"Rambles in Switzerland," he published "Pieces of Irish History," an "Exposition of the Atomic Theory," which was received with favor both abroad and at home, and an edition of Brande's "Chemistry;" and he was co-editor for 3 years with Dr. De Witt of the New York "Medical and Philosophical Journal." In 1812 he was appointed resident physician by Gov. Clinton, and in 1840 by Gov. Seward. MACNISH, ROBERT, LL.D., a British physician and author, born in Glasgow, Feb. 15, 1801, died there in Jan. 1837. He studied his profession in Glasgow and Paris. While young he wrote for several Scottish magazines, and in 1825 became known as "The Modern Pythagorean" to the readers of "Blackwood," contributing under that name a series of tales and sketches which were extremely popular. His "Anatomy of Drunkenness" (1831) was one of the first works in which that vice was discussed from a purely physiological point of view. His "Philosophy of Sleep" not only attained popularity in Great Britain and America, but was, with the "Anatomy of Drunkenness," translated into French and German. In 1833 he published his "Book of Aphorisms," and in 1835 his "Introduction to Phrenology.” MACOMB, an E. co. of Mich., bordering on Lake St. Clair, and drained by Clinton river and its branches; area, 460 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 15,530. In the E. the surface is level and well timbered, and in the W. hilly and broken; the soil is deep and fertile. The productions in 1850 were 129,803 bushels of wheat, 107,596 of Indian corn, 158,145 of oats, and 101,034 lbs. of wool. There were 8 grist mills, 8 saw mills, 5 iron founderies, 15 churches, and 4,427 pupils attending schools. Capital, Mount Clemens. MACOMB, ALEXANDER, an American general, born in Detroit, Mich., April 3, 1782, died in Washington, D. C., June 25, 1841. He entered the U. S. army in 1799 as a cornet of cavalry, was retained in the service after the partial disbanding of the army in 1802, and at the commencement of the war with Great Britain in 1812 held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of engineers and adjutant-general of the army. Finding his position not likely to bring him into active service, he was transferred to the artillery, and in 1813, as colonel of the 3d regiment of artillery, distinguished himself at Niagara and Fort George. In Jan. 1814, he was promoted to be a brigadier-general and placed in command of that part of the northern frontier bordering on Lake Champlain. At Plattsburg on Sept. 11, 1814, being in command of about 1,500 regular troops and some detachments of militia, he sustained the attack of a greatly superior British force under Sir George Prevost, which, after the defeat of the British squadron on Lake Champlain on the same day, retreated to Canada. For his firmness and courage on this occasion, he was commissioned a major-general, and received the thanks of congress and a gold medal. He was subsequently retained in the service as colonel of engineers, and after the deVOL. XI.-2 cease of Maj. Gen. Brown in 1835 succeeded to the office of commander-in-chief of the army, which he held until his death. He wrote a "Treatise on Martial Law and Courts Martial, as practised in the United States" (8vo., 1809). MACON, the name of counties in 6 of the United States. I. A W. co. of N. C., extending across the state and bordering on Ga. and Tenn., and intersected by the Tennessee river; area, 810 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,389, of whom 549 were slaves. On the N. W. is Iron or Great Smoke mountain, and on the S. E. border the Blue Ridge. It has an elevated surface and productive soil. The productions in 1850 were 3,687 bushels of wheat, 225,379 of Indian corn, and 34,710 lbs. of tobacco. There were 20 grist mills, 2 saw mills, 3 tanneries, 9 churches, and 1,350 pupils attending schools. Capital, Franklin. II. A S. W. co. of Ga., drained by Flint river and its tributaries; area, 353 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 8,233, of whom 4,570 were slaves. It has an undulating surface and fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 258,364 bushels of Indian corn, 93,557 of sweet potatoes, 24,890 lbs. of rice, and 5,773 bales of cotton. There were 14 grist mills, 9 saw mills, 22 churches, and 350 pupils attending schools. Value of land in 1856, $1,271,527. The south-western and Muscogee railroad passes through the county. Capital, Lanier. III. An E. co. of Ala., bordering on Ga., drained by branches of the Tallapoosa river; area, 970 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 26,898, of whom 15,596 were slaves. It has an undulating surface and productive soil. The productions in 1850 were 998,867 bushels of Indian corn, 288,880 of sweet potatoes, 191,140 lbs. of rice, and 2,089 bales of cotton. There were 9 grist mills, 8 saw mills, 28 churches, and 1,342 pupils attending schools. The Montgomery and West Point railroad intersects the county. Capital, Tuskegee. IV. A N. co. of Tenn., bordering on Ky., drained by branches of the Big Barren and Cumberland rivers; area, 260 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,948, of whom 766 were slaves. The surface is uneven, and the soil generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 302,505 bushels of Indian corn, 44,365 of oats, 15,416 of sweet potatoes, and 941,268 lbs. of tobacco. There were 17 churches, and 700 pupils attending schools. Capital, Lafayette. V. A central co. of Ill., intersected by the north fork of the Sangamon river; area, 549 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 8,365. It has a generally level surface and productive soil. The productions in 1850 were 22,226 bushels of wheat, 698,220 of Indian corn, 90,805 of oats, and 18,883 lbs. of wool. There were 5 churches, and 600 pupils attending schools. The Illinois central railroad and the great western railroad intersect the county, passing through the capital, Decatur. VI. A Ň. co. of Mo., drained by Chariton river and its E. fork and branches of Salt river; area, 828 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 8,285, of whom 421 were slaves. Its surface is undulating and soil productive. The productions in 1850 were 19,131 bushels of wheat, 420,023 of Indian corn, 76,683 of oats, and 20,976 lbs. or wool. There were 6 grist mills, 6 saw mills, 7 churches, and 588 school pupils. Capital, Bloomington. MACON, a city and the capital of Bibb co., Ga., situated at the head of steamboat naviga tion on both sides of the Ocmulgee river, which is here crossed by a bridge, 30 m. S. W. from Milledgeville and 190 m. W. N. W. from Savannah; pop. in 1850, 5,720; in 1860, about 8,000. It contains a great number of elegant public and private buildings, among which are the court house, market house, and 8 or 9 churches. There are 3 banks, 4 branch banks, an academy, and 5 or 6 newspaper offices. Macon is also the seat of the Georgia academy for the blind, founded by the citizens of Bibb co., and incorporated in 1852, and of the Wesleyan female college, founded in 1839, and having in 1859 10 professors, 173 students, 347 alumni, and a library of 1,600 volumes. Rose Hill cemetery, near Macon, is one of the most beautiful burial grounds in the United States. It is situated on the Ocmulgee, about m. below the city, mostly on elevated ground, the highest point being 142 feet above the bed of the river, and comprises about 50 acres. Macon is on the line of the central Georgia railroad, and is a terminus of the Macon and western and the south-western railroads. It was settled in 1823. MACON, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of its own name, in the department of Saône-et-Loire (Burgundy), on the left bank of the Saône, 275 m. by railway S. S. E. from Paris, and 43 m. N. from Lyons; pop. in 1856, 15,000. The annual value of the goods manufactured in the arrondissement is about $3,000,000. They consist chiefly of clocks, watches, machinery, casks, earthenware, copperware, covers of wool, velvet, &c. Mâcon is the centre of a great trade in Burgundy wine. The best sorts are the growths of Thorins and Moulin à Vent, which are red, and of Pouilly, a white wine. The commerce in grain, flour, hoops, horns, and cattle is also considerable. Lamartine is a native of Mâcon. MACON, NATHANIEL, an American statesman, born in Warren co., N. C., in 1757, died at his plantation in the same county, June 29, 1837. His ancestors were from Virginia, people of a high respectability and more than ordinary wealth. He was educated at Princeton, N. J., and was there at the opening of the war of the revolution. In 1777 he left college, and served for a short time as a private in a company of volunteers. Returning at the expiration of this service to North Carolina, he entered upon the study of the law, but soon enlisted again as a volunteer, and, though divers offices were urged on him, served as a common soldier under the command of his brother, Col. John Macon. He continued in the army till the provisional treaty of peace in 1782, and was present at the fall of Charleston, the rout at Camden, and during the pursuit of Greene across Carolina by Lord Cornwallis. For his military service he steadily refused any pay; nor, after that provision had been made by the government, would he accept a pension. While yet in the army, in 1780, he was elected, in his 24th year, a member of the senate of North Carolina, in which post he continued to serve through 1785. Young as he was, he was employed on the most important committees of that body. The great questions then agitated arose from the financial difficulties of the state, and the depreciated value of the currency. It was characteristic of the man that he advocated the scheme of pledging the credit of the state to redeem her paper issues at their then depreciated rates, maintaining the injustice of allowing a set of speculators to gain what the soldiers to whom the paper had been paid must lose. But he held that the promises of the state must, at any rate, be redeemed. During this period he was married to Miss Hannah Plummer, and soon afterward settled on a plantation which he owned on the bank of the Roanoke, in Warren co., and made this spot his home for the remainder of his life. Here his main occupation and enjoyment were in the cultivation of his farm, in which he displayed singular skill and met with great success. Both in private and public he showed much of the stoic in temper, disregarding style and pleasure, studying strict economy, and holding fast his opinions, and carrying them into practice, to whatever odium or unkind remark they might expose him. When the constitution of the United States was first submitted to the vote of the people of North Carolina, he firmly opposed it as conferring too much power on the new government, as making it in effect independent of the states, and so of the people, and tending to corruption. He retained this dislike to the end of his life, and in the times of "nullification" he boasted of the accuracy of his forebodings. He was elected a member of the U. S. house of representatives in 1791, and continued in that office by successive elections till 1815, and was the speaker of the house from 1801 till 1806, when he would not be a candidate for reëlection. From the lower house he was transferred in 1816 to the senate, where he served till 1828, being elected the president pro tem. in 1825-'7. Twice during Mr. Jefferson's administration he declined the postmaster-generalship. At the general election in 1824 the state of Virginia cast for him her 24 electoral votes for the vicepresidency of the United States. In 1828 he resigned his seat in the senate, and all the other public offices which he held, as trustee of the university of North Carolina, justice of the peace, &c. At that time he had been a member of congress for 37 successive years, a longer term of continuous service than has fallen to the lot of any other legislator in our country. It was then his purpose to withdraw finally from every form of public function. Yet in 1835 he presided over the convention that was called to revise the constitution of North Carolina, and rendered his last political service to the country as a member of the electoral college of that state in 1836.-Mr. Macon was always a Arles. It became a hereditary county in the 10th century, and was purchased by Louis IX. in the early part of the 13th. The duke of Berry came into possession of it in the middle of the 14th century. It was restored to the crown in 1416; 19 years afterward Charles VII. gave it to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy; and it was finally reunited to the French crown in 1477. Its capital, Mâcon, has been the seat of a bishopric since the 5th century. MACOUPIN, a S. W. co. of Ill., drained by Macoupin, Otter, and Cahokia creeks; area, 864 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 17,827. It has a diversified surface and excellent soil. The productions in 1850 were 77,022 bushels of wheat, 1,598,829 of Indian corn, 257,101 of oats, and 32,851 lbs. of wool. There were 20 grist mills, 10 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 20 churches, and 2,003 pupils attending schools. The Terre Haute, Alton, and St. Louis, and the St. Louis, Alton, and Chicago railroads intersect the county, the latter passing through the capital, Carlinville. firm and consistent democrat. He had an unlimited confidence in the capacity of the people for self-government. A favorite saying of his was, that "if let alone they would always do what was right." He was therefore what in later times has been called a strict constructionist. He was disposed to hold the federal government and all state authorities within the narrowest limits of the powers granted to them; and used to insist on a complete responsibility to the people by a frequent return of all trusts to them. He voted for the embargo, and for the declaration of war against Great Britain, but withstood many of the schemes of the administration for carrying it on. He held that the war should be defensive only, and so refused to enlarge the naval force beyond what was needed to guard the coasts, voted against a system of fortifications, against privateering, &c. He also voted against all schemes of internal improvement to be undertaken by congress, spoke in 1795 against a grant to the count De Grasse, and in 1824 against a grant of lands to MACPHERSON, JAMES, a Scottish author, Gen. Lafayette for revolutionary services. In born in Ruthven, Inverness-shire, in 1738, died the convention of North Carolina he spoke at his seat of Belleville, Feb. 17, 1796. He against giving to free negroes the right to vote; completed his education at the university of against a land qualification of voters; against Aberdeen, and probably afterward studied for the state engaging in any works of inter- the ministry, although it is not certainly known nal improvement; against all religious tests as that he ever took orders. At the university a condition of holding office; in favor of an- he gave evidences of a considerable taste for nual instead of biennial sessions of the general poetry, and in his 20th year ventured upon the assembly; and in favor of voting viva voce at all publication of a poem in 6 cantos entitled the elections. As a speaker, while he was in no "Highlander," which excited no attention. sense an orator, few were really more effective. Subsequently, while a private tutor in the His longest speeches occupied hardly more than family of Mr. Graham of Balgowan, he was half an hour. Few men in congress were encouraged by Home, the author of "Douglistened to with more respectful attention. las," and Dr. Hugh Blair, to whom he had Two sentences were enough to express his shown the work, to publish a small volume enthanks for an election to the chair of the house titled "Fragments of Ancient Poetry collectof representatives, and seven words to announce ed in the Highlands of Scotland," and purportto his constituents that war had been declared ing to be a translation of genuine remains of against Great Britain. It is hardly to be won- ancient Celtic poetry. The enthusiasm and dedered at that a character so self-reliant, and light with which these "Fragments" were rewith so many salient points, should have re- ceived were universal; men of letters, like Dr. tained the public confidence so long; that Mr. Blair, Hume, and Dr. Robertson, expressed the Jefferson called him "the last of the Romans;" ;" highest opinion of their value; and a subscripand that Mr. Randolph pronounced him "the tion was immediately raised to enable the auwisest man he ever knew." He died after thor to undertake a mission to the highlands only a few hours' illness, but had already given and secure such remaining specimens of Celtic directions to a neighbor to make for him a poetry as, it was intimated, might yet be recovplain coffin, to be paid for before his interment, ered. Macpherson accordingly made an extenhad selected for the place of his burial a barren sive tour through the mainland and islands inridge, where the plough could never come, and habited by the Gaelic race, and published in ordered the spot to be marked only by a pile of 1762, as the first result of his explorations, loose stones from the field. Mr. Macon was a "Fingal, an ancient Epic Poem in 6 Books; student of few books beside the Bible, and was together with several other Poems composed by a member of the Baptist church. A sketch of Ossian, the son of Fingal, translated from the his life, by Edward R. Cotton, was published at Gaelic" (4to.), which was succeeded in the folBaltimore in 1840. lowing year by "Temora, in 8 Books, with other Poems by Ossian." The reception of the first of these works was flattering in the extreme, and not only was it read with avidity in Great Britain, but speedily translated into the principal European languages, the author being alluded to in each instance in terms that, as he has himself expressed it, "might flatter MÂCONNAIS, an ancient territory in Burgundy, now comprised in the department of Saône-et-Loire. It was inhabited by the Ædui, conquered by Julius Cæsar, and in the 5th cen tury by the Burgundians. Afterward it was united to the empire of Charlemagne, and at the end of the 9th century to the kingdom of the vanity of one fond of fame." With the publication of "Temora," however, a change began to take place in public opinion, and gradually a party, small at first, but soon formidable in numbers and influence, sprung up, which did not hesitate to question the authenticity of the alleged translations. Macpherson, elated by prosperity and fame, affected to treat such doubts with contempt, and assumed a bearing so arrogant that Hume, who in 1760 had spoken of him as 66 a modest, sensible young man," declared 3 years later that he "had scarce ever known a man more perverse and unamiable." In 1764 he received the appointment of secretary to Gov. Johnstone of Pensacola; but after spending a short time in that colony and visiting other parts of North America, he returned in 1766 to England, and fixed his residence in London. In 1771 he produced a work entitled "An Introduction to the History of Great Britain" (4to.), composed, as he said, merely for private amusement, but which was attacked from many quarters with a severity little calculated to improve the author's irritable temper. Shortly afterward he still further endangered his literary reputation by a prose translation of the Iliad (1773), which was almost universally condemned as beneath criticism. So greatly was his prestige shaken by this publication, that Dr. Johnson, in reply to an abusive letter from Macpherson on the subject of the authenticity of the Ossianic poems, humiliated his adversary by telling him: "Your abilities since your Homer are not so formidable." In 1775 he produced his "History of Great Britain from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover" (2 vols. 4to.), written in the tory interest to detract from the integrity and patriotism of the men who had brought about the revolution of 1688, for the copyright of which he received £3,000; and about the same time he employed his pen in the service of the government, producing the "Rights of Great Britain asserted against the Claims of the Colonies" (1776), and "A Short History of the Opposition during the Last Session of Parliament" (1779), both of which went through several editions, the latter work being generally attributed to Gibbon. In reward for his services he was appointed agent to the nabob of Arcot, and was returned a member of parliament for Camelford, which he represented for upward of 10 years. His legislative career was not remarkable, and he never attempted to address the house. Compelled by failing health to withdraw from public life, he built a handsome seat at Belleville in his native Inverness-shire, whither he retired a few years before his death. His remaining works relate principally to Indian affairs. At his own request he was buried in Westminster abbey, the expense of erecting his monument being defrayed by himself. The controversy respecting the authenticity of the alleged translations from the poems of Ossian, though of comparatively little interest to the present generation, was one of the most important in Eng lish literary history, as well on account of the eminence of those who participated in it, as of the activity and bitterness with which it was waged. Various shades of opinion, from utter disbelief in the Ossianic poems to enthusiastic adoption of every word they contained, characterized the arguments of the controversialists, the two extremes being represented by Dr. Johnson, Malcolm Laing, and a few others on the one side, and by Drs. Blair and Gregory, Lord Kames, Sir John Sinclair, and Mr. Alexander Macdonald on the other. Others again, like Dr. Graham of Aberfoyle, believed that the poems were to a certain extent authentic, the remainder being interpolations; while a fourth party, including David Hume and Dr. Smith of Campbelltown, entertained strong doubts of their authenticity, but hesitated to declare them entirely spurious. During the progress of the controversy, which commenced in 1763 and substantially terminated early in the present century, Macpherson maintained an obstinate silence, making no effort to rebut the charge of literary forgery brought against him, refusing to afford proofs of the authenticity of his translations, and affecting only indignation that his veracity should be called in question. When urged by the highland society of London (which, after a careful inquiry into the whole subject, had reported that no single poem, "the same in title and tenor with the poems published," could be discovered in all Scotland) to publish the originals of his Ossianic poems, he promised to employ his leisure time in arranging and printing them. At the time of his death, nevertheless, which occurred 33 years subsequent to the appearance of "Temora," they were not ready for the press, and only in 1806 were given to the world by Sir John Sinclair. But as the manuscripts were all in the handwriting of Macpherson or of his amanuenses, the proof of their authenticity was justly believed to have been in no degree advanced; and it has been suggested, and pretty generally believed, that whatever may have been the source from which the English versions of Ossian were derived, the so called "originals" were translated from them into Gaelic by Macpherson himself or by other persons in his employ; hence the delay in their publication. It was the opinion of Sir James Mackintosh that Macpherson originally had no serious intention of maintaining the authenticity of the Ossianic poems, but intended at some time to claim them as his own. "If he had such a design," says Sir James, "considerable obstacles to its execution arose around him. He was loaded with so much praise that he seemed bound in honor to his admirers not to desert them. The support of his own country appeared to render adherence to those poems, which Scotland inconsiderately sanctioned, a sort of national obligation. Exasperated, on the other hand, by the perhaps unduly vehement and sometimes very coarse attacks made upon him, he was unwilling to surrender to such opponents. He involved him self at last so deeply as to leave him no decent retreat." The poems themselves, which, notwithstanding their false imagery, the perpetual recurrence of the same ideas, the verbiage and bombast with which they abound, contain passages conceived with true feeling and power, have fallen into almost total neglect; and the present generation of readers, judging of them by their intrinsic value, are led to wonder that they should have formed the subject of any serious controversy. MACRAUCHENIA (Owen), a genus of fossil herbivorous animals, forming one of the connecting links between the palæotherium and other extinct pachyderms of the Paris basin and the camel family, especially its American representatives. This genus was established in 1838 by Prof. Owen on some vertebræ and bones of extremities obtained by Mr. Charles Darwin in Patagonia, from an irregular bed of pale reddish earth and sand, evidently of subaqueous origin, overlying the porphyritic gravel at St. Julian, in lat. 