"British America," which appeared in 1832. On his return to England he was employed on commercial missions to various continental governments, and in 1840 he was appointed one, of the two joint secretaries of the board of trade. He became an enthusiastic advocate of free trade measures, and exerted his influence with the late Joseph Hume to cause the appointment in the house of commons of a select committee on the import duties. In 1847 he resigned his office and became a successful candidate for the representation of the city of Glasgow. He established the royal British bank, but lacked the qualifications for the governorship of such an institution, and, to escape the legal investigation which followed its failure, retired to Boulogne, where he died. He was a friend of the historian Sismondi, and dedicated to him his narrative of his tour on the continent ("My Note Book"). He compiled a comprehensive work on the "Progress of America from the Discovery by Columbus to 1846," comprising 3,000 pages, in 2 huge crown 4to. vols. His "Commercial Statistics," in 5 large volumes containing nearly 4,000 pages, appeared between 1848 and 1850, and was followed in 1852 by the first volume of his "History of the British Empire from the Accession of James I.," a work left incomplete at the time of his death.

MACHENRY, a N. co. of Ill., bordering on Wis., drained by Fox and Des Plaines rivers and their branches; area, 470 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 19,285. The surface is nearly level and the soil fertile. Limestone abounds. The productions in 1850 were 562,269 bushels of wheat, 301,248 of Indian corn, 270,275 of oats, and 45,094 lbs. of wool. There were 3 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 10 churches, and 5,936 pupils attending public schools. The Chicago and north-western, Galena and Chicago union, and Fox river valley and Wisconsin central railroads pass through the county. Capital, Dorr.

MACHIAS, a port of entry and capital of Washington co., Me., on the left bank of the W. branch of Machias river, near its mouth, 151 m. E. by N. from Augusta, and 240 m. N. E. from Portland; pop. in 1850, 1,590. The inhabitants are principally engaged in ship building and the coasting trade. The tonnage of the district, June 30, 1859, was 33,501; for the year ending with that date the arrivals were 4, tonnage 426; clearances 56, tonnage 11,412.

MACHINE, AND MACHINERY. See ME

CHANICS.

MACILVAINE, CHARLES PETTIT, D.D., an American clergyman, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in the diocese of Ohio, born in Burlington, N. J., Jan. 18, 1798. His father, Joseph McIlvaine, was a leading lawyer, and U. S. senator from New Jersey at the time of his death in 1826. He was graduated in 1816 at Princeton, was admitted to deacon's orders, July 4, 1820, by Bishop White, and having labored in Christ church, Georgetown, Md., he received two years later priest's orders from Bishop Kemp of Maryland. In 1825 he became

professor of ethics and chaplain in the U. S. military academy at West Point. In 1827 he became rector of St. Ann's church, Brooklyn, N. Y., where he remained until 1832. He was consecrated bishop of Ohio, Oct. 31, 1832. Bishop McIlvaine has been a large contributor to theological literature. His "Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity," delivered in the New York university in 1831, were published by request of the council, and have gone through 30 editions. At an early period of the controversy arising out of the Oxford tracts, appeared his "Oxford Divinity compared with that of the Romish and Anglican Churches" (8vo., 1841). In 1854 he published a volume of sermons entitled "The Truth and the Life." He has also compiled two volumes of "Select Family and Parish Sermons." In 1853 the degree of D.C.L. was conferred on him by the university of Oxford, and in 1858 that of LL.D. by the university of Cambridge. In 1859 the Rev. G. T. Bedell, D.D., was consecrated an assistant bishop of the diocese.

MACINTOSH, a S. E. co. of Ga., bounded S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. W. by the Altamaha river; area, 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 5,583, of whom 4,224 were slaves. It is drained by the Sapelo river and Jones's and Doctor's creeks. The surface is level and the soil fertile. The productions in 1850 were 34,715 bushels of Indian corn, 53,165 of sweet potatoes, 3,122,919 lbs. of rice, and 520 bales of cotton; there were 2 grist mills, 4 saw mills, 12 churches, and 120 pupils attending school. Capital, Darien.

