the animals included in them have more carnivorous propensities, eating meat, insects, and small birds which they seize. In callithrix (Geoffr.), of which the type is the siamiri or squirrel monkey (C. sciureus, Geoffr.), the ears are proportionately large, the body slender, the tail longer than the body, entirely hairy, and not prehensile; the color is grayish brown, lighter beneath, with reddish limbs and black muzzle; the body is 7 or 8 inches long, and the tail 10 or 12. Other species are described, all active and beautiful animals, with carnivorous propensities; they inhabit principally Brazil and Guiana. In aotes (Humboldt) the 2 middle upper incisors are broad, and the canines moderate; the eyes large; hind feet longest; tail longer than the body, not prehensile; nocturnal in its habits, living in pairs, resembling the lemurs of S. Africa. The douroucouli (A. trivirgatus, Humb.) is covered with a soft grayish white fur, with a dorsal brown line, 3 dark stripes on the head, and is yellowish brown below; it looks more like a cat than a monkey, and the mouth is surrounded by bristly white hairs; the body is about 9 inches and the tail 14; it sleeps during the day, and is active at night; the position when seated is like that of a dog, and when sleeping the head is bent forward between the feet; it is difficult to tame, and its voice is loud and disagreeable. The last genus which need be mentioned of the American monkeys is pithecia (Desm.), characterized by a round head, short muzzle, long canines, tail generally shorter than the body, entirely hairy, and not prehensile; they are nocturnal and gregarious, greatly resembling human pigmies, and said to be active, strong, and almost untamable. The couxio or black saki (P. satanas, Humb.) is dusky black, with a purplish tinge beneath, and with the tail is about 24 feet long. The monk saki (P. chiropotes, Humb.) is brownish red, and of all the American species bears the closest resemblance in its features to man; the expression of the face is fierce and melancholy, the chin is covered with a thick beard, and the eyes are large and sunken; it is said to drink from the hollow of the hand, and to be very careful not to wet its beard. The cacajao or black-headed saki (P. melanocephala, Desm.) is about a foot long; the color of the body is yellowish brown, with the head black; there is no beard, and the tail is so short that Spix has placed it in a new genus brachyurus; it is weak, inactive, and very timid. The yarke (P. leucocephala, Audeb.) is black with the head whitish; the hair is very long. These and several other species inhabit the woods of Guiana in troops, where they are generally called night or fox-tailed apes.-Of the old world monkeys, or catarrhini, the largest have been mentioned in the articles APE, BABOON, CHIMPANZEE, GORILLA, and MACAQUE; SO that it only remains to notice the smaller and long-tailed species. This division of the monkeys has the same number of teeth as man, viz., 32, and similarly arranged, except that the

incisors are more prominent, and the canines larger and separated from the incisors; there is a thin septum between the nostrils, hard naked skin or callosities on the rump, pouches on the sides of the face between the cheeks and the jaws; they generally have tails, though these are absent in the larger anthropoid apes; they are found in the warmer parts of Asia and Africa, only one species being naturalized in Europe (the Barbary ape on the rock of Gibraltar). The first of the monkeys not already noticed, connecting the guenons or long-tailed monkeys with the gibbons or long-armed apes, is the presbytis or capped monkey; this has no cheek pouches, but has naked callosities, a long tail, and arms reaching to the knees. The P. mitrula (Eschs.) has the body 14 feet long, and the tail about as long; the hair is bluish gray above and grayish white below, with a black line from the ears across the head; it is a native of Sumatra. In the African genus colobus (Ill.) there are no thumbs on the hands, and the limbs are long and slender as in the spider monkeys (ateles) of the new world. The king monkey (C. polycomus, Geoffr.) is remarkable for the long, coarse, and flowing hair on the head, like a full-bottomed periwig; the body is shining black, and the tail is pure white. Other species are described, all natives of Guinea and Sierra Leone. The proboscis monkey (nasalis larvatus, Geoffr.) has a short muzzle, but the nose is lengthened into a kind of proboscis 4 inches long, at the end of which the nostrils are placed; the body is thick and the limbs stout; there are cheek pouches and callosities, and the tail is longer than the body; the color is reddish brown, with lighter patches on the lower back, and the face black; the body is about 23 feet long; they are very active and noisy, and inhabit in large troops the forests of Borneo. The Cochin China monkey, or douc (lasiopyga nemæa, Ill.), is a very singularly marked species; the muzzle is slightly elongated, the face bare, the hands longer than the forearm with short and slender thumbs; it has cheek pouches, but no callosities, and the tail is long. The colors are brilliant, the upper part of the head being brown with a chestnut frontal band, long hair of cheeks dirty white, forearms and tail white, the hands and thighs black, legs chestnut, and body olive gray; it stands nearly 4 feet high. The first genus of the guenons is semnopithecus (F. Cuv.), with round head, flat nose, long limbs, short thumbs, small cheek pouches and callosities, slender form, very long and thin tail, and canines much longer than the incisors; they inhabit India and its archipelago. The S. entellus (F. Cuv.) has a body about 13 feet long and the tail 2 feet; the hind limbs are much longer than the anterior; the color is yellowish white, paler beneath, with the face, forearms and hands, legs and feet, black; it appears slow, sad, and stupid when at rest, but when roused is extremely active; it is very sensitive to cold, and is therefore rarely seen in menageries. It is called

