tion he occupied until 1725, when, at the recommendation of Sir Isaac Newton, whose acquaintance he had formed during a visit to London in 1719, he was called to the mathematical chair of Edinburgh. During the rebellion of 1745 he sided with the existing government, and personally superintended the formation of trenches, batteries, and other defences hastily thrown up around Edinburgh. Upon the entrance of Charles Edward into the city he took refuge with Dr. Herring, archbishop of York, but returned to the city when quiet was restored. He died shortly afterward, having held the mathematical professorship over 20 years. His works are: Geometrica Organica (London, 1720); "Treatise on the Percussion of Bodies" (1724), for which he received the prize of the academy of sciences; a "Treatise on Fluxions" (2 vols. 4to., Edinburgh, 1742), written partly in reply to an attack of Bishop Berkeley on the principles of fluxions, and the most complete treatise on the subject, as well as the author's most profound work; a "Treatise on Algebra" (1748); and an "Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries" (London, 1748), left unfinished by the author, and published from his papers. He also contributed numerous mathematical papers to the "Philosophical Transactions," on curves, equations with impossible roots, &c.

MACLAY, ARCHIBALD, D.D., an American clergyman, born in Killearn, Scotland, May 14, 1778, died in New York, May 2, 1860. His father having died, he undertook at the age of 12 the support of his mother and sisters, employing his spare time in study with a view of entering the ministry as an Independent. Having removed with his family to Glasgow, he was assisted by Mr. Robert Haldane, who offered him the means of procuring an education and a comfortable support till he should enter the ministry. In 1802 he commenced preaching at Kirkcaldy in Fifeshire. In 1804 he was appointed a missionary to the East Indies by a society in Edinburgh; but as he was about to sail, the British government interposed objections, and he was compelled to relinquish the enterprise. He then, on the advice of Mr. Haldane, sailed for New York in Oct. 1805, commenced preaching in Rose street, and soon organized a church. In 1808 he united with the Baptists, and most of his congregation in Rose street followed him. A church was organized soon after, of which he remained pastor until 1837, when he resigned, to become the general agent of the American and foreign Bible society, then just organized. He retained this agency for 13 years, visiting every part of the Union many times, and extending his journeys occasionally into the British provinces and Great Britain. The Bible translation society in England was among the results of his labors. One of his addresses was translated into several languages, and more than 100,000 copies of it circulated. In 1850 he became an officer and general agent of the Bible union, a society organized mainly for

the revision of the English Scriptures, and in 1856 was elected its president; but becoming dissatisfied with its management, he withdrew from it, and published his reasons for so doing. He continued to preach till within a few months of his death. Though an able and vigorous writer, Dr. Maclay published very little. He was esteemed a superior preacher.

MACLEAN, a central co. of Ill., drained by tributaries of the Illinois river; area, 1,132 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 19,578. Much of the surface is prairie; the soil is very fertile. The productions in 1850 were 63,893 bushels of wheat, 1,226,533 of Indian corn, 126,159 of oats, and 49,883 lbs. of wool. There were 15 flour mills, 2 saw mills, 11 churches, and 900 pupils attending schools. The St. Louis, Alton, and Chicago, and the Illinois central railroads intersect the county, passing through the capital, Bloomington.

In

MACLEAN, JOHN, LL.D., an American judge and statesman, born in Morris co., N. J., March 11, 1785. Four years afterward, his father, a poor man with a large family, removed to the West, settling first at Morganstown, Va., afterward near Nicholasville, Ky., and finally in 1799 in what is now Warren co., Ohio. Here he cleared a farm, upon which he resided till his death 40 years later. His son, at the age of 18, desiring to study law, went to Cincinnati, where he maintained himself by writing in the office of the clerk of the county, while he pursued his studies under the direction of Arthur St. Clair, an eminent counsellor, the son of the revolutionary general of that name. the spring of 1807 he was married to Miss Rebecca Edwards, and in the autumn of the same year was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Lebanon, Warren co., Ọ. In Oct. 1812, he was elected to represent in congress his district, which then included Cincinnati, receiving a large majority, as a democrat in favor of the war with England and a supporter of President Madison's administration. In 1814 he was unanimously reelected, receiving the vote of every voter that went to the polls. In 1815 he declined to be a candidate for the U. S. senate, though his election was certain; and in 1816, the legislature of Ohio having unanimously elected him a judge of the supreme court of the state, he resigned his seat in congress at the close of the session. He remained upon the supreme bench of Ohio till 1822, when he was appointed by President Monroe commissioner of the general land office. In July, 1823, he was appointed postmaster-general, the post office department being then in a very disordered and inefficient condition. Under his administration this branch of the public service was restored to order, and managed with a vigor, method, and economy, that soon secured an almost unexampled degree of applause and public confidence. By a nearly unanimous vote of the senate and house the postmaster-general's salary was raised from $4,000 to $6,000 a year. John Randolph, who voted against the increase,