MACINTOSH, JOHN, a soldier of the American revolution, born in McIntosh co., Ga., died Nov. 12, 1826. With the rank of lieutenant-colonel he had command of the fort at Sunbury, in Liberty co., when it was besieged by Lieut. Col. Fraser, at the head of a considerable body of British troops, who demanded a surrender in an hour's time, threatening, in the event of refusal, to lay the village and surrounding country in ashes. The reply of Col. McIntosh was: "Come and take it;" which the British commander declined to do. At the battle of Brier Creek, March 3, 1779, Col. McIntosh displayed great bravery. With Gen. Elbert he stood his ground until nearly every man around him had been shot down. On surrendering his sword, a British officer attempted to kill him, but was prevented by Col. Eneas McIntosh of the British army. After the close of the war he removed to Florida, and settled on the St. John's river. Here he was suddenly arrested by a band of Spanish troops and imprisoned in the fortress of St. Augustine, on suspicion of having designs against the Spanish government, and was finally sent to the captain-general of Cuba, and by him incarcerated in the Moro castle at Havana. After nearly a year's imprisonment, he was released, and returned to Georgia, not, however, until he had aided in destroying a fort on the St. John's opposite Jacksonville, and done the Spanish government some other injuries. In the war of 1812 he again took up arms against

the British, and did efficient service.-JAMES S., an American soldier, son of the preceding, born in Liberty co., Ga., June 19, 1787, died in the city of Mexico in 1847. He entered the army in 1812 as a lieutenant, and was attached to the rifle regiment, with which he served in Canada and on the northern frontier. In May, 1814, he aided in cutting off supplies intended for some British ships building at Sackett's Harbor. He subsequently received a severe gun-shot wound in defending the hospitals at Buffalo. He served with Gen. Jackson throughout the Indian war, for a considerable time commanding Fort Brooke at Tampa, Fla. He was afterward stationed at Mobile, at Fort Mitchell, Ga., at several posts in Arkansas, Wisconsin, and Michigan, and finally at Detroit, whence he was ordered to Texas in 1845. He was present at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in the latter of which he received a number of severe wounds. He was also at the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, and finally at Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, 1847, where he was mortally wounded at the head of his column. MACINTOSH, LACHLAN, a soldier of the American revolution, born at Borlam, near Inverness, Scotland, in 1727, died in Savannah, Ga., in 1806. His father, John More McIntosh, with 130 highlanders, came to Georgia with Gen. Oglethorpe in 1736, and settled in the lower part of the state, at the place now known as Darien, but called by them Inverness. Here young McIntosh gathered from his mother, an educated woman, the ordinary branches of an English education, with mathematics and surveying. In the latter studies he received great assistance from Oglethorpe himself. He became afterward a clerk in a counting house at Charleston, where he remained until called on to take command of the first regiment organized in Georgia. Subsequently 3 regiments were raised, and he was appointed a brigadier-general. In 1777 he fought a duel near Savannah with Button Gwinnett, who died 12 days afterward from wounds received in the combat. Gen. McIntosh now accepted a command in the central army under Washington. He was selected by Washington to conduct a campaign against the Indians in the West, and with a small force succeeded in restoring peace on the frontier. In 1779 he repaired to the South and took command of the Georgia troops at Augusta, whence he subsequently marched to Savannah, in the siege of which place he commanded the 1st and 5th South Carolina regiments, and bore an active part. After the fall of Savannah, he retreated to Charleston, and was present there when the city surrendered to Sir Henry Clinton, May 12, 1780. He remained a prisoner of war for a long time, and never resumed his command, but was a member of congress in 1784, and a commissioner to treat with the southern Indians in 1785.

MACINTOSH, MARIA J., an American authoress, born in Sunbury, Ga., in the early part of the present century. She is descended from

a family of Scottish Jacobites, who for their adherence to the old pretender were compelled in the first half of the last century to emigrate to Georgia. About 1835 she removed permanently to New York; and having suffered pecuniary reverses soon after, she resorted to her pen as a means of support, publishing in 1841 her first tale, "Blind Alice," under the pseudonyme of "Aunt Kitty," by which she continued subsequently to be known. It was followed by "Jessie Graham,' "Florence Arnott," "Conquest and Self-Conquest," "Praise and Principle," and other tales published between 1841 and 1846, each of which was designed to inculcate some moral sentiment. In 1846 she published a work entiled "Two Lives, or to Seem and to Be," and in the succeeding year her stories were collected in a single volume. Her remaining works are: "Charms and CounterCharms" (1848); "Donaldson Manor" (1849); "Woman in America" (1850); "The Lofty and the Lowly" (1853), a picture of life on a southern plantation; "Violet, or the Cross and the Crown" (1856), and others.

