The like, with a double journey ticket (L. & S. W.);-Travelling in carriage without having paid fare, or beyond distance for which paid, or refusing to quit carriage at end of journey (L. B. & S. C.) ;-Smoking in carriages or stations (S. E., G. N., L. & S. W., L. B. & S. C., L. C. & D., L. & N. W., G. W. and G. E.):-Smoking after being warned to desist (S. E., G. N., L. & S. W., L. B. & S. C., L. C. & D., L. & N. W. and G. E.);-Persons found in carriage, &c. in a state of intoxication (G. W., L. C. & D., L. B. & S. C., S. E., G. N., L. & S. W., L. & N. W. and G. E.)`;—Per

SYNOPSIS OF OFFENCES.

Statute.

RAILWAYS-continued.

III. OFFENCES BY OTHER PERSONS-continued.

60. Using Engines without Approval.] Any person, whether the owner or other person having the care thereof, bringing or using upon the railway any locomotive or other engine, or any moving power without certificate of approval of company (see s. 115),

or

61. After notice by company to remove any such engine from the railway, not forthwith removing same,

or

62. After notice by company not to use any such engine on the railway, using same without first repairing the same and obtaining certificate of approval from company.

63. Using Carriages contrary to Regulations.] Any carriage, not being of such construction or in such condition as the regulations of the company for the time being require, being made to pass or be upon any part of the railway (except as aforesaid, see s. 117). 64. Injuring Boards of Bye-Laws or Penalties.] Any person pulling down, —or injuring,—any board set up or affixed as required by this or the special act for the purpose of publishing any bye-law or penalty,

or

65. Obliterating any of the letters or figures thereon.

66. Knowingly signing a statement, balance-sheet, estimate, or report, false in any particular.

67. Director, officer, or agent of the company refusing to produce books or documents, or to afford facilities for inspection thereof to inspectors appointed by Board of Trade, or to answer questions.

68. Passengers making use of communication between them and guards of train without reasonable and sufficient cause.

69. Any person being or passing upon railway, except to cross at an authorized crossing, after having once [34 & 35 Vict. c. 78, s. 14] received warning by company or servants.

70. Disobeying summons of inspector of railways and accidents appointed by Board of Trade, not producing documents, &c.,

or

71. Impeding him or the court of investigation in execution of his or
their duty.

[MEM. The 34 & 35 Vict. c. 78, came into operation on 1st
November, 1871 (s. 18).]

8 & 9 Vict. c. 20, s. 116 (Note 407).

Id. s. 119.

Id. s. 144.

31 & 32 Vict. c. 119, s. 5.

Id. s. S.

Id. s. 22.

Id. s. 23.

34 & 35 Vict. c. 78, s. 11.

sons committing nuisance in carriage or stations (Id.):-Interfering with the comfort of other passengers (Id.);-Using bad language (G. W. and L. & S. W.);-Passengers damaging lining, &c. of carriages, or other property (L. C. & D., L. B. & S. C., S. E., L. & S. W., L. & N. W., G. N., G. E., and G. W.);—Persisting in riding on roof, &c. of carriage (S. E., L. & S. W., G. N., G. E., G. W., L. & N. W., L. C. & D. and L. B. & S. C.); Entering or leaving carriage while train in motion (G. W., S. E., L. & S. W., L. C. & D., L. B. & S. C., L. & N. W., G. N. & G. E.);-Pas

senger taking dog or other animal in carriage (L. & S. W. & S. E.);-Drivers of carriages in yards disobeying directions of company (Id.);-Locking or unlocking carriage door with a key (S. E.).

With reference to the proceedings before justices for offences committed against byelaws made under special acts of companies incorporated before the passing of the 8 & 9 Vict. c. 20 (8th May, 1845), the special act should be consulted.

SYNOPSIS OF OFFENCES.

RECEIVERS. See Offence 27, tit. "Larceny," ante, p. 542.

REFORMATORY SCHOOLS (Note 412).

1. Any offender detained in a certified reformatory school wilfully neglecting or wilfully refusing to conform to the rules thereof.

[MEM. Sect. 12 authorizes the managers of the school from_time|
to time to make "rules for the management and discipline of
the school," but they are not to be contrary to the act, and are
not enforceable and cannot be altered until approved in writing
by the Secretary of State. See Note 412 as to evidence.]

Statute.

29 & 30 Vict.

c. 117, s. 20.

2. Any offender sentenced to be detained in a certified reformatory school escaping therefrom may, at any time before the expiration of his period of detention, be apprehended without warrant, and if the managers of the school think fit, but not otherwise, may (any other act to the contrary notwithstanding) be then brought before the justice.

Id. s. 21.

3. Any youthful offender escaping from the person with whom he is
placed in pursuance of this section (set out under this tit. in
Vol. II. Chap. II. of Part III.),— -or refusing to return to the
school at the expiration of the time fixed by his licence, or any
renewal thereof,-
-or when required to do so on the revocation

of his licence.

4. Inducing Offenders to escape from School.] Every person who com-
mits any of the following offences (that is to say)-
knowingly assists directly or indirectly an offender detained in
a certified reformatory school to escape from the school,

5.

6.

or

directly or indirectly induces such an offender to escape from
the school,

or

knowingly harbours, conceals, or prevents from returning to
the school, or assists in harbouring, concealing or preventing
from returning to the school any offender who has escaped
from a certified reformatory school.

Id. s. 18.

Id. s. 22.

412 "REFORMATORY SCHOOLS:" The Reformatory Schools within Act-Evidence thereof.] The schools are certified by the Home Secretary under 17 & 18 Vict. c. 86 (repealed), and the 29 & 30 Vict. c. 117, after due inspection, &c.; the provisions of this act, "The Reformatory Schools Act, 1866," as to which are set out in Vol. II. Chap. II. of Part III., tit. "Reformatory Schools." The classes of children who can be sent to such schools are mentioned in ss. 14, 32, set out ante, pp. 209-213. By sect. 33, the following rules are enacted with respect to evidence under the act :-(1.) The production of the London Gazette containing a notice of the grant or withdrawal of a certificate by the Secretary of State to or from a reformatory school, or of the resignation of any such certificate, shall be sufficient evidence of the fact of the publication of such notice, and also of the fact of a certificate having been duly granted to or withdrawn from the school named in the notice, or resigned by the managers thereof. (2.) The grant of a certificate to a certified school may also be proved by the production of the certificate itself, or of a copy of the same purporting to be signed by the inspector of

reformatory schools. (3.) The production of the warrant or other document in pursuance of which a youthful offender is directed to be sent to a certified reformatory school, with a statement indorsed thereon or annexed thereto, purporting to be signed by the superintendent or other person in charge of the school, to the effect that the offender therein named was duly received into and is at the date of the signing thereof detained in the school, or has been otherwise dealt with according to law, shall in all proceedings relating to such offender be evidence of the identity of and of the due conviction and imprisonment of and subsequent detention of the offender named in the warrant or other document. (4.) A copy of the rules of a certified reformatory school, purporting to be signed by the inspector of reformatory schools, shall be evidence of such rules in all legal proceedings whatever. (5.) A school to which any youthful offender is directed to be sent in pursuance of this act shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemed to be a certified reformatory school within the meaning of this act. 413 Application of Jervis's Act.] By 29 & 30 Vict. c. 117, s. 34, the 11 & 12 Vict.