APPENDIX E E E.

NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES-CORRECTING AND ISSUING

CHARTS

SURVEYS-WATER LEVELS.

REPORT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1905-OFFICERS IN
CHARGE, MAJ. WALTER L. FISK, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, UNTIL JUNE
15, 1905; AFTER THAT DATE, MAJ. LANSING H. BEACH, CORPS OF
ENGINEERS.

UNITED STATES ENGINEER OFFICE, Detroit, Mich., July 18, 1905. GENERAL: I have the honor to submit herewith annual report on survey of the Northern and Northwestern lakes for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Brig. Gen. A. MACKENZIE,

LANSING H. BEACH,
Major, Corps of Engineers.

Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.

E E E 1.

NORTHERN AND NORTHWESTERN LAKES-CORRECTING AND ISSUING
CHARTS-SURVEYS-WATER LEVELS.

As early as 1816 local surveys of the Great Lakes for special purposes were made by engineer officers, but the survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes as a connected and systematic whole was commenced in 1841 and prosecuted continuously until 1882, when work was suspended, as the data then in hand seemed sufficient for the requirements of navigation of the period. After the suspension and until 1889 operations were limited to the publication and issue of charts, $2,000 or $3,000 being appropriated annually for this work. In 1889 field operations were resumed under an appropriation made therefor, and have been continued under annual appropriations ranging from $5,000 to $150,000. In 1898 these operations were extended to include observations and investigations of lake levels with a view to ascertaining the causes of changes in level, determining the hydraulic data needed for formulating the laws of interlake flow, and devising the most feasible method of lake-level maintenance or regulation.

Operations during the last fiscal year have included work related to the several features above referred to, as follows:

Charts. The following statement shows the number of charts received and disposed of at this office during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1905:

On hand July 1, 1904...

Received from Chief of Engineers, United States Army

Prepared in this office.

Returned from office files.

Total......

Sold...

Issued for official use

Transferred to United States engineer office, Buffalo, N. Y.
Destroyed (out of date).
On hand July 1, 1905...

1. Lake Superior No. 2; scale 1:400,000.

2. Isle Royal (Coast chart No. 8), Lake Superior; scale 1:120,000.

3. North end of Green Bay; scale 1:120,000.

35,59

Total......

50.349

The total number of charts sold by this office during the year was 9,780, the total amount received from these sales being $1,605.5 which was duly deposited to the credit of the Treasurer of the Unite States. The total number of charts that have been sold, issued, and transferred through this office to June 30, 1905, is 300,086, including issues to the United States engineer office at Buffalo.

In continuation of the policy of eventually issuing all lake-surver charts in colors, of keeping constantly revised to date all charts after their issue, and of preparing such additional coast and harbor charts as the interests of navigation seem to require, work as outlined below has been performed in this Office during the year. The revisions of charts embraced changes in aids to navigation, modifications due to river and harbor improvements, latest magnetic determinations, additional and corrected sailing courses, and the most prominent topographic and hyrographic changes developed by commercial and industrial enterprise on the shores of the lakes and their tributary and connecting waters. The changes constantly being made in lights and buoys pier extension and breakwater construction, etc., render necessary a very large amount of hand work, as every chart is corrected for all information received to the day it is sent out of the office.

Copies of the following-named copperplate charts were revised, to be used as a guide by the engraver in correcting the copperplates:

4. Coast chart No. 6, Lake Erie; scale 1:80,000.

5. South end of Lake Michigan; scale 1:400,000.

6. Detroit River; scale 1:40,000.

7. Chart No. 3, St. Lawrence River; scale 1:30,000.

8. Eagle River, Michigan; scale 1:10,000.

9. Agate Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:10,000.

10. Copper Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:10,000.
11. Ontonagon Harbor, Michigan: scale 1:16,000.
12. Lake St. Clair; scale 1:50,000.