hoonuman by the Hindoos, and so venerated by them that it is considered a crime to kill one; it is believed that the person who should destroy one will surely die within the year; it occupies a conspicuous place among their divinities. The negro monkey (S. maurus, Horsf.) has soft and silky hair of a general black color, the lower parts, inner side of limbs, and base of tail grayish; the body is about 24 feet long and the tail nearly as much, and the proportions are robust. They are numerous in the forests of Java, and are hunted by the natives, who use the fur for various decorative purposes. There are several other species in Sumatra. The genus cercopithecus (Erxl.) differs from the last in the larger facial angle, more elegant shape and coloring, longer posterior limbs, and milder and more affectionate disposition; it has only 4 tubercles to the last lower molar, instead of 5 as in semnopithecus. The varied monkey (C. mona, Geoffr.) is the handsomest of all; the body is chestnut, upper part of head bright yellowish green, cheeks yellow, outside of limbs and tail blackish, with a spot of white on the nates; it is a native of Africa, cunning, active, intelligent, and playful. The Diana monkey (C. Diana, Geoffr.) is so called from the white crescent on the forehead; the chin and throat are white; it is about 13 feet long with a tail of 2 feet. The golden guenon (C. auratus, Geoffr.), from Asia, is golden yellow above, paler below, with a black spot on the knee. There are many other species, most, like the first two, from Africa. The mangabeys (cerco cebus, Geoffr.) begin to come near the baboons in the more lengthened muzzle and receding forehead, though they have the long tail of the guenons; they are found in Africa and India. The green monkey (C. sabæus, Geoffr.) is a native of Africa and the Cape Verd islands, and is very often seen in captivity on account of its lively and playful manners; the color is olive green above, shading into white below, and the face is black. The malbrouck of Bengal (C. cynosurus, Geoffr.) is olive brown above, shading into white, with a white band over the eyes; it is an excellent climber and very active, and is often seen in menageries. The whiteeyelid mangabey (C. fuliginosus, Geoffr.) is of a sooty black color, with white and very conspicuous upper eyelids; it is a native of Africa. These and the numerous other species of Asia and Africa are generally easily domesticated when young; they are good-natured, playful, and free from the disgusting habits of the larger baboons. The restriction of the catarrhini to the old and of the platyrrhini to the new world prevailed in the tertiary geological epochs. Fragments of a jaw and some teeth found in the eocene sand of Suffolk, England, were referred by Owen to the genus macacus under the name of M. eocenus; this furnishes a remarkable proof of the former more elevated temperature of Europe, monkeys having lived during the eocene period 15° further N. than at the present time. În the miocene of France, in lat. 43° N.,

were found portions of a jaw and teeth, very anthropoid in appearance, belonging to what De Blainville has called pithecus antiquus, which some have thought nearer to man than is the chimpanzee. Other fragments have been found in England, Greece, and France, which have been referred to the genera macacus, pithecus, and semnopithecus. In the Sivalik hills of India have been discovered specimens of semnopithe cus nearly as large as the orangs, and some resembling baboons. In South America, M. Lund found in Brazil, in lat. 18° S., specimens which he referred to the genera cebus, callithrix primavus (twice the size of any living species), and protopithecus Brasiliensis, which must have attained a height of 4 feet; he also found there ouistitis (J. grandis) twice as large as any now living.