said he would vote for it if the salary could be reduced to its original amount whenever Judge McLean went out of office. In 1829, having declined the war and navy departments, which were offered to him by President Jackson, Judge McLean resigned the office of postmaster-general and accepted a seat upon the bench of the supreme court of the United States, entering upon his duties as associate justice at the January term of 1830. In this capacity his charges to grand juries while on circuit are distinguished for ability and eloquence. One of the most noted of these was delivered in Dec. 1838, in regard to aiding or favoring unlawful military combinations by our citizens against any foreign government or people with whom we are at peace, with special reference to the Canadian insurrection and its American abettors. In the Dred Scott case he dissented from the decision of the court as given by Chief Justice Taney, and expressed the opinion that slavery has its origin merely in power, and is against right, and in this country is sustained only by local law. Judge McLean has long been identified with the party opposed to the extension of slavery, and his name was before the free soil convention at Buffalo in 1848 as a candidate for nomination as president. At the republican national convention at Philadelphia in 1856, he received 196 votes for the same office to 359 for Col. Fremont. At the republican convention at Chicago in 1860 he also received a number of votes.

MACLEAN, LETITIA ELIZABETH. See LAN

DON.

MACLENNAN, a central co. of Texas, intersected by the Brazos river; area, 800 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 4,373, of whom 1,835 were slaves. Its surface is undulating, the river and creek bottoms well timbered, oak, cedar, and elm being abundant, and the soil of the bottoms and the prairie exceedingly fertile, producing cotton, corn, wheat, and other grain. In 1858 there were 4,404 acres planted in cotton, 10,565 in corn, and 4,383 in wheat. Aggregate taxable property in 1859, $2,548,565. Capital, Waco. MACLEOD, ALEXANDER, D.D., an American clergyman, born in the island of Mull, Scotland, June 12, 1774, died in New York, Feb. 17, 1833. Emigrating to the United States in 1792, he established himself in Princetown, N. Y., and, having soon after joined the Reformed Presbyterian church, entered Union college with the intention of qualifying himself for the ministry, and was graduated in 1798. In 1799 he was licensed as a preacher, and two years afterward was ordained and installed to the charge of a congregation in New York, and of one in Wallkill, Orange co., N. Y. The latter he soon after resigned; but his connection with the New York congregation, which under his ministry increased greatly in numbers and influence, terminated only with his death. He was esteemed one of the most powerful preachers of his denomination, and was widely known by his publications and sermons on religious subjects,

as well as those of public policy. He early distinguished himself by his opposition to negro slavery. His principal works are: "Negro Slavery Unjustifiable," a discourse (New York, 1802; new ed. 1860); "Ecclesiastical Catechism" (1807), of which upward of 12 editions were published; "Lectures upon the Principal Prophecies of the Revelation" (8vo., 1814); "View of the Late War" (Svo., 1815); "The Life and Power of True Godliness" (8vo., 1816); and the "American Christian Expositor" (2 vols. 8vo., 1832-23). He also contributed largely to a variety of religious periodicals, and edited "The Large Catechism," the first book that was stereotyped in America. In 1855 appeared "Memoir of Alexander McLeod, D.D.," by Samuel B. Wiley, D.D. (8vo., New York).-XAVIER DONALD, an American author, son of the preceding, born in New York, Nov. 17, 1821. He was graduated at Columbia college, and after studying theology he took orders in the Episcopal church in 1845. He was settled for a short time in a rural parish, and in 1850 went to Europe, where he travelled and studied until 1852. During his residence abroad he became a Roman Catholic. After his return he devoted himself to literary pursuits, contributing to various magazines, and publishing "Pynnshurst, his Wanderings and Ways of Thinking" (New York, 1852); "Life of Sir Walter Scott" (1852); "The Bloodstone" (1853); and the "Life of Mary, Queen of Scots" (1857). Mr. McLeod is also the author of "The Elder's House, or the Three Converts;" "Château Lescure, or the Last Marquis;" and a "Life of Fernando Wood," the mayor of New York (1856). McLeod's fugitive poems are his most characteristic productions; some of them, as "The Weeder" (Putnam's Monthly) and "The Saga of Viking Torquil" (Knickerbocker Magazine) have great merit. In 1857 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he was for some time editorially connected with the "Leader" newspaper, then under the direction of Dr. J. V. Huntington. He subsequently became professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Mount St. Mary's (R. C.) college near Cincinnati, and is now (June, 1860) qualifying himself for orders in the Roman Catholic church.

MACLISE, DANIEL, R.A., a British artist, born in Cork, Jan. 25, 1811. While a boy he was placed with a banker in Cork, but at the age of 16 he forsook this occupation to devote himself to the study of painting, for which he had shown a strong predilection. In 1828 he was admitted a pupil of the antique and life schools at the royal academy, at both of which he gained prizes, and in 1830 studied for some months in the galleries of Paris. In the succeeding year he took the gold medal of the royal academy for his oil painting, the "Choice of Hercules," which was followed in 1832 by his "Allhallow Eve in Ireland," and in 1833 by another Irish subject, "The Installation of Captain Rock." Thenceforth he became a busy contributor to the annual exhibitions of the

academy, of which in 1835 he was elected an associate and in 1840 a member. Among his most popular works are: "The Play Scene in Hamlet" and "Malvolio and the Countess,' both in the Vernon gallery, "The Author's Reception by the Players" and other scenes from "Gil Blas," several from the "Vicar of Wakefield," "Christmas in the Baron's Hall," "Origin of the Harp," and "The Sacrifice of Noah," painted in oil; a fresco from "Comus" in the pavilion of Buckingham palace, and others illustrating passages in English history in the new palace at Westminster. At various periods of his life he has furnished sketches for illustrated annuals and magazines, including a series of caricatures for "Fraser's Magazine," and has made designs for art manufacture. With a marked tendency to illustrate Irish history and character, he has for the most part devoted himself to chivalric and romantic subjects.

MACLURE, WILLIAM, an American geologist, born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1763, died in San Angel, near the city of Mexico, March 23, 1840. At 19 years of age he visited New York, and immediately returned to London to become a partner in the commercial house of Miller, Hart, and co., in which he rapidly acquired a fortune. In 1796 he again visited the United States, and in 1803 was in Europe as one of the commissioners to settle the claims of American citizens against France for spoliations during the revolution in that country. While on the continent he travelled extensively, examining the geology of Europe, and collecting objects in natural history for the United States, to which he had always looked forward as his future home. On returning, he engaged with zeal in the extraordinary private undertaking of a geological survey of the whole country. Depending on his own resources and observations at a time when geology was unknown as a science, and few could appreciate his motives, he visited almost every state and territory, crossing and recrossing the Alleghanies no fewer than 50 times. In 1807 he visited New Haven, and there found Prof. Silliman, then lately from Edinburgh, whence he had brought the geological knowledge of the day acquired in the exciting discussions of the Wernerian and Huttonian controversy. His first communication to the public was a memoir entitled "Observations on the Geology of the United States, explanatory of a Geological Map," read before the American philosophical society, Jan. 20, 1809, and published in vol. vi. of their "Transactions." He still continued his explorations, and on May 16, 1817, presented another memoir to the society, which was published in their "Transactions," and also in a separate volume with a colored map and sections. The former publication was 6 years prior to that of the geological map of England prepared by William Smith, a production which gave him the title of father of English geology. To Maclure is equally due the title of father of American geology. His publications attracted much attention to the science,