49° 14' S.; the gravel bed itself was over the pumiceous strata and argillaceous beds of the upper tertiary formation. The bones were found in a deep furrow in the upper tertiary filled with the earthy deposit, evidently but recently elevated above the sea; indicating that this animal lived after the gravel was spread over this plain, and long after the existence of recent shells, which, according to Darwin, are among the most common now living on the coast. The M. Patachonica (Owen) was as large as the present hippopotamus and rhinoceros. The cervical vertebræ were very much like those of the llama, forming a long and slender neck, bearing probably a comparatively small head without a proboscis; as in the llama, these have no canal for the vertebral artery in their transverse processes, this vessel passing for a considerable part of its course in the spinal canal itself; their form is also elongated, with a slight anterior convexity and posterior concavity on their articulating surfaces, indicating a less freedom of motion in the neck. The lum-* bar vertebræ, though 7 in number as in the llama, in their form and the structure of their articulating surfaces resemble those of pachyderms, and indicate a slight concavity in the region of the loins. The union of the radius to the ulna, and of the fibula to the tibia, approximates it to the ruminants; but the feet resemble those of pachyderms (like the tapir) in having separated metacarpals, and 3 almost equal fingers terminating each in a small rounded hoof. According to Pictet, the molar teeth resemble those of the palæotherium, the last lower one having no 3d lobe, and the premolars being more simple. For details see Owen's description of the fossil mammals in the "Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle" (1840). MACREADY, WILLIAM CHARLES, an English actor, born in London, March 3, 1793. His father, the lessee and manager of several provincial theatres, having designed him for one of the learned professions, he was placed at 10 years of age at Rugby school, where he attained considerable reputation as a classical scholar. About 1810 the elder Macready became so seriously embarrassed in his pecuniary affairs, that his son, who was preparing to proceed to Oxford, was induced to resign all idea of completing his education, and as a means of support to go upon the stage. He made his début at the Birmingham theatre in June of that year as Romeo, and by industry and careful study soon acquired a respectable position upon the provincial boards. Gradually rising in his profession, he made his first appearance before a London audience at Covent Garden theatre, Sept. 16, 1816, as Orestes in Phillips's tragedy of the "Distressed Mother," and was pronounced by Hazlitt "by far the best actor that had come out in his remembrance, with the exception of Mr. Kean." From that time forward he continued, notwithstanding the presence of such great actors as Kemble and Kean upon the stage, to rise steadily in the public estimation, until he was generally recognized as the first of English tragedians. Among his most successful personations aside from the Shakespearian plays were Virginius, Caius Gracchus, and William Tell in Knowles's dramas, Melantius in the "Bridal," Rob Roy, Gambia, Werner, Pierre, Richelieu, &c. As a delineator of Shakespeare's heroes he has attempted a wide range of characters, but has been most successful in Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, Coriolanus, and Leontes. In 1826 he made a successful tour through the United States, and in 1828 visited Paris, where he was received with greater favor than had been accorded to Kean or Kemble, and by some French critics was pronounced second only to Talma. In 1837 he undertook the management of Covent Garden theatre, but retired at the end of the second season, and for two seasons commencing with 1842 he had charge of Drury Lane. As a manager he did much to elevate the standard of dramatic representations, and to relieve the theatre of the reputation for immorality and profligacy with which in the opinion of many it was identified. The performances were artistic and appropriate, and in matters of costume, scenery, and the various accessories, in advance of those familiar to English theatres. The enterprise nevertheless was pecuniarily unsuccessful in both instances; and in retiring from the management of Drury Lane, Mr. Macready stated that his actual loss during his connection with that theatre amounted to £8,000. In 1843-'4 he again played a series of engagements in the United States, which he revisited for the last time in 1848, previous to taking his farewell of the stage. In consequence of a misunderstanding of some years' existence between Mr. Edwin Forrest and himself, the friends of the former actor threatened to prevent the appearance of Mr. Macready in New York. He nevertheless played for a number of nights at the Astor Place opera house in that city in Oct. 1848; but upon commencing a farewell engagement there in the succeeding May he was menaced by se |