MONMOUTH, a central co. of N. J., bordering on the Atlantic ocean, drained by the Nevisink, Shrewsbury, Shark, and Tom's rivers; area, about 800 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 34,978. Its surface is generally level, with elevations toward the N. E. The productions in 1850 were 841,072 bushels of Indian corn, 152,904 of wheat, 773,272 of potatoes, 158,546 of oats, and 31,543 lbs. of wool. There were 32 grist mills, 20 saw mills, 4 woollen factories, 14 tanneries, 14 distilleries, 6 newspaper offices, 60 churches, and 6,029 pupils attending public schools. A railroad is in operation between Port Monmouth and Long Branch; and a branch railroad connects the capital, Freehold, with the Camden and Amboy railroad at Jamesburg.

MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF, an encounter between the American and British forces, the former commanded by Gen. Washington and the latter by Sir Henry Clinton, which took place at Freehold, Monmouth co., N. J., June 28, 1778. On June 18 Sir Henry Clinton, acting under peremptory orders from the British ministry, evacuated Philadelphia, which had been occupied by his army since the preceding September, and proceeded across New Jersey toward Brunswick, with a view of embarking on the Raritan. On hearing of this movement, Washington broke up his camp at Valley Forge, and, having sent forward some light troops to harass the enemy, started in pursuit. Owing to excessive heat the march of both armies was slow, and the British were moreover encumbered by a baggage train 12 miles in length. At Allentown Clinton suddenly turned to the right by a road leading through Freehold to Sandy Hook, to embark at the latter place; and Washington, who had hitherto been deterred by the advice of his officers, and particularly of Gen. Charles Lee, from attacking the enemy, determined at once to give him battle. The evening of the 27th found the main body of the enemy encamped on high ground near Monmouth court house in the town of Freehold, while the American advance, about 4,000 strong, under Lee, was posted at Englishtown, 5 miles distant, with the main body about 3 miles in the rear. The command of the advance had

originally been given to Lafayette, with the consent of Lee; but the latter subsequently applied for and obtained it. Early on the 28th Lee engaged the rear division of the enemy, his orders being to hold it in check until the main body under Washington could come up. The Americans were at first successful, but owing to causes which have never been satisfactorily explained, the whole body soon after fell into a confusion in which their commander seemed to participate, and commenced a disorderly retreat, closely followed by the British. Washington, who was advancing hastily with the main body, received the first intimation of this movement in the crowds of fugitives who poured along the road. Exasperated beyond measure at the failure of Lee to execute his orders or to apprise him of his retreat, he rode up to that general and reprimanded him with a vehemence which surprised those accustomed to the habitual self-control of the commanderin-chief. Then, rallying by his voice and presence the fugitives, he re-formed them on a piece of rising ground, and hastened back to bring up the main body. Lee, resuming his command, held his position with spirit until compelled to retire, and brought off his troops in good order. The main body, which had meanwhile taken a favorable position on an eminence, with a morass in front and a wood in the rear, opened an effective cannonade from both wings upon the British. The latter, after an ineffectual attempt to turn the American left under Lord Stirling, directed their chief efforts against the right commanded by Greene, where Wayne, under cover of an orchard, was harassing their centre by a severe fire. To dislodge him, Col. Moncton advanced with a column of royal grenadiers, but fell at the head of his troops, who were repulsed with considerable loss. The enemy at length fell back to the ground occupied by Lee in the morning, whither Washington was preparing to follow them when the approach of night and the exhaustion of his men induced him to defer the execution of his plan until the morning. During the night Clinton effected a noiseless retreat, and at daybreak was many miles away from the scene of battle. The excessive heat of the weather and the fatigued condition of the troops rendered a pursuit impracticable, and the royal army was suffered to proceed unmolested to the place of embarkation. The American loss in this engagement was 69 killed and 160 wounded; that of the British probably nearly 300 killed and 100 prisoners including wounded. Their total loss by desertions and the casualties of battle during their march through New Jersey has been estimated at 2,000. On both sides many men died from the effects of the heat alone. For his conduct in this battle Lee was court-martialled and suspended for one year from his command.