and his enthusiasm was communicated to new observers. A map covering a field so vast and new, and as afterward found so complicated in its structure, could not be otherwise than rude and imperfect. It presented the general range of the secondary, transition, and primitive rocks, as they were then called, with considerable accuracy; but the tertiary groups, the arranging of which really involved an acquaintance with their fossils, were very imperfectly defined. Philadelphia was selected by Maclure for his residence when not engaged in his explorations. He joined the academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia, which was founded in Jan. 1812, and its library and museum were made the recipients of his books and specimens. On Dec. 30, 1817, he was elected president of the academy, and was reelected every year thereafter to the time of his death. The "Journal" of the academy was commenced under his auspices, and the first volume was printed in an apartment of his own house. His donations of books to the society included nearly 1,500 volumes, among which were 600 quartos and 146 folios on natural history, the fine arts, &c.-a collection such as was then possessed by no other institution in the United States. In 1816-'17 he visited the West India islands to examine the geology of the Antilles, an account of which, submitted to the society, Oct. 28, 1817, was published in vol. i. of their "Journal." In 1819 he visited France, and then went to Spain to establish a great agricultural school for the lower classes, in which labor should be combined with moral and intellectual culture. He purchased from the revolutionary government 10,000 acres of land near Alicante; but when his buildings were completed, the government was overthrown, and his property reverted to the church from which it had been confiscated. After a hazardous geological tour through the southern parts of Spain, he returned in 1824 to the United States. Here he attempted to carry out a similar plan of an agricultural school, and removed to the New Harmony settlement in Indiana, not, however, adopting the peculiar views of this community. Several distinguished naturalists from Philadelphia joined him in this enterprise, as Mr. Thomas Say, Dr. Troost, Mr. Lesueur, and a few others of scientific reputation. The scheme failed, but Mr. Maclure, having purchased largely of land in and around New Harmony, remained there several years in the hope of bringing his school into operation. The failure of his health at last caused him to seek a more genial climate; and in 1827 he embarked for Mexico with his friend Mr. Say. The next summer they returned; but Mr. Maclure, after attending the meeting of the American geological society in New Haven, Nov. 17, 1828, as the presiding officer, again embarked for Mexico, where he continued to reside, always however with the intention of returning to the United States, and with his interest in the progress of scientific education there unabated. The death of Mr. Say at New Harmony in 1834 caused

him to lose all interest there, and he gave directions for the removal of his library to the academy of natural sciences. This second donation comprised 2,259 volumes, with numerous maps and charts. The American geological society at New Haven also received from him many very valuable works and specimens. To insure a suitable building to the academy of natural sciences for the preservation of their books and collections, he contributed at different times up to 1838 the sum of $20,000, by means of which they were enabled to complete the edifice on Broad street in Feb. 1840. At this time Maclure was seeking to return to the United States. Enfeebled in health, arrangements were made for his being borne to the coast on a litter; but his strength failing, he was obliged to return, halting first at the house of Farias, ex-president of Mexico, and next at the village of San Angel, where he died. In the early volumes of the "American Journal of Science" are many communications from Mr. Maclure. While in Mexico he wrote "Opinions on Various Subjects," devoted mainly to political economy (2 vols. 8vo., New Harmony, 1837). MACMAHON, MARIE EDME PATRICE MAU RICE, duke of Magenta, a French soldier, descended from an ancient and noble Irish family, born in Autun about 1807. His father was a peer of France and a personal friend of King Charles X. After having completed his education at the military school of St. Cyr, he took part in the expedition to Algiers. He afterward acted as Gen. Achard's aide-de-camp at the siege of Antwerp, and then returning to Africa, evinced much skill and courage, especially at the capture of Constantine. The province of that name and that of Oran were placed under his command in 1848. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1833, colonel in 1845, brigadier-general in 1848, and general of division in 1852; and in 1855 he succeeded Canrobert in the Crimea, where as commander of a division of infantry he took a memorable part in the bombardment of Sebastopol, and particularly in the storming of the Malakoff, succeeding on Sept. 8 in forcing an entrance into that fort and maintaining his position there. He was rewarded by the grand cross of the legion of honor and the dignity of senator. At the outbreak of the Italian war in the spring of 1859 he was appointed commander of the 2d corps of the army of the Alps, and the victory at Magenta (June 4) was chiefly due to his exertions. Napoleon III. conferred on him on the battle field the rank of marshal of France and the title of duke of Magenta.