31.48

54

18.31*

13. Grand and Little Traverse bays; scale 1:120,000. 14. Coast chart No. 5, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000. 15. Coast chart No. 6, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000. 16. Coast chart No. 7, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000. 17. Coast chart No. 8, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000.

50.34

9,780

2,65

18. Coast chart No. 9, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000.

19. Chart No. 2, St. Marys River; scale 1:40,000.

20. Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minnesota and Wisconsin; scale 1:18,000.

21. Beaver Island group, Lake Michigan; scale 1:120,000.

Revisions of copies of the following copperplate charts are in hand:

1. South end of Green Bay; scale 1:120,000.

2. General chart of Lake Michigan; scale 1:500,000.

3. North end of Lake Michigan; scale 1:400,000.

4. Coast chart No. 4, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000.

5. Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron; scale 1:120,000.

Copperplates were revised and corrected, transferred to stone, and the charts printed in colors, as follows:

1. General chart of Lake Erie; scale 1:400,000. The third edition in colors. Issued July 9, 1904.

2. Chart No. 5, St. Lawrence River; scale 1:30,000. The second edition in colors. Issued July 26, 1904.

3. Detroit River, scale 1:40,000; with lithograph inset "Lower Detroit River, scale 1:10,000.' Includes results of resurveys made in 1903 and 1904. The fifth edition in colors. Issued August 13, 1904.

""

4. Coast chart No. 1, Lake Ontario; scale 1:80,000: The previously incomplete portion of Bay of Quinte added. The second edition in colors. Issued September 5, 1904.

5. Chart No. 4, St. Lawrence River; scale 1:30,000. The first edition in colors. Issued September 8, 1904.

6. General chart of Lake Superior; scale 1:500,000. Reproduced from drawing
(scale 1:400,000) by heliogravure on copperplates. The east coast from Cop-
permine Point to Cape Gargantua and the northwest coast from Big Trout Bay
to Thunder Cape, including southerly portion of Thunder Bay, were reduced
from Canadian surveys of 1902 and 1903 and engraved on stone. A new inset
of Grand Marais, Mich., surveyed in 1902 and 1903, engraved on stone to scale
1:16,000, was added. The engravings were embodied by transfer on the print-
ing stone. The fourth edition in colors. Issued October 29, 1904.

7. Coast chart No. 6, Lake Erie; scale 1:80,000. Includes Canadian shore and
hydrography east of Pelee Point, from survey made in 1904. The second edi-
tion in colors. Issued November 23, 1904.
8. Agate Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:10,000.

The first edition in colors.

Issued
The first edition in colors. Issued

10. Copper Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:10,000.

The first edition in colors. Issued

January 23, 1905.

11. Ontonagon Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:16,000. The first edition in colors. Issued

December 8, 1904.

9. Eagle River, Michigan; scale 1:10,000. December 9, 1904.

January 24, 1905.

12. Lake St. Clair; scale 1:50,000. Results of resurveys of St. Clair River and delta, made 1900-1903, showing changes in topography and hydrography, were added. The third edition in colors. Issued April 29, 1905.

13. Duluth-Superior Harbor, Minnesota and Wisconsin; scale 1:18,000. Originally engraved on stone and reproduced on copperplates by new process mentioned further on in this report. Resurvey made in December, 1904, and January, 1905, added. The fourth edition in colors. Issued June 6, 1905.

14. Chart No. 2, St. Marys River; scale 1:40,000. The fourth edition in colors. Issued June 13, 1905.

15. South end of Lake Michigan; scale 1:400,000. The first edition in colors. Issued June 19, 1905.

Revisions of copperplates preparatory to new editions of the following charts are in hand:

1. North end of Green Bay; scale 1:120,000. Includes results of resurvey made in 1903 and 1904, showing many changes in hydrography and topography, new reefs, and many shoals heretofore not fully developed. The first edition in colors will be issued about July 13, 1905.