MONMOUTH, a market town and municipal and parliamentary borough of England, capital of Monmouthshire, situated in a picturesque valley at the confluence of the Wye and Mon

now, 129 m. N. W. from London; pop. in 1851, 5,710. The Wye fisheries in the vicinity are flourishing. The borough, in conjunction with Newport and Usk, sends one member to parliament. Henry V. (Harry of Monmouth) and Geoffrey the chronicler were natives of this town. The battle of Monmouth, in which Owen Glendower was defeated by Henry, prince of Wales, was fought May 11, 1405.

MONMOUTH, GEOFFREY OF. See GEOFFREy. MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT, duke of, a supposed son of Charles II., king of Great Britain, born in Rotterdam, April 9, 1649, executed in London, July 15, 1685. His mother was Lucy Walters, daughter of a gentleman of Pembrokeshire. She was first the mistress of Algernon Sidney, who was then a colonel in the parliamentary army, and next of his brother, Col. Robert Sidney, with whom she became acquainted in Holland. Robert Sidney was by some reputed the father of Monmouth. Charles was then in Holland, and Lucy Walters became his mistress. He acknowledged her son to be his offspring, and was throughout life strongly attached to him. The boy was known as James Crofts, because he was for some time in the charge of Lord Crofts, and passed for his relative. When he was taken to England, in 1662, he was very accomplished and very handsome. The king treated him as kindly as if he had been his legitimate son. He was first made duke of Orkney, but the title was changed to that of Monmouth. He was also created baron of Tyndale and earl of Doncaster at the same time, Feb. 19, 1663; and on March 28, 1663, he was elected a member of the order of the garter. Oxford and Cambridge conferred on him the degree of A.M. He served on board the fleet of the duke of York in 1665, and was in the battle of Lowestoffe, June 3. In 1667 he was married to Anne Scott, daughter and sole heir of Francis Scott, earl of Buccleugh. He and his wife were created duke and duchess of Buccleugh, earl and countess of Dalkeith, and baron and baroness of Whitchester and Ashdale in Scotland, in 1673. He was made master of the horse about the date of his marriage, and captain of the horse life guards in 1668; and on the death of the duke of Albemarle, in 1670, he succeeded him as captain-general of all the king's fortresses. He became a privy councillor the same year. He was allowed privileges at court which could be claimed only by persons of the blood royal. The people, who loved him because of his amiability, bravery, and personal beauty, were led to believe him the king's legitimate son. They forgave him the part he had in the licentiousness of the period, and also when he caused Sir John Coventry to be brutally mutilated for having spoken severely of the king's conduct in parliament. At first, Monmouth and his uncle, the duke of York, were friends, but they soon became rivals in love and politics. Those persons who dreaded the accession of York to the throne (the king having no legitimate children, nor expecting

any) endeavored to have Monmouth recognized as heir presumptive; and they hinted to Charles II. that it would not be difficult to have his marriage with Lucy Walters proved by competent false witnesses; but the king promptly replied that, "much as he loved the duke, he had rather see him hanged at Tyburn than own him for his legitimate son." When England joined France in the war against Holland, Monmouth was sent at the head of 6,000 troops to act under Louis XIV. in 1672. He served in two campaigns with considerable distinction, and was made a lieutenant-general by the French king, who gave him a splendid sword. In 1674 he was elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge. When England changed her policy, and joined the Dutch, Monmouth was continued in his position as lord-general of the king's forces in Flanders, and took part in the battle of St. Denis. He had been made commander-in-chief of the armies of England and Scotland, and was known as "the Protestant duke." On the breaking out of the delusion known as the popish plot, he was among its encouragers, and his designs on the succession to the throne were much favored by Shaftesbury and his associates, and by the extreme unpopularity of the duke of York, heir presumptive, who was a Catholic, and who was compelled to leave the country. On the revolt of the Scotch Covenanters in 1679, Monmouth was sent to act against their forces, and defeated them, June 22, at Bothwell Brig. As he treated the rebels mildly, and would willingly have spared them all, he was accused of favoring rebellion. His entire conduct in Scotland was statesmanlike, and in strong contrast with that of Lauderdale and Claverhouse. Monmouth was compelled to resign his office of lord-general, and to go to Holland. Thence he returned to England without leave, and upon his refusal to quit the kingdom his offices were taken from him. He now became the principal person of the opposition to the court, and his pretensions to the crown were vigorously but not wisely pressed by his followers, rather on a popular than on a legal basis; but when the duke of York returned to court, the story of the marriage of Charles II. and Lucy Walters was gravely urged, and the king deemed it necessary to deny it in the most public and formal manner. The part he had in the conspiracies of 1683 led to his flight to Holland, after considerable negotiation with the king for pardon. He was well received at the Hague, and was in expectation of an early recall to England, and a full restoration to the king's favor, when Charles II. died, Feb. 6, 1685. He left the Hague, but instead of following the wise counsel of the prince of Orange, which was to enter the imperial service, he allowed himself to be deluded by the suggestions of British exiles, and placed himself at the head of a small expedition, which left Holland, and arrived at Lyme Regis, June 11, 1685. At first the duke met with some success; but being joined only by persons from the lower VOL. XI.-42