MACK VON LEIBERICH, KARL, baron, an Austrian general, born at Neuslingen, Franconia, Aug. 25, 1752, died in St. Pölten, Oct. 22, 1828. He rose from humble life to a high position in the army, served in Turkey under Loudon, and against France in the Netherlands in 1792-3. Appointed in 1798 generalissimo of the Neapolitan troops, he was defeated by Macdonald and Championnet, and incurring the suspicion of the Neapolitans, gave himself up to the French generals, by whom he was sent as prisoner to Paris, but made his escape and was appointed to a new command in S. W. Germany in 1805. Although able in the war office, and popular with the soldiers, he was wholly deficient in the qualities of a commander in the field. He was devoted to the Austrian nobility, who treated him with the utmost contempt on account of his plebeian origin. The consequence of placing a man of his mediocrity against the greatest military genius of modern times became evident when Mack, surrounded by Napoleon's armies, surrendered the fortress of Ulm (Oct. 17, 1805) with a garrison of about 24,000 men. "On the morning of Oct. 20," says Schlosser, "the French exhibited the spectacle of a triumph at Ulm, which had a more powerful influence on the subsequent undertakings during the war than any species of reward could have produced; the Austrians, among whom were 18 generals, marched past Napoleon, laid down their arms before the conqueror, deposited 40 stands of colors at his feet, and delivered up 60 pieces of artillery." Mack was sentenced to death by an Austrian court martial; his sentence was commuted to perpetual imprisonment, and he was set free after 2 years' detention. He was deprived, however, of all his honors and dignities, and was not pardoned till 1819.

MACKAY, CHARLES, LL.D., a British author, born in Perth in 1812. He was partly educated in Brussels, and after returning to

England, published a volume of poems. In 1834 he became attached to the staff of the "Morning Chronicle" newspaper, and so remained for 9 years, writing during the time another volume of lyrics, the principal of which is "The Hope of the World." In 1844 he became editor of the "Glasgow Argus," but relinquished this post in 1847. During the previous year he had received from the university of Glasgow the degree of LL.D., and also published a work on the "Education of the People," a collection of poems which had originally appeared in the London "Daily News," and "Scenery and Poetry of the English Lakes." In 1848 he returned to London, where he published in the same year "Town Lyrics and other Poems." In 1849 appeared his "Bottle," a series of sketches illustrated by George Cruikshank, a work which attained great popularity. In 1858 he made a tour through the United States, where he delivered lectures on the subjects of song-writers and poets. He addressed from the United States a series of letters to the "Illustrated London News," with which journal he had been connected for some time previous to his departure. These letters afterward appeared in a volume entitled "Life and Liberty in America." Among his other works are: "Egeria, or the Spirit of Nature and other Poems" (London, 1850); "Longbeard, or the Revolt of the Saxons," a romance (3 vols. 8vo., 1850); "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions" (2 vols. 8vo., 1851); "The Salamandrines" (1853), his longest poem; "The Lump of Gold," the "Songs of the Brave," and "Under Green Leaves” (1856); and “A Man's Heart” (1860). Many of Mr. Mackay's songs have attained great popularity, and the music to which they are set is in some cases of his own composition. In July, 1860, he established the "London Review," a weekly journal of politics, literature, art, and society.

MACKEAN, a N. co. of Penn., bordering on N. Y.; area, 1,142 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 5,554. It is drained by the Alleghany river and branches, by the sources of the Clarion river, and numerous creeks. The surface is hilly, the soil of slate and shale formation, and it abounds with coal, iron, and salt. The productions in 1850 were 10,172 bushels of Indian corn, 29,974 of oats, and 9,657 lbs. of wool. There were 2 grist mills, 38 saw mills, 1 iron foundery, 5 churches, and 972 pupils attending schools. Capital, Smithport.

