of last century, they cultivated the use of cuivre poli (a species of brass). Later came true bronze art work into vogue, and statuary and decorative pieces prevailed. Noted early foundries are Royal Foundry, Berlin; Burgschmiet of Nuremberg, Stiglmayer of Munich, Howalt of Brunswick. Later, vieing with the French product, come the foundries of Gladenbach & Sons (Berlin), Miller (Munich), Stotz (Stuttgart). These factories excel in statuary. In Austria, with Vienna in the lead, we find quite an industry in household art materials (chandeliers are notable) and decorative pieces.

Belgian bronzes have been largely produced around 1870, especially in figure work, with such artists as Meunier and van der Stappen to promote them.

The United States have done valuable work in art-bronzes under such direction as the Tiffany studios and Gorhams.

Bibliography.- Barbedienne, Ferdinand, 'Bronzes d'Art (Paris 1893); Bisei, Unno, 'Japanese Art-Metal Working'; 'Collection of J. P. Morgan: Bronzes, antique Greek Roman, etc.) (Paris 1913); Daragon, Laurent, 'Le bronze d'art' (Paris 1881); Delon, 'Le cuivre et le bronze' (Paris 1877); Edgerton, Giles, 'Bronze Sculpture in America,' in The Craftsman (1908); Fortnum, C. D. E., Bronzes' (South Kensington Museum Art Handbooks, New York 1877); Gangoly, O. C., South Indian Bronzes (Calcutta 1915); Goldschmidt, Fritz, 'Die italienischen Bronzen der Renaissance und des Barock' (Berlin 1914); Grey, Edward, 'A Brief History of Japanese Bronzes' (New York 1888); Havard, Henry, 'Les bronzes d'art et d'ameublement' (Paris 1897); Lessing, Julius, 'Bronzen des XVIIIte Jahrhunderts' (Berlin Kunstgewerbe Museum Vorbilderhefte, Berlin 1898); McIntyre, R. G., Small Bronzes and Their Makers: the Recent Works of some American Sculptors,' in Arts and Decoration (New York 1912); Molinier, Louis M., 'Les bronzes de la Renaissance' ('Bibliothèque Internationale de l'Art, Paris 1886); Murray, A. S., Greek Bronzes (London 1898); Ridder, A. de, Bronzes antiques (Paris 1913); Swarzenski, Georg, Mittelälterliches Bronzegeräth (Berlin Kuntsgewerbe Museum Vorbilderhefte, Berlin 1902); Wilson, H., Silverwork and Jewelry) (New York 1912).

CLEMENT WEBBER COUMBE.

BRONZING, a process by which a bronzelike surface is imparted to objects of metal, wood, plaster, etc. Bronze of a good quality acquires by oxidization a fine green tint, called patina antiqua, or by the Romans, arugo. Salammoniac and salt of sorrel dissolved in vinegar and applied with a soft rag or brush will produce this result. The process must be repeated several times to have its full effect. The proportions given by Dr. Ure are three

fourths of an ounce of sal-ammoniac and a drachm and a half of salt of sorrel to a quart of vinegar. A variety of liquid solutions are prepared for bronzing copper and other metals, in which verdigris, sal-ammoniac, salt of sorrel, cinnabar, alum and common salt are employed. To bronze wood and other articles, waste goldleaf, ground in with honey and washed, or mosaic gold, ground with bone ashes, is applied, with size or oil varnish. Gypsum casts are bronzed with black-lead. The bronzing of

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gun-barrels may be effected by the use of a strong solution of antimony trichloride. BRONZINO, Agnolo, or Angelo. See

ALLORI.

BROOCH, an ornament worn on the dress, to which it is attached by a pin stuck through the fabric. Brooches are of great antiquity and were formerly worn by men as well as women. They were used by both sexes among the Greeks and Romans, and also in the Middle Ages. Among the Highlanders of Scotland there are preserved, in several families, ancient brooches of rich workmanship and highly ornamented. Some of them are inscribed with characters to which particular virtues were attributed, and seem to have been used as a sort of amulet or talisman.

