forded room both to retreat and fight, he often faced about and repulfed the affailants. But when from that broad place he came to crowd into the narrow street leading to the gatc, he fell in with those who were advancing to his affiftance. It was in vain to call out to them to fall back; there were few that could hear him; and fuch as did hear, and were most disposed to obey his orders, were pushed back by those who came pouring in behind. Befides, the largest of the elephants was fallen in the gate-way on his fide, and lying there, and braying in a horrible manner, he stopped those who would have got out. And among the elephants already in the town, one named Nicon, striving to take up his mafter, who was fallen off wounded, rufhed against the party that was retreating, and overturned both friends and enemies promifcuously, till he found the body. Then he took it up with his trunk, and carrying it on his two teeth, returned in great fury, and trod down all before him. When they were thus preffed and crowded together, not a man could do any thing fingly, but the whole multitude, like one close compacted body, rolled this way and that all together. They exchanged but few blows with the enemy either in front or rear, and the greatest harm they did was to themselves: For if any man drew his fword or levelled his pike, he could not recover the one or put up the other; the next perfon, therefore, whoever he happened to be, was neceffarily wounded, and thus many of them fell by the hands of each other..

Pyrrhus, feeing the tempeft rolling about him, took off the plume with which his helmet was diftinguished, and gave it to one of his friends. Then trufting to the goodness of his horfe, he rode in amongst the enemy, who were haraffing his rear, and it happened that he was wounded through the breaft-plate with a javelin; the wound was rather flight than dangerous, but he turned against the man that gave it, who was an Argive of no note, the fon of a poor old woman. This woman, among others, looking upon the fight from the roof of a house, beheld her fon thus engaged. Seized with terror

at the fight, fhe took up a large tile with both hands, and threw it at Pyrrhus. The tile fell upon his head, and, notwithstanding his helmet, crufhed the lower vertebra of his neck. Darkness in a moment covered his eyes, his hands let go the reins, and he fell from his horse by the tomb of Licymnius *. The crowd that was

*There is fomething ftrikingly contemptible in the fate of this ferocious warrior.-What reflections may it not afford to thofe fcourges of mankind, who, to extend their power, and gratify their pride, tear out the vitals of human fociety!-How unfortunate that they do not recollect their own perfonal infignificance, and confider, while they are disturbing the peace of the earth, that they are beings whom an old woman may kill with a ftone!-It is impoffible here to forget the obfcure fate of Charles the Twelfth, or the following verfes that defcribe it:

On what foundation ftands the warrior's pride,
How juft his hopes, let Swedish Charles decide;
A frame of adamant, a foul of fire,

No dangers fright him, and no labours tire;
O'er love, o'er fear, extends his wide domain,
Unconquer'd lord of pleasure and of pain;
No joys to him pacific fceptres yield,
War founds the trump, he rushes to the field.
Behold furrounding kings their power combine,

And one capitulate and one refign.

Peace courts his hand, but spreads her charms in vain ; "Think nothing gain'd," he cry'd, " till nought remain, On Moscow's walls till Gothic ftandards fly,

And all be mine beneath the polar fky."

The march begins in military state,
And nations on his eye fufpended wait.
Stern famine guards the folitary coaft,
And winter barricades the realm of froft:
He comes-not want and cold his courfe delay-
Hide, blufhing Glory, hide Pultowa's day!
The vanquish'd hero leaves his broken bands,
And shows his miferies in diftant lands.
Condemn'd a needy fuppliant to wait,
While ladies interpofe, and flaves debate.
But did not Chance at length her error mend?
Did no fubverted empire mark his end?
Did rival monarchs give the fatal wound?
Or hoftile millions prefs him to the ground?
His fall was deftin'd to a barren strand,

A petty fortrefs, and a dubious hand.

about him did not know him; but one Zopyrus, who ferved under Antigonus, and two or three others coming up, knew him, and dragged him into a porch that was at hand, just as he was beginning to recover from the blow. Zopyrus had drawn his Illyrian blade to cut off his head, when Pyrrhus opened his eyes, and gave him fo fierce a look, that he was ftruck with terror. His hands trembled, and between his desire to give the stroke, and the confufion he was in, he miffed his neck, but wounded him in the mouth and chin, fo that it was a long time before he could feparate the head from the body.