2. Chart No. 2, St. Lawrence River; scale 1:30,000. Results of resurvey of 1901, developing extensive alterations in hydrography and topography, were added to the copperplate. The plate is ready for transfer, for first edition in colors.

3. Lake Superior No. 2; scale 1:400,000. Results of Canadian survey of 1903 of northwest coast from Big Trout Bay to Port Arthur and Thunder Cape, including southerly portion of Thunder Bay, are being added. For first edition in colors. 4. Isle Royal (Coast chart No. 8), Lake Superior; scale 1:120,000. Canadian mentioned in preceding paragraph is being added, and Canadian survey of 1904 Sheb of northerly portions of Thunder Bay will be embodied. For first edition in colors.

ma

survey

red

5. Grand and Little Traverse bays, Lake Michigan; scale 1:120,000. For second edition in colors.

Results of resurvey of 1901 being

6. Chart No. 3, St. Lawrence river; scale 1:30,000. added. For first edition in colors.

7. North end of Lake Michigan; scale 1:400,000.

Results of resurveys of 1903 to 1906

revised sailing courses, etc., are being added. For first edition in colors. 8. Coast chart No. 9, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000. For first edition in colors. 9. Beaver Island Group, Lake Michigan; scale 1:120,000. Results of surveys of 1904 and 1905, showing many uncharted shoals and changed hydrography of chartel shoals, are being embodied. For second edition in colors.

The following entirely new charts were completed and issued in colors during the year:

1. Coast chart No. 5, Lake Huron, east coast from Port Elgin to Cape Hurd, including southern portion of Georgian Bay to Parry Island, scale 1:120,000; with insets of Penetanguishene Harbor, scale 1:40,000; Owen Sound Harbor, scale 1:16,000; Southampton Harbor, scale 1:24,000; and Midland Harbor and Lions Head Harbor, both scale 1:10,000. Engraved on stone. Issued July 29, 1904.

2. Frankfort Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:5,000. Reduced from survey made in 1903. Engraved on stone. Issued September 24, 1904.

3. Huron Harbor, Ohio;_scale 1:5,000. Reduced from survey made in 1904. Engraved on stone. Issued December 7, 1904.

4. Manistee Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:10,000. Reduced from survey made in 1903. Engraved on stone. Issued December 14, 1904.

5. Portage Lake and Portage River, Michigan; scale 1:30,000; with insets of Portage Entry and River, and Portage Lake, upper entrance and canal, both scale 1:15,000. Compiled and reduced from resurveys of 1903 to 1905. Engraved on stone (replacing old copperplate chart). Issued March 15, 1905.

6. Little Bay de Noc and approaches thereto from Green Bay, scale 1:40,000; with insets of Escanaba and Gladstone harbors, both scale 1:20,000. Reduced from surveys of 1903 and 1904. Engraved on stone. Issued May 8, 1905.

7. Harbors of refuge of Presque Isle, False Presque Isle, and Midland Island, Lake Huron; scale 1:40,000, Compiled and reduced from surveys of 1904. Engraved on stone. Issued June 20, 1905.

8. Tawas Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:16,000.

ber, 1904. Engraved on stone. Issued June 24, 1905.

Reduced from survey made in Decem

The preceding edition of the following new chart, engraved on stone, having been exhausted, a thoroughly revised new edition was issued:

Sturgeon Bay Canal and Harbor of Refuge, scale 1:25,000; with inset of harbor of refuge at entrance to canal, scale 1:5,000. Second edition in colors. Issued July 8, 1904.

In addition to the foregoing, the following new charts are well advanced:

1. Coast chart No. 6, Lake Huron, northwest coast of Georgian Bay from Parry Island to Killarney Harbor, scale 1:120,000; with insets of French River Harbor, Depot Harbor, Alexander and Charles inlets, and Point au Baril Harbor, scale 1:24,000, and of Byng Inlet and approaches thereto, scale 1:60,000. The five insets are entirely completed, and the engraving on stone of the chart is nearly finished.