MACMINN, a S. E. co. of Tenn., bordered on the S. W. by the Hiawassee river and drained by its tributaries; area, 475 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 13,906, of whom 1,568 were slaves. It has an undulating surface and fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 939,116 bushels of Indian corn, 216,154 of oats, 56,559 of sweet potatoes, and 10,720 lbs. of tobacco. There were 25 flour mills, 20 saw mills, 7 tanneries, 37

churches, and 3,996 pupils attending schools. The E. Tennessee and Georgia railroad intersects the county, passing through the capital, Athens.

MACNAB, SIR ALAN NAPIER, a Canadian statesman, born at Niagara, Feb. 19, 1798. He is of Scottish extraction; his grandfather was a royal forester of Scotland, and his father was lieutenant of a dragoon regiment and principal aide-de-camp to Gen. Simcoe during the revolutionary war. When, during the war of 1812'15, the Americans attacked Toronto (April 27, 1813), Alan, then a school boy, carried a musket and retreated with the British to Kingston. Shortly afterward he entered the navy as midshipman on board Sir James Yeo's ship, and accompanied the expedition to Sackett's Harbor and other American lake ports; but he soon abandoned the navy for the army, was present at the capture of Fort Niagara, and commanded the advanced guard at the battle of Plattsburg. At the close of the war he studied law, and practised in Hamilton, acting at the same time as clerk of the journals in the legislative assembly of Upper Canada. In 1829 he was elected a member of the assembly for the county of Wentworth, and after serving 3 terms was returned by the electors of Hamilton. He was subsequently chosen speaker of the lower house. During the insurrection of 1837-'8 he commanded the militia on the Niagara frontier, having the rank of colonel. He routed the insurgents near Toronto, Dec. 7, 1837, and soon afterward, a party of American sympathizers having occupied Navy island in the Niagara river, whence they were cannonading the village of Chippewa on the Canadian side, he sent a party to seize the steamer Caroline, which was employed to convey them supplies, and having driven the crew ashore set fire to it and sent it over the falls. Although the seizure was made on the American side of the river, and provoked in consequence much angry comment in the United States, the act was approved by the British government, and in the opinion of Sir Francis Head prevented an open rupture between this country and England. For his services to the crown during this insurrection Mr. Macnab was knighted, July 14, 1838. After the union of the two provinces of Canada he became speaker of the new legislature, and in 1854 was prime minister under the earl of Elgin, retaining office for a few months under his successor Sir Edmund Head. On retiring from the premiership in 1856 he was made a baronet of the United Kingdom. He has withdrawn from public life.

MACNAIRY, a S. W. co. of Tenn., drained by Forked Deer river and branches of the Big Hatchie; area, 620 sq. m.; pop in 1850, 12,864, of whom 1,393 were slaves. Its productions in 1850 were 571,080 bushels of Indian corn, 55,332 of oats, 45,472 of sweet potatoes, and 9,180 lbs. of tobacco. There were 32 grist mills, 12 saw mills, 5 tanneries, 44 churches, and 2,500 pupils attending schools. The Mobile and Ohio railroad passes through the county. Capital, Purdy.

MACNALLY, LEONARD, an Irish lawyer and dramatist, born in Dublin in 1752, died in 1820. He went to London in 1773, and while studying at the Middle Temple earned a support by writing for the stage and editing the "Public Ledger" and several magazines. After being called to the bar he attempted practice in Ireland, but poverty soon drove him back to London, where he employed the intervals of his light professional engagements by contributing to periodicals, and composing farces, comedies, and operas, which enjoyed great popularity. Though professedly a friend of the Irish patriots, it has lately been discovered that he was a government spy, to whom was owing the capture of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. He ultimately returned to Ireland, where he became one of the most distinguished members of the bar in the department of "crown law," and wrote "Rules of Evidence on Pleas from the Crown" (1803), and "The Justice of Peace of Ireland" (1808).