BROOK FARM, a community organized in 1841 near West Roxbury, Mass. Under the leadership of George Ripley and his wife, an association was formed with a few stockholders and a farm of 200 acres was purchased. Among the members of this association were Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles A. Dana, John S. Dwight and George P. Bradford; other prominent people connected with Brook Farm were Ralph W. Emerson, Amos B. Alcott, Theodore Parker, George W. Curtis and Margaret Fuller. The ideal of the Association was to promote the reorganization of society in accordance with the principles of co-operation. The life of the community was very simple; every one had some share of the work to do, the rate of pay being practically the same for all kinds of work, and all had a share in the educational advantages and the social enjoyments. There were a number of industrial employments besides the tilling of the farm, and the surplus product was sold to outsiders. The school was also an important feature, furnishing instruction in all grades, including college subjects; pupils outside the community were received on the payment of a small fee. In 1843 the Association, coming under the influence of Albert Brisbane, adopted the organization of the phalanx according to the plan of Fourier, and established the three "primary departments" of agriculture, domestic industry and mechanic arts; it became also a centre of the Fourierist propaganda and prospered until, on 3 March 1846, the new building, the Phalanstery, was burned. Enthusiasm waned with financial loss, and the Association finally dissolved in October 1847. Consult Codman, Brook Farm, Historic and Personal Memoirs' (Boston 1849); Russell, 'Home Life of the Brook Farm Association' (Boston 1900); Sears, 'My Friends at Brook Farm' (New York 1912); Swift, L., 'Brook Farm, Its Members, Scholars and Visitors' (New York 1900).

BROOKE, MRS. Frances (née MOORE), English novelist: b. 1724; d. 1789. Her husband, Rev. John Brooke, rector of Colney, Norfolk, was chaplain to the garrison at Quebec. She spent some years in Canada and published, in 1769, 'Emily Montague,' the first Canadian novel. Among her other works were "History of Lady Julia Mandeville) (1763), and two musical entertainments, 'Siege of Sinope (1781); 'Marian) (1788).

BROOKE, Francis Key, American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. Gambier, Ohio, 2

Nov. 1852. He was graduated from Kenyon College in his native town in 1874, and entering the Episcopal ministry was successively rector in the Ohio towns of College Hill, Portsmouth, Piqua and Sandusky, and in Saint Louis, Mo., and Atchison, Kan. In 1893 he was consecrated bishop of Oklahoma and Indian Territory. In 1907, on the combining of the Territory into the State of Oklahoma, he became bishop of Oklahoma. In 1910 eastern Oklahoma was made a separate district with its own bishop, but Dr. Brooke still holds the title of bishop of Oklahoma. He received the degree of S.T.D. from the Kansas Theological School in 1893, D.D. from the University of the South in 1910 and from Kenyon College

in 1911.

BROOKE, Henry, Irish dramatist and novelist: b. Rantavan, Ireland, about 1703; d. Burrator, Devonshire, 10 Oct. 1783. He was educated at Dublin University and began to practise at the bar; but his taste was decided for poetry and general literature, and he came forward as an author by publishing a tragedy called 'Gustavus Vasa, which was remarkably popular at the time and was translated into French, though it is now almost forgotten. He wrote several other tragedies and also several novels, one of which, the 'Fool of Quality,' possesses considerable merit and was republished with a preface by Rev. Charles Kingsley. The death of his wife and the loss of a favorite child completely broke his spirit, and he lived for a short time in a state of second childhood.

BROOKE, SIR James, English rajah, celebrated as the Rajah of Sarawak: b. Bengal 1803; d. Burrator, Devonshire, 11 June 1868. He was brought at an early age to England and, having completed his education there, obtained a cadetship in the Indian army. He distinguished himself in the Burmese war (1826) and subsequently sailed to China. On this voyage there rose in his mind the idea of ridding the Eastern Archipelago from the scourge of piracy and ameliorating the condition of the inhabitants. Having come into the possession of a large fortune by the death of his father, he bought one of the royal yachts and set sail for the East (October 1838). Having directed his course to the island of Borneo, he found Muda Hassim, uncle of the King of Borneo and Rajah of Sarawak, a district on the northwest coast of the island, engaged in suppressing a revolt. The Rajah, being hard pressed, agreed to make him his successor in return for his assistance. The offer was accepted, Brooke took command of the Rajah's army and speedily reduced the rebels to submission. Being now established in the government and recognized as Rajah of Sarawak by the Sultan of Borneo (1841), he endeavored to induce the Dyak natives to abandon their irregular and piratical mode of life and to turn themselves to agriculture and commerce. For this end he published a code of laws, establishing free trade and personal equality, and declaring piracy a crime punishable with death. His efforts were wonderfully successful. In conjunction with the British naval commanders, he carried on war against the pirates with great vigor. A sum of money was paid by government for the head of each pirate, and under this system the Malay rovers were soon almost extirpated. On his