ranks, and the government acting with great energy, his forces were beaten at Sedgemoor, July 6, and on the 8th he was captured and taken to London, where he had an interview with James II., of whom he begged his life in abject terms; but the king refused his request, and he was executed under an act of attainder two days after his arrival in the capital. His followers continued to believe that he was alive for many years, and it was supposed by some that he was the man with the iron mask who was so long a prisoner in the Bastile. His wife, a woman of superior talents, from whom he had been separated, survived him nearly 47 years, and married Charles, third Lord Cornwallis. Monmouth is the Absalom of Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel."

MONMOUTHSHIRE, a maritime county of England, bounded S. by the Bristol channel and the estuary of the Severn; area, 576 sq. m.; pop. in 1851, 157,418. The coast, which is 22 m. in extent, is exposed to the high spring tides that rush up the Severn from the Bristol channel, and sometimes attain an altitude of 60 feet. Vast sea walls and earth works have been erected. The surface toward the N. is mountainous and rocky; adjoining the Severn and the sea is a spacious plain, which the river Usk divides into two parts, called the Wentloog and Caldecot levels. The principal mountains are: Peny-Val, or the Sugar Loaf, 1,856 feet high; Blawrenge mountain, 1,720 feet; and Skyrryd Vawr, or Holy mountain, 1,498 feet. The chief rivers are the Wye, Usk, and Monnow, the two former of which are famous for their salmon. The soil of the vales and plains is generally fertile. Iron, coal, lead, and building stone are produced. The average proportion of iron yielded by the ore is from 18 to 55 per cent. The principal iron works are the Rumney, Tredegar, Victoria, Pentwyn, and Beaufort.

The iron and coal of this county are almost entirely shipped at Newport. The area of its mineral districts is estimated at 89,000 acres. The county returns 2 members to parliament. Chief towns, Monmouth, the capital, Newport, Abergavenny, and Chepstow. Monmouthshire was originally a part of South Wales, and the Welsh language is still largely in use there.

MONOD, JEAN, a French Protestant clergyman, born in Switzerland about 1760, died in Paris in 1836. He was descended from a family of Huguenots, and officiated as pastor of the Reformed church in Paris until the outbreak of the first revolution, when he removed to Copenhagen, where he became the pastor of a small church, and where he married. While in Copenhagen the duke of Orleans, the future king Louis Philippe, enjoyed his hospitality, and afterward welcomed him to Paris, Monod having been repeatedly delegated by the Protestants of Paris to present the annual congratulations to the king. His widow, who was a woman remarkable for her intelligence and force of character, died in 1851.-FRÉDÉRIC, D.D., eldest