MACKEAN, THOMAS, an American jurist and statesman, and a signer of the declaration of independence, born in Chester co., Penn., March 19, 1734, died June 24, 1817. In 1765 he was elected a member of the Pennsylvania assembly, to which he was annually returned for the next 17 years. In 1765 he attended the general congress of the colonies which assembled at New York, and formed one of the committee who framed the address to the British house of commons; and in the same year he was appointed judge of the court of common

pleas for Newcastle county. In Sept. 1774, he took his seat in the first continental congress, as a delegate from the lower counties in Delaware, and continued to discharge the duties of that office until Feb. 1783, being the only member who served during the whole revolutionary period without interruption. In 1781 he was elected president of congress. He was an energetic whig, and was active in urging the adoption of the declaration of independence. While occupying a seat in congress from Delaware he was in 1777 appointed chief justice of Pennsylvania, and in the same year he also officiated as president of the state of Delaware, for which he drew up a constitution. He was chief justice of Pennsylvania until 1799, when he retired from the bench on being elected governor of the state. His administration lasted until 1808, when he withdrew definitively from public life. As a jurist he held a high position for integrity, impartiality, and learning. In politics he was one of the leaders of the republican party, the ascendency of which in Pennsylvania was in no small degree owing to his exertions.

MACKEEVER, ISAAC, a commodore in the U.S. navy, born in Pennsylvania in April, 1793, died in Norfolk, Va., April 1, 1856. He entered the navy as a midshipman in Dec. 1809, was made a lieutenant in 1814, and commanded one of a flotilla of 5 gun boats under the command of Lieut. Thomas ap Catesby Jones, which was captured by a British expedition upon Lake Borgne, La., in Dec. 1814. The gun boats mounted, collectively, 23 guns, and were manned by 182 men. The British expedition consisted of 42 large barges and other boats, manned by over 1,000 seamen and marines. The engagement, which was very severe, lasted more than 3 hours, and over 200 of the British were killed and wounded. Lieut. McKeever's vessel was the last one attacked, and he was severely wounded, together with most of his officers, before he surrendered. He became a commander in May, 1830, and a captain in Dec. 1838, performing much active service in both grades. He commanded the squadron on the coast of Brazil from 1851 to 1854. In 1855 he commanded the navy yard at Norfolk, Va., when a terrible pestilence broke out in that city and the adjacent towns. He was authorized by the navy department to suspend the operations of the establishment, and leave it for a time if he saw fit; but he decided to remain, that work might be afforded in the navy yard to those who had no other means for the support of their families.

MACKENDREE, WILLIAM, an American clergyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church, born in King William co., Va., July 5, 1757, died March 5, 1835. He joined the patriot party in the American revolution, and rose to the rank of adjutant in the army. During a season of remarkable religious interest in Virginia in 1787, he resolved to enter the ministry, joined the Methodist conference, and at the expiration of 4 years was ordained an elder. He

was appointed to several offices of importance and trust, was one of the delegates of the first general conference which elected its members, and was afterward made presiding elder of a new conference in what was then the far West, comprising Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and parts of Virginia and Illinois. He had but 13 assistants to labor in these wide fields, but his zeal, eloquence, and great physical strength enabled him to discharge his functions with wonderful success. On May 12, 1808, he was chosen bishop. During the first year he was almost continually with Bishop Asbury, visiting nearly all parts of the United States and a part of Canada. Until the last year of his life, despite old age and bodily infirmities, Bishop McKendree attended the conferences, travelling when he could no longer sit up in the carriage, and sometimes carried in an almost fainting condition into the house.

MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER, a Scottish traveller, born probably in Inverness, died in 1820. He emigrated to Canada when a young man, and obtained a situation in the counting house of Mr. Gregory, one of the partners in the north-west fur company. In 1789 his employer determined to send him on an exploring expedition through the regions of the northwest, and in the summer of that year Mackenzie set out from Fort Chippewyan, on Lake Athabasca, where he had been stationed for 8 years, with 4 canoes and a party of 12 persons, to accomplish this mission. For 6 weeks he threaded his way along the rivers and lakes of British America, till he reached the great northern ocean in lat. 69°. Having returned to Fort Chippewyan, he started in Oct. 1792, to explore the country toward the Pacific, reaching that ocean July 23, 1793, and regaining in safety the point of departure. He published a detailed account of these explorations, under the title of "Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Lawrence, through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans, in the years 1789 and 1793" (London, 1801). In consideration of his services he received the honor of knighthood in 1802; and the river by which he had descended from Slave lake to the Arctic ocean was called after him.

MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER SLIDELL, a commander in the U. S. navy, born in New York in April, 1803, died in Tarrytown, N. Y., Sept. 13, 1848. His name was originally Slidell; that of Mackenzie, the name of his mother, was added to his own in 1837, at the request of a maternal uncle. He entered the navy as a midshipman in Jan. 1815, and made his first cruise to the Mediterranean in the frigate Java, commanded by Capt. Oliver H. Perry. In Jan. 1825, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and in Sept. 1841, to that of commander, in both which grades he performed much active service in the Mediterranean, West Indies, the Brazilian waters, and the Pacific, and was distinguished as an accomplished and zealous officer. In 1842 he commanded the brig Somers of 10 guns, manned

chiefly by naval apprentices; and on his passage from the coast of Africa in the autumn of that year, the existence of a mutinous plot on board was discovered, the principals of which were immediately placed in close confinement. A council of officers was called, which, after a careful investigation, decided that the conspiracy had already attained a formidable growth; and as the mutinous spirit evidently increased, even while the investigation was in progress, the immediate execution of the three persons principally implicated was recommended. This recommendation was carried into effect at sea, Dec. 1, 1842. The Somers soon afterward arrived in New York, when a court of inquiry, composed of Commodores Stewart, Jacob Jones, and Dallas, was immediately ordered to investigate the affair. The result was a full approval of the conduct of Mackenzie. Subsequently, a court martial was held upon him at his own request, of which Commodore John Downes was president, and the trial, which occupied over 40 days, resulted in his acquittal. Mackenzie was the author of several works of merit. His first book, "A Year in Spain," which appeared in 1829, was received with great favor both in Europe and America. His subsequent works were a series of popular essays on naval subjects, "The American in England," "Spain Revisited," a revised edition of the "Year in Spain" published in 1836, and biographies of Com. O. H. Perry, Stephen Decatur, jr., and John Paul Jones, the latter being a contribution to Sparks's "American Biography."

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MACKENZIE, DONALD, an American merchant, born in Scotland in 1783, died in Maysville, Chautauqua co., N. Y., Jan. 20, 1851. He emigrated to Canada in 1800, and, after being employed for several years in the service of the north-west company, became in 1809 a partner with John Jacob Astor of New York in his project for establishing a trade in furs west of the Rocky mountains. He travelled across the continent to the mouth of the Columbia river, an undertaking then surrounded with perils, and remained at Astoria until the surrender of the place to a British force in 1814; when, having converted whatever he could into available funds, he again traversed the wilderness to the Mississippi, reaching New York in safety. He was subsequently unsuccessfully employed in negotiations to secure to the United States the exclusive trade with Oregon; and in 1821 he entered the service of the Hudson's Bay company as member of the council and chief factor. He retired in 1832 with a fortune, and settled in Maysville.

MACKENZIE, HENRY, a Scottish author, born in Edinburgh in Aug. 1745, died there, Jan. 14, 1831. He was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, prepared himself for practice in the court of the exchequer, studying the English exchequer practice in London in 1765, and ultimately became attorney for the crown in Edinburgh. While in London he began his first and best novel, "The