return in 1847, Mr. Brooke was received with general favor, his position was recognized by the government, he received the honor of Knight Commander of the Bath and was made governor of Labuan, an island near Sarawak, which had been acquired by the British. After his return to Borneo, he continued to labor as before for the extension of British influence. In 1850 he went as Ambassador to Siam, and not long after gave up his post as governor of Labuan. On the outbreak of the war with China in 1857, his residence was suddenly attacked by about 4,000 Chinese and he himself only escaped by swimming across the river. His adherents soon rallied, however, and at the head of a large body of Malays and Dyaks he drove the Chinese from Sarawak with the loss of half their number. In 1863 he finally returned to England, leaving the government in the hands of his nephew, Charles Brooke. Whatever may be thought of the policy of Sir James Brooke, there can be no doubt as to the benefits derived from it by the people of Sarawak. He established civilization and opened up a trade where previously they had scarcely any existence. Under his administration Sarawak increased from a village of 1,000 inhabitants to a town of 16,000, while the trade increased in the same proportion.

BROOKE, John Mercer, American sailor, scientist and inventor: b. Tampa, Fla. 1826; d. 1906. With early education at Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, he graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1847, and was stationed at the Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C., 1851-53. As director of the astronomical department, he was engaged on the Vincennes expedition in the exploration and survey of the north Pacific Ocean. He resigned from the United States navy in 1861, and in the Confederate government became chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography. He invented a gun named after him, and directed the refitting of the Merrimac to meet the Monitor in Hampton Roads. For 33 years from 1866 to 1899 he was professor of physics at Virginia Military Institute. He was the author of numerous technical magazine articles and the Academy of Berlin conferred upon him the gold medal of science.

BROOKE, John Rutter, American military officer: b. Pottsville, Pa., 21 July 1838. He entered the army as captain in a volunteer regiment on the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861, and resigned in February 1866, with the rank of brevet major-general. He became colonel in March 1879; brigadier-general, 6 April 1888, and major-general, 22 May 1897. After the declaration of war against Spain, he was placed in command of the 1st Provisional Army Corps, and subsequently distinguished himself in the campaign in Porto Rico, and was made a member of the joint military commission to arrange the cession of the island to the United States. On 13 Dec. 1898, he was appointed military and civil governor of Cuba, a post which he held till April 1900, when he was succeeded by Gen. Leonard Wood. On 10 May following, he succeeded Maj.-Gen. Wesley Merritt as commander of the Military Department of the East, with headquarters in New York. He retired under the age rule in 1902.

BROOKE, Stopford Augustus, English clergyman and author: b. Letterkenny, Donegal, Ireland, 14 Nov. 1832; d. Ewhurst, Surrey, England, 18 March 1916. After a brilliant course at Trinity College, Dublin, he was ordained in the Anglican Church in 1857. From that year till 1859 he officiated as curate of Saint Matthew's, Marylebone (London); and in 1876, after having held various other clerical appointments, he became minister of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury, where he officiated till his retirement from regular ministerial work in 1894. In 1872 he was appointed one of the chaplainsin-ordinary to the Queen. Having become a Unitarian in his views he left the Church of England in 1880, but till 1894 still continued to occupy the same pulpit, Bedford Chapel being private property. He gained a high reputation as a preacher and writer on religious subjects, and also as a poet, but more especially as a literary critic and historian of English literature. His chief works are 'Life and Letters of the Late Frederick W. Robertson of Brighton' (1865); 'Christ in Modern Life' (1872); 'Theology in the English Poets (1874); 'Primer of English Literature' (1876); Riquet of the Tuft (1880), a love drama; The Early Life of Jesus (1888); Poems' (1888); 'History of Early English Literature: from Its Beginning to the Accession of Alfred) (1892), the only work in English treating adequately its special subject; Tennyson: His Art and Relations to Modern Life) (1894); The English Poets from Blake to Tennyson' (1894); Jesus and Modern Thought' (1894); The Old Testament and Modern Life' (1896); The Gospel of Joy (1898); 'English Literature to the Norman Conquest' (1898); On Ten Plays of Shakespeare' (1905); A Treasury of Irish Poetry in the English Tongue' (1901), edited in collaboration with T. W. Rolleston; 'Poetry of Robert Browning) (1902); Studies in Foetry) (1907); 'Four Poets) (1908); Onward Cry: Addresses' (1911); Ten More Plays of Shakespeare' (1913).