MACNEIL, JOHN, an American general, born in New Hampshire in 1784, died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 23, 1850. In March, 1812, he was commissioned a captain in the 11th regiment of infantry, and subsequently participated with great credit in the battle of Chippewa, the bayonet charge of the 11th regiment under his command being chiefly instrumental in securing the victory to the Americans. For his conduct in this battle, and in that of Bridgewater, where he was severely wounded, he was appointed successively brevet lieutenant-colonel and brevet colonel. He was retained in the service after the peace, and attained the rank of brevet brigadier-general and colonel of the 1st regiment of infantry. He resigned his commission in 1830. Subsequently he was for many years surveyor of the port of Boston, to which office he was appointed by President Jackson.

MACNEILL, HECTOR, a Scottish poet, born in Rosebank, on the Esk, Oct. 22, 1746, died in Edinburgh, March 15, 1818. The pecuniary circumstances of his family obliged their removal from the neighborhood of Hawthornden to a farm on the banks of Loch Lomond. There he received his early education, for a short time at a neighboring school, but chiefly under the care of his father at home. At the age of 12 he was sent for two years to Glasgow to prepare himself for a mercantile life, completed his commercial education in the counting house of a wealthy relative in Bristol, and went thence to the West Indies, whence he returned after 6 years with no gains. The small inheritance to which he succeeded on the death of his father was also lost. He therefore obtained an appointment as assistant secretary in the flag ship of Admiral Geary, which after two cruises he exchanged for a similar appointment in another ship bound to the East India station, where he remained 5 years. He afterward passed two years in retirement near Stirling, where he wrote his descriptive poem, "The Links of Forth, or a Parting Peep at the Carse of Stirling." He again visited the West Indies, was

engaged in the custom house at Kingston, Jamaica, was enfeebled by fever, and soon after returned. He published in 1788 a statement concerning the treatment of negroes, and in 1789 his poem of "The Harp," founded on a legend of the Hebrides. During a residence near the field of Bannockburn he wrote in verse the temperance tale of "Scotland's Skaith, or the History o' Will and Jean." His health was restored and a competence secured by a third residence in Jamaica, and he spent his last years in Edinburgh in affluence, publishing poems which were universally popular in Scotland. His principal later writings are: "The Pastoral or Lyric Muse of Scotland" (1808); "Town Fashions" (1810); "Bygane Times and Late Come Changes" (1811); and "The Scottish Adventurers" (1812).

MACNEVEN, WILLIAM JAMES, an Irish patriot, and subsequently professor of chemical science in the medical schools of New York, born in Ballynahowne, Galway, March 26, 1763, died July 12, 1841. He was educated in Germany, was graduated M.D. at Vienna in 1783, returned to his native country, and commenced the practice of physic in Dublin. He was diverted from his original intention by his political associations. His intimacy with Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Tone, Emmet, and Sampson, his arrest on March 12, 1798, his confinement in Kilmainham and subsequent removal to Fort George, are detailed by Dr. Madden in his second series of the "Lives of the United Irishmen." After the liberation of the prisoners of Fort George, he passed the summer and autumn of 1802 in travelling through Switzerland on foot, and wrote an account of his journey, entitled "A Ramble through Switzerland." In Oct. 1802, he entered Paris, and a few months after joined the French army as a captain in the Irish brigade. According to a letter of his friend Emmet, he had been in communication with Talleyrand, and had sought an interview with Bonaparte. He entertained the idea of an attack upon Ireland by the French, and in enrolling himself in the service of France he conceived he was only in another way devoting himself to that cause which he had espoused elsewhere. He was disappointed in his hopes, resigned his commission, and in June, 1805, set sail for New York, where he arrived on the 4th of July following. He there entered upon the practice of medicine, received from Columbia college the honorary degree of M.D., and, soon after the organization of the college of physicians and surgeons in 1807, was appointed professor of midwifery; upon its reorganization in 1811 he was made professor of chemistry, and in 1816 the department of materia medica was added to his chair. In 1826 he resigned his official connection with the regents, and with his colleagues Mott, Hosack, and Francis, aided by Godman and Griscom, organized the Rutgers college, with which he remained connected until its dissolution. He was married in 1810 to Mrs. Tom, widow of an eminent merchant. Beside his