By this time the thing was generally known, and Alcyoneus, the fon of Antigonus, came haftily up, and afked for the head, as if he wanted only to look upon it. But as foon as he had got it, he rode off with it to his father, and caft it at his feet as he was fitting with his friends. Antigonus, looking upon the head, and knowing it, thruft his fon from him, and ftruck him with his ftaff, calling him an impious and barbarous wretch. Then putting his robe before his eyes, he wept in remembrance of the fate of his grandfather Antigonus*, and that of his father Demetrius, two inftances in his own house of the mutability of fortune, As for the head and body of Pyrrhus, he ordered them to be laid in magnificent attire on the funeral pile, and burnt. After this, Alcyoneus having met with Helenus in great distress and a mean garb, addressed him in a courteous manner, and conducted him to his father, who thus expressed himself on the occafion: "In this, my fon, you have acted much better than before; but still you are deficient; for you should have taken off that mean habit, which is a greater difgrace to us who are victorious than it is to the vanquished."

Then he paid his refpects to Helenus in a very obliging

He left the name at which the world grew pale, To point a moral, or adorn a tale! Johnfon. Antigonus the Firft was killed at the battle of Ipfus, and Demetrius the First long kept a prisoner by his fon-in-law Selucus.

manner, and fent him to Epirus with a proper equipage. He gave alfo the fame kind reception to the friends of Pyrrhus, after he had made himself master of his whole camp and army.

CAIUS MARIUS.

WE know no third name of Caius Marius, any more than we do of Quinctus Sertorius, who held Spain fo long, or of Lucius Mummius, who took Corinth. For the furname of Achaicus Mummius gained by his conqueft, as Scipio did that of Africanus, and Metellus that of Macedonicus. Pofidonius avails himself chiefly of this argument to confute those who hold the third to be the Roman proper name, Camillus, for instance, Marcellus, Cato; for, in that cafe, thofe who had only two names would have had no proper name at all. But he did not confider that by this reasoning he robbed the women of their names; for no woman bears the first, which Pofidonius fuppofed the proper name among the Romans. Of the other names, one was common to the whole family, as the Pompeii, Manlii, Cornelii, in the fame manner as with us, the Heraclidæ and Pelopidæ; and the other was a furname given them from fomething remarkable in their difpofitions, their actions, or the form of their bodies, as Macrinus, Torquatus, Sylla, which are like Mnemon, Grypus, and Callinicus, among the Greeks. But the diverfity of cuftoms, in this respect, leaves much room for farther inquiry *.

The Romans had usually three names, the Prænomen, the Nomen, and the Cognomen.

The Pranomen, as Aulus, Caius, Decimus, was the proper or diftinguishing name between brothers, during the time of the republic.

The Nomen was the family name, answering to the Grecian patronymics. For as, among the Greeks, the pofterity of acus were called acidæ, fo the Julian family had that name from Julus or Afcanius. But there were feveral other things which gave rife to the Nomen, as animals, places, and accidents; for inftance, Porcius, Ovilius, &c.

The Cognomen was originally intended to diftinguish the fe

As to the figure of Marius, we have feen at Ravenna, in Gaul, his ftatue in marble, which perfectly expreffed all that has been said of his fternnefs and aufterity of be haviour: For, being naturally robust and warlike, and more acquainted with the difcipline of the camp than the city, he was fierce and untractable when in authority. It is faid that he neither learned to read Greek, nor would make use of that language on any ferious occafion, thinking it ridiculous to bestow time on learning the language of a conquered people. And when, after his fecond triumph, at the dedication of a temple, he exhibited fhows to the people in the Grecian manner, he barely entered the theatre and fat down, and then rofe up and departed immediately. Therefore, as Plato used to fay to Xenocrates the philofopher, who had a morofe and unpolished manner, "Good Xenocrates, facrifice to the Graces;" fo if any one could have perfuaded Marius to pay his court to the Grecian Mufes and Graces, he had never brought his noble achievements, both in war and peace, to fo fhocking a conclufion; he had never been led, by unfeasonable ambition and infatiable avarice, to split upon the rocks of a favage and cruel old age. But this will foon appear from his actions themfelves.

veral branches of a family. It was affumed from no certain cause, but generally from fome particular occurrence. It became, however, hereditary, except it happened to be changed for a more honourable appellation, as Macedonicus, Africanus. But it fhould be well remarked, that under the emperors the Cognomen was often ufed as a proper name, and brothers were diftinguished by it; as Titus Flavius Vefpafianus, and Titus Flavius Sabinus.

As to women, they had anciently their Prænomen as well as the men, fuch as Caia, Lucia, &c. But afterwards they feldom ufed any other befides the family name, as Julia, Tullia, and the like. Where there were two filters in a house, the diftinguishing appellations were major and minor; if a greater number, Prima, Secunda, Tertia, &c.

With refpect to the men who had only two names, a family might be fo mean as not to have gained the Cognomen, or there might be fo few of the family that there was no occation for it to diftinguish the branches.