BROOKFIELD, Mo., city of Linn County, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 104 miles east of Saint Joseph. Extensive coal deposits are mined in the neighborhood; coal, cattle, grain and farm produce are largely exported along with the manufactured products of ironworks, brickyards, shoe factories, flour mills, grain elevators and railroad shops. Brookfield, settled in 1860, was incorporated in 1865, and has municipal waterworks. Pop. 5,749.

BROOKHAVEN, Miss., city and countyseat of Lincoln County, on the Illinois C. Railroad; 56 miles south of Jackson, the State capital. It is the seat of Whitworth Female College (Methodist), one of the most popular educational institutions in the South, and Saint Francis School (Roman Catholic), and is the trade centre for a large farming, cotton and yellow pine lumbering region. It has a creamery, machine shops, cotton compress, cottonseed-oil mill, lumber mills, syrup, brick and handle and spoke factories. An electric-light and power plant is owned by the city. Pop. 6,000.

BROOKINGS, S. D., city and county-seat of Brookings County, on the Chicago & N.

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Railway, 60 miles north of Sioux Falls. It is chiefly a dairying place; has electric lights, waterworks and several mills; and is the seat of the South Dakota Agricultural College and of the United States Experiment Station. Its principal industries consist in manufactures of cigars, tow, flour, cement block and automobile tire treads. Grain and live stock are produced in large quantities in the district. It was settled in 1876. Pop. 5,000.

BROOKITE, a mineral only known in the form of orthorhombic crystals.. It is an oxide of titanium, having the formula TiO2. It is found in a variety of colors, red, yellow, black and brown. It has a hardness of 5.5 to 6.0, and a specific gravity of 3.9 or 4.0. It occurs in Switzerland, in the Tyrol and in Wales. In the United States.it is found (in stout black crystals known as "arkansite") at Magnet Cove, Ark.; also at Paris, Me., in Ulster County, N. Y., and in North Carolina. The mineral was named for the English mineralogist, H. J. Brooke.

BROOKLIME (Veronica Beccabunga and V. americana), two species of speedwell, perennial plants of the natural order Scrophulariaceae, common in ditches and wet places in Europe and America, respectively, and attractive for their axillary racemes of bluish flowers, for which they are grown in damp places for ornamental purposes.

BROOKLINE, Mass., town in Norfolk County, on the Charles River, and the Boston & A. Railroad; three miles west of Boston, with which it is connected by electric railroad. It contains the villages of Cottage Farm, Longwood and Reservoir Station, and has a granite town house, public library (80,000 volumes), two banks and two trust companies, a school of practical arts, high school and intermediate schools, municipal baths and gymnasium, and fine parks and golf course. There are manufactories of scientific instruments and marine compasses and some others. The United States census of manufactures for 1914 reported 21 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 429 persons, of whom 335 were wage earners, receiving annually $239,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $1,123,000, and the value of the year's output was $659,000; of this, $441,000 was the value added by manufacture. Brookline is chiefly a place of suburban residence, being one of the most beautiful and wealthy suburban towns in the country. It was first settled in 1634, and was known as "the hamlet of Muddy River" until its incorporation as Brookline in 1705. The government is by limited town meeting under a special form adopted in 1915. In that year the receipts amounted to $3,338,661.25, the expenditures to $3,176,578.09. The value of taxable real estate was estimated at $77,827,300, and of personal property at $46,174,600. Pop. (1910) 27,792; (1915) 33,490. Consult the Annual publications of the Brookline Historical Society'; Bolton, C. K., Brookline: the History of a Favored Town) (Brookline 1897) and Spencer, C. A. W., Brookline, Chronicle Souvenir of the Bicentennial) (Brookline 1905).

BROOKLYN, Ill., town in Saint Clair County, one mile north of East Saint Louis, on the Chicago and Alton, the Wabash and the