the West Indies and Mexico, and are occasionally taken in Arizona and southern California; and small boas of this or an allied sort are frequently brought into our ports from Cuba, tightly coiled about bunches of bananas. The genus Eryr, containing small, active, burrowing snakes, belongs to the deserts of northern Africa and Asia Minor.

ERNEST INGERSOLL.

BOABDIL, bō-ab-del', or ABU-ABDULLAH, ä'boo-äbd-ool'ah, last Moorish King of Granada. He gained the throne in 1481 by expelling his father, Mulei Hassan; but being attacked by Ferdinand of Aragon, was defeated and taken prisoner. His father having resumed his crown, Ferdinand set Boabdil at liberty and promised to assist him against his father, on condition of his agreement to become the vassal of Spain. He accepted the ignominious condition and his father died of a broken heart. Boabdil was not permitted to reign in peace. By his tyranny he provoked the hostility of his own subjects, and Ferdinand, taking advantage of the dissensions which prevailed, laid siege to Granada. The Moors made a valiant defense, and were prepared to bury themselves under the ruins of the city, but Boabdil capitulated and retired to a domain of the Alpujarras assigned him by the victor (1491). When on his way he turned round to take a last look of the city and burst into tears. "Right, my son," exclaimed his mother, Aixa, who was standing by him, "weep like a woman for the throne which you had not the spirit to defend as a man and a king." The spot is still called "El Ultimo Sospiro del Moro" (the last sigh of the Moor). (See GRANADA). Boabdil soon afterward passed into Africa and fell in battle while assisting the King of Fez in an attempt to dethrone the King of Morocco. Consult Dozy, 'Spanish Islam (London 1913), and LanePoole, The Moors in Spain' (New York 1886).

BOADICEA, more correctly, BOUDICCA, Queen of the Iceni, a British tribe, inhabiting what are now the counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Norfolk and Hertfordshire. She died about 62 A.D. The celebrated earthworks still extant, known as the Devil's Ditch, at Newmarket heath, and at Six-Mile bottom, are supposed to be the fortifications of this tribe, and perhaps of this Queen, against the Romans. She was a contemporary of Nero, and was a woman of remarkable character, both for firmness and ability. Her husband, the King of the Iceni, Prasutagus, dying, left Nero and his own two daughters joint heirs to his great wealth, hoping thereby to preserve his family and kingdom from the rapacity of the conquerors. But immediately on his death his kingdom was taken possession of by the Roman centurions. For some real or imaginary offense, the British Queen was publicly scourged by the executioners, and her daughters were abandoned to the lust of the slaves. Stung to frenzy by this outrage, taking advantage of the absence of Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman governor, from that part of England, Boadicea raised the whole military force of her barbarians, and bursting upon the Roman colony of London, reduced the city to ashes, and put to the sword in that and neighboring places,- of Roman citizens, traders, Italians and other subjects of the empire,

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at least 70,000 individuals. Suetonius lost not a moment in hurrying to the scene of action, although it was well known that the Queen of the Iceni was in command of 120,000 men, which gradually increased to 230,000, according to Dion Cassius, while he could bring into the field in all less than 10,000 soldiers. It is true that absolute credit cannot be given to statements of prodigious numbers, such as the above, but at all events the disparity of force was extraordinary. The legion, posted heights, where its flanks and rear were covered by woods, seems to have received the attack passively, sheltered from the missiles of the Britons by their large, oblong bucklers, until, when the darts and arrows of the barbarians began to fail, by one compact charge they car ried all before them. They spared nothing; women, children, the beasts of burden, the dogs, were all cut to pieces. It is said that 80,000 Britons were butchered that day, while of the legionaries only 400 fell, and about as many more were wounded. It is believed that the action took place not far from Saint Albans, Verulamium, a Roman colony, which at the first irruption had shared the fate of London. The Queen, seeing that her cause was lost, committed suicide, rather than submit to the conqueror. The victory was decisive as it established Roman authority in Britain. Beaumont and Fletcher's play, 'Boadicea,' is founded upon the resistance made by Boadicea against Suetonius. Boadicea's story is well known through the poems of Cowper and Tennyson. Consult Tacitus, Agricola'; id., Annales) (Furneaux's ed., Oxford 1891); Elton, Origins of English History) (London 1882); Haverfield, 'The Romanization of Roman Britain' (Oxford 1912); Rhys, 'Celtic Britain' (London 1882).

BOANERGES, bō-a-nėr'jēz, an appellation given by Christ to two of his disciples, the brothers James and John, perhaps on account of their fiery zeal. Like "Peter" it was not given at the time of the election of the Twelve, but did not remain in use as did "Peter." further explanations of the term consult Burkin, Earliest Sources of the Life of Jesus,' and Harris, J. R., 'Boanerges' (1913).

For

BOAR, Wild, a ferocious, swift-footed species (Sus scrofa) of wild swine, made dangerous by its extreme courage and superior strength. It is found in marshy forest-grounds of Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa. The boar is much larger than the domesticated swine; and covered with short, grayish-black, woolly hair, thickly interspersed with stiff bristles, assuming the form of a crest along the spine. The great tusks of the lower jaw are formidable weapons in youth, but later become useless by curving over the snout, when the teeth of the upper jaw which protrude and curve out take their place as weapons. The boar seeks its food at night and feeds on roots, grain and small animals, birds' eggs, etc. Besides this species, several others exist, notable among which are Sus vittatus of Asia and Africa, Sus verrucosus of Java, and the Celebes and Sus barbatus of Borneo. No species of the genus Sus are natives of America or Australia. Boars were common in England until the time of Henry II, when they scemed to disappear for the time being, reappearing again in the reign

of Charles I, when an attempt was made to raise them in New Forest. It resulted in failure. Formerly the sport of hunting this animal with the aid of great dogs (boarhounds) was the favorite amusement of the nobles of France and Germany, but is now rarely followed except in a few estates in eastern Europe, where the animal is preserved for the purpose. In India, however, the chase of the wild boars of that country, usually called "pig-sticking," is still foremost among the field-sports of the AngloIndians. Consult Harting, 'British Animals Extinct within Historic Times' (London 1880), and Johnston, 'British Mammals' (ib. 1903).

BOARD, the collective name applied to a number of persons having the management, direction or superintendence of some public or private office or trust; often an office under the control of an executive government, the business of which is conducted by officers specially appointed, as board of admiralty, board of trade, etc.

BOARD OF MEDIATION AND CONCILIATION, United States. A board of commissioners created by act of Congress and approved 15 July 1913. Its purpose is to settle by mediation and conciliation all controversies concerning wages, hours of labor or conditions of employment that may arise between any carriers engaged in transportation in or to the United States and their employees. The commissioner is appointed by the President for a term of seven years. He is the executive officer of the board, which consists of not more than two other officials appointed by the President. In any case where an interruption of traffic is imminent and fraught with serious detriment to the public interest, the board may offer its services to the respective parties. It is also required to bring to bear its best efforts to affect conciliation at the request of either party. If they cannot come to an agreement, the board endeavors to induce arbitration and makes arrangement for such whenever desired. The office is independent of any political party. The Department of Labor (see LABOR, DepartMENT OF) has also, through its secretary, the power of profering means of conciliation in labor or industrial disputes in other than traffic arrangements.

BOARDMAN, George Dana, American missionary: b. Livermore, Me., 8 Feb. 1801; d. 11 Feb. 1831. He studied at Waterville College (now Colby University) and at Andover Theological Seminary, and in 1825 was ordained in the Baptist Church. In 1825 he went to India, and in 1827 to Burma, where he labored assiduously in spreading Christianity. The mission planted by him became the central point of all Baptist missions in Burma. His widow married the Rev. Adoniram Judson. Consult King, A., 'Memoir of George Dana Boardman' (Boston 1856).

BOARDMAN, George Dana, American clergyman and author: b. Tavoy, British Burma, 18 Aug. 1828; d. Atlantic City, N. J., 28 April 1903; son of the American Baptist missionary of the same name. He was educated in the United States, graduating at Brown University in 1852, and at Newton Theological Institution in 1855. He was pastor at Barnwell, S. C.; afterward at Rochester, N. Y., till 1864,

when he became pastor of the First Baptist Church in Philadelphia. In 1899 he established a lectureship at the University of Pennsylvania, known as the "Boardman Foundation in Christian Ethics." Besides scrmons and essays, his chief works are 'Studies in the Creative Week' (1878); 'Studies in the Model Prayer' (1879); Epiphanies of the Risen Lord' (1879); Studies in the Mountain Instruction' (1880); (The Kingdom (1899); The Church' (1901); The Golden Rule' (1901).

BOARDMAN, Richard, English missionary: b. 1738; d. Cork, Ireland, 4 Öct. 1782. He became a member of Wesley's conference in 1763, and volunteered for service in America in 1769. He preached in New York and through the Middle States till 1774, and then, returning to England, continued his itinerant ministry. He is known as one of the founders of Methodism in the United States.

BOARDS OF ELECTION. See CONGRESS; ELECTIONS; ELECTORAL QUALIFICATIONS.

BOARFISH, a fish (Capros aper) of the family Caproide, found off the southern coast of Europe. The body is small, oval, compressed and carmine in color, with seven transverse orange bands on the back, and has a long, hoglike snout. The flesh is held in small repute. BOARHOUND. See HOUND.

BOAR'S HEAD, The, a tavern in Eastcheap, London, destroyed in the great fire of 1666; it was rebuilt but was demolished to make way for an approach to London Bridge; its site is now occupied by a statue of William IV. The inn figures in Shakespeare's 'Henry IV' and 'Henry V' as the resort of Falstaff and his boon companions.

BOAS, bo'as, Franz, German-American ethnologist: b. Minden, Westphalia, 9 July 1858. He studied at Heidelberg, Bonn and Kiel universities, 1877-82; traveled in the Arctic regions, 1883-84; was assistant in the Royal Ethnographical Museum in Berlin, and privatdocent in geography at the university in 1885-86, when he became instructor in anthropology in Clark University. In 1886-88 he was a member of the editorial staff of Science. In 1899 he became professor of anthropology at Columbia University. In 1901 he became curator of the American Museum of Natural History. In 1907-08 he served as president of the American Anthropological Society and in 1910 of the New York Academy of Science. He has spent much time among various American Indian tribes; took part in the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, the 'Reports' of which are edited by him. His published works include 'Baffin Land' (1885); The Central Eskimo' (1888); Indians of British Columbia' (1888-92); The Growth of Children' (1896); Changes in Form of Body of Descendants of Immigrants' (1911); Mind of Primitive Man' (1911); Kultur und Rasse' (1913).

BOAT, a term now indiscriminately used for sea and river vessels of all kinds, but more properly applied to a vessel that can be hauled up on or launched from a beach. It may be propeled by oars, sails, steam or other motive power. From the earliest ages men have used buoyant contrivances to float them across streams and lakes. The primitive log or num