son of the preceding, born near Morges, Switzerland, May 17, 1794, received his theological education at Geneva, and after the death of his father became pastor of the Oratoire in Paris. From his ability as a preacher and his high character, he was regarded as a leader among the evangelical Protestants of France. After having officiated in the Oratoire for upward of 20 years, he seceded from the national Protestant church, April 22, 1849, not because it was recognized by the state, but because it did not insist upon "the acknowledgment of Christ as a divine Saviour" as a condition of membership. In his farewell sermon he says: "Whatever may be written or said to the contrary, I retire upon this ground, and not upon the question of a separation of church and state, nor any question of ecclesiastical discipline, nor any minor consideration whatever." In thus breaking off from the church Dr. Monod sacrificed a position of comparative affluence, honor, and influence. In conjunction with a small but influential body of evangelical Christians, he immediately set about the organization of the free church of France, resembling in some respects the free church movement in Scotland. In 1858 he visited the United States in order to enlist the sympathies of Americans in the movement. He is the editor of the Archives du Christianisme. He has a large family, and two of his sons are in the ministry. One of them studied theology at the Presbyterian (O. S.) seminary at Alleghany City, Penn., and afterward officiated as preacher in St. Anne, Kankakee co., Ill.-ADOLPHE, a brother of the preceding, born Jan. 21, 1802, died in Paris in 1856. He was also educated at Geneva, and held to the same views in regard to the divinity of the Saviour as his brother Frédéric, yet remained in the national church. In early life he became one of the pastors of the Reformed church in Lyons, whence he was dismissed in consequence of his rigid adherence to evangelical principles. He was afterward professor in the theological school at Montauban, and in 1849, on the secession of his brother from the national church, he was invited to fill his place at the Oratoire, with Athanèse Coquerel as his colleague. He held this position until his death, and gained a high reputation for pulpit eloquence. He is the author of "Lucille," "Woman's Mission," "Sermons," and other works, several of which have been translated into English.-GUILLAUME and HORACE, brothers of the preceding, are also favorably known in the French Protestant world. The former was pastor in Switzerland, in France, and in Algeria; and the latter has been for a long time established as pastor in Marseilles.

MONOGRAM (Gr. povos, single, and ypaμμa, letter), a character or cipher, formed by interweaving the initials or other letters of a name. Monograms were common in antiquity, especially on the coins of the Greeks. They came into general use in the countries subject to Charlemagne, not only on the coins, but the ecclesiastical and temporal lords chose each a monogram

for their signature. The explanation of mediaval monograms is important in the criticism of historical monuments and documents, and forms a special branch of diplomatics. An example of oriental monograms is the thogra, a figure on the coins of Turkey, in which the imperial name and insignia are obscurely involved. The signature which painters, engravers, and other artists inscribe upon their works is usually a monogram. The monogram of Christ, with which paintings, coins, tombs, precious stones, seals, rings, and ecclesiastical documents were adorned in the middle ages, is formed from the first two Greek letters of the name, X and P, thus,

It may be traced to the age of Antoninus Pius, and precisely the same conjunction of the letters appears on heathen monuments previous to the Christian era. With the monogram were often combined the letters alpha and omega, to indicate that Christ was the beginning and end of all things. Abbreviations of his name and titles were also employed, as I. H. S., Jesus hominum Salvator. A mystical word or figure was often used instead of the monogram, as Ixus (a fish), formed from the initials of Inσous Χριςτος Θεοῦ Υἱος Σωτηρ. The figure of the fish sometimes took the place of the name.-See Baudis, Ad Analysin Monogrammatum (Leip sic, 1737); Brulliot, Dictionnaire des monogrammes (new ed., 1832-4); and Binterim, Die vorzüglichsten Denkwürgkeiten der Christkatholischen Kirche (7 vols., Mentz, 1835-'45). MONOMANIA. See INSANITY.

MONONA, a W. co. of Iowa, separated from Nebraska by the Missouri river, and intersected by the Little Sioux; area, about 900 sq. m.; pop. in 1859, 885. It is covered with prairie, and has a fertile soil. The productions in 1859 were 43,445 bushels of Indian corn, 1,566 of wheat, 2,536 of oats, 5,113 of potatoes, 1,532 tons of hay, and 13,771 lbs. of butter.

MONONGAHELA RIVER, one of the head branches of the Ohio, formed by the union of the West fork and Tygart's Valley river in Marion co., Va., flows N. into Pennsylvania, where it receives the Cheat river, its principal tributary, and unites with the Alleghany to form the Ohio at Pittsburg