2. General chart of Lake Erie; scale 1:400,000. A new chart is being compiled, reduced, and engraved on stone to replace the worn-out copperplate. The chart will embrace resurveys made in west end of Lake Erie from 1903 to 1905; soundings are being referred to standard low water, the projection based on United States standard datum, and the chart limits extended to include the portion of Lake Ontario from Olcott, N. Y., to Hamilton, Ontario.

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asertic

Hold

3. Lake Superior No. 2; scale 1:400,000. Results of Canadian sure:

3.

4.

west coast from Big Trout Bay to Port Arthur and Thunder ex southerly portion of Thunder Bay, are being added. Forts 4. Isle Royal (Coast chart No. 8), Lake Superior; scale 1:120,000 ( mentioned in preceding paragraph is being added, and Cans of northerly portions of Thunder Bay will be embodied. For colors.

5.

5. Grand and Little Traverse bays, Lake Michigan; scale 1:1990 edition in colors.

6. Chart No. 3, St. Lawrence river; scale 1:30,000. Results of resine added. For first edition in colors.

7. North end of Lake Michigan; scale 1:400,000. Results of resurvey
revised sailing courses, etc., are being added. For first editi
8. Coast chart No. 9, Lake Michigan; scale 1:80,000. For first edition a
9. Beaver Island Group, Lake Michigan; scale 1:120,000. Results of t
and 1905, showing many uncharted shoals and changed hydrograpi
shoals, are being embodied. For second edition in colors.

The following entirely new charts were completed an. colors during the year:

8. Tawas Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:16,000. Reduced from survey made in ber, 1904. Engraved on stone. Issued June 24, 1905.

Being engraved on stone, based on resurvey made in 1904.

Head of Green Bay, including Fox River below Depere, Wis.; scale 1:25,000.
Manitowoc Harbor, Wisconsin; scale 1:8,000. Reduction completed from survey
Sheboygan Harbor, Wisconsin; scale 1:10,000. Survey made in 1904 has been
made in 1904, and engraving on stone in progress.
reduced, and engraving on stone is under way.

The preceding edition of the following new chart, engr stone, having been exhausted, a thoroughly revised new

issued:

The following small charts, not considered as forming part of the
insertion in the bulletins and supplements:
regular series of lake survey charts, were prepared as insets for

1. Coast chart No. 5, Lake Huron, east coast from Port Elgin to Cape H
southern portion of Georgian Bay to Parry Island, scale 1:1000
of Penetanguishene Harbor, scale 1:40,000; Owen Sound Harbor, sa
Southampton Harbor, scale 1:24,000; and Midland Harbor and L 4.
bor, both scale 1:10,000. Engraved on stone. Issued July 29, 19

2. Frankfort Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:5,000. Reduced from survey na
Engraved on stone. Issued September 24, 1904.

5.

3. Huron Harbor, Ohio; scale 1:5,000. Reduced from survey made in 194 on stone. Issued December 7, 1904.

4. Manistee Harbor, Michigan; scale 1:10,000. Reduced from survey a Engraved on stone. Issued December 14, 1904.

6.

Sturgeon Bay Canal and Harbor of Refuge, scale 1:25,000; with inset refuge at entrance to canal, scale 1:5,000. Second edition in colors. Isste 8, 1904.

1. Holdridge Shoal, Lake Huron (previously uncharted), off south shore of Drum-
mond Island, Michigan, scale 1:40,000; with inset of shoal and Detour Passage,
scale 1:400,000. Extracts from St. Marys River chart No. 1 and Lake Huron
general chart transferred to stone and printed in colors. Published in Supple-
ment No. 8 to Bulletin No. 14, issued December 19, 1904, and also in Bulletin
No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.

2.