Man of Feeling," which was published anonymously in 1771. Its popularity induced a Mr. Eccles of Bath to lay claim to the authorship, and to support his pretensions by a copy transcribed in his own hand, with interlineations and corrections. It became necessary, therefore, for Mackenzie to acknowledge himself the author through a formal statement by his publishers. He was an ornament of the literary circles of Edinburgh, which then included Hume, Robertson, Adam Smith, and Blair, his professional duties allowing him leisure both for literature and society. His second novel was "The Man of the World" (1783), the hero of which grasps at happiness in defiance of the moral sense, ruins himself, and afflicts his friends; while the hero of the former, with almost excessive purity and delicacy of mind, is characterized only by fine and generous sentiments. The last of his longer novels was "Julia de Roubigné," in a series of letters, marked even more than the others by pathos and melancholy. He had previously been one of a society of literary lawyers in Edinburgh, by whom a series of papers, modelled after the "Spectator," had been projected. He was the editor of the "Mirror," which appeared once a week for 17 months from Jan. 1779, to which he contributed 42 papers; and of the "Lounger," which continued for about two years from Feb. 1785, to which he furnished 57 papers. In the former he published his "Story of La Roche," and in the latter he was the first to appreciate the poems and genius of Burns. He was one of the original members of the royal society of Edinburgh, to the "Transactions" of which he furnished a memoir on German tragedy, highly commending the "Emilia Galotti" of Lessing and the "Robbers" of Schiller. For the highland society he wrote a "Report on the Ossianic Controversy," against the genuineness of the poems. In 1793 he prepared a life of the blind poet Blacklock for an edition of his works; and in 1812 he read before the royal society a life of Home, the author of "Douglas," which sketched the literary society of Edinburgh during the latter part of the last century. He was likewise the author of political tracts in the tory interest, and in 1804 received the lucrative appointment of comptroller of taxes for Scotland, which he held till his death. His collected works (8 vols., 1808) contain 3 tragedies, two of which had been previously performed. He passed his last years in the society of friends, enjoying his favorite sports of shooting and fishing, and occasionally writing on matters of taste; for, he said, "the old stump would still occasionally send forth a few green shoots."

MACKENZIE, ROBERT SHELTON, D.C.L., a British and American journalist, born in Drew's Court, Limerick co., Ireland, June 22, 1809. He was educated at a school in Fermoy, where his father, originally an officer in the British army, occupied the position of postmaster; and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to a

surgeon apothecary in Cork, with whom he remained 3 years. After passing his medical examination he opened a school in Fermoy, and in 1829, having already had some experience as a newspaper reporter, he became the editor of a country journal published in Staffordshire, England. In 1830-31 he was employed in London in writing biographies for a work called the "Georgian Era," and in revising the contributions of others; and for a number of years subsequent he acted as editor of a variety of newspapers, including the "Liverpool Journal." Between 1834 and 1851 he was the English correspondent of the "New York Evening Star," beside contributing extensively to various American periodicals. In 1845 he became editor and part proprietor of a railway journal in London, and in 1847 was an active member of Lord Brougham's law amendment society. In the latter part of 1852 he arrived in New York, where for several years he was a writer for several of the principal journals; and in 1857 he became literary and foreign editor of the "Philadelphia Press," a position which he still holds. In addition to his labors as a journalist, he has been a prolific author of original works and compilations, extending from 1829 to the present time. Among these are: "Lays of Palestine" (1829); "Titian," an art novel, the scene of which is laid in Venice (3 vols. 8vo., 1843); "Partnership en Commandité," a legal and commercial treatise on the advantages of that system (8vo., 1847); "Mornings at Matlock" (3 vols. 8vo., 1850), a collection of fugitive magazine pieces; Sheil's "Sketches of the Irish Bar" (New York, 1854), with memoirs and notes; an edition of the "Noctes Ambrosianæ," with sketches of the principal contributors and numerous notes (5 vols. 12mo., New York, 1854); "Bits of Blarney" (12mo., 1855); an edition of Curran's life by his son (12mo., 1855); one of Dr. William Maginn's writings (5 vols. 12mo., 1855–7), and others. Among his latest publications are: "Tressilian and his Friends" (12mo., 1859), and an edition of the "Memoirs of Robert Houdin" (1859).

MACKENZIE RIVER. See HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY, vol. ix. p. 325.

MACKEREL, a well known acanthopterygian fish of the scomberoid family, and one of great utility to man, from its countless numbers and excellence as food. This family includes also the bonito (see BONITO) and its allied forms, the tunny, the pilot fish, and the sword fish. The scales are small, delicate, and smooth, the bones light, the tail slender, and gill covers unarmed; the first dorsal fin continuous, the rays of the second and of the anal detached, forming finlets, and with a large interval between the dorsals; the body is fusiform, the caudal fin powerful, the tail usually with a slight keel on the side, the vertical fins without scales; a row of small conical teeth in each jaw; branchiostegal rays 7; most of the species have no air bladder. The common European mackerel