2. General chart of Lake Erie; scale 1:400,000. A new chart is being reduced, and engraved on stone to replace the worn-out copperplate. chart will embrace resurveys made in west end of Lake Erie from 19% soundings are being referred to standard low water, the projection United States standard datum, and the chart limits extended to incr portion of Lake Ontario from Olcott, N. Y., to Hamilton, Ontario.

3.

Vicinity of Sailors Encampment, St. Marys River; scale 1:40,000. Showing chan-
nel and aids to navigation at opening of season, 1905. Extract from St. Marys
River chart No. 2 transferred to stone and printed in colors. Published in
Bulletin No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.

Head of Green Bay, including Fox River below Depere, Wis.; scale 1:60,000.
Showing changes in aids to navigation. Engraved on stone and printed in
colors. Published in Bulletin No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.

Presque Isle Harbor, including North Bay, Lake Huron; scale 1:40,000. Reduced
from survey of May and June, 1904, engraved on stone, and printed in colors.
Published in Bulletin No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.

5. Portage Lake and Portage River, Michigan; scale 1:30,000; with inst
Entry and River, and Portage Lake, upper entrance and canal
1:15,000. Compiled and reduced from resurveys of 1903 to 1906 Er 7. Lower Detroit River; scale 1:25,000. Showing available channel and aids to nav-
igation at opening of season, 1905. Reduced by photolithography from revised
stone (replacing old copperplate chart). Issued March 15, 195
lithograph inset of Lower Detroit River, scale 1:10,000, and printed in colors.
6. Little Bay de Noc and approaches thereto from Green Bay, scale 1:4
Published in Bulletin No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.
insets of Escanaba and Gladstone harbors, both scale 1:20,000. Be
surveys of 1903 and 1904. Engraved on stone. Issued May 8, 196
7. Harbors of refuge of Presque Isle, False Presque Isle, and Midland
Huron; scale 1:40,000, Compiled and reduced from surveys of 1994
on stone. Issued June 20, 1905.

8. Index chart of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes; scale 1:4,500,000. Showing
designations and limits of published charts. A photolithograph reduced from
tracing (scale 1:1,000,000) specially prepared to show new indexing of charts,
and printed in colors. Published in new catalogue of charts in Bulletin No. 15,
issued May 2, 1905.

The engravings on stone of the charts listed below were reproduced
on copperplates (of uniform size 20 by 24 inches) by a new transfer

watching process originated by Assistant Engineer Edward Molite.
With some slight retouching by hand, and recutting and roughing the
heavy lines and large lettering to retain the ink, exact reproductions
of the original engravings are obtained. These copperplates can be
revised and transferred to stone for printing in the usual way when-

In addition to the foregoing, the following new charts ever a new edition is desired. This method of chart construction

Magnetic variations, west end of Lake Superior; scale 1:400,000. The second
edition printed in black from engraving on stone (first edition in Bulletin No.
14). Published in Bulletin No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.

Little Rapids, St. Marys River; scale 1:40,000. Showing available channel and
aids to navigation at opening of season, 1905. Extract from St. Marys River
chart No. 2 transferred to stone and printed in colors. Published in Bulletin
No. 15, issued May 2, 1905.

combines the advantages of stone engraving, which is faster and less
expensive than copper engraving, with the desirable features of copper-

1. Coast chart No. 6, Lake Huron, northwest coast of Georgian Bay f

Island to Killarney Harbor, scale 1:120,000; with insets of French River Plates, which are better adapted than stone to making the corrections
Depot Harbor, Alexander and Charles inlets, and Point au Baril Harb required in revision for a new edition, and are more easily handled

1:24,000, and of Byng Inlet and approaches thereto, scale 1:60,000
insets are entirely completed, and the engraving on stone of the chart » »
finished.

and stored. The stones can be repeatedly polished off and used for
new work, which is an essential element in economical lithography,
avoiding the necessity of preserving the engravings on the costly lith-
ograph stones and the consequent increase in the number of such stones
required to accomplish the same amount of work. The charts thus
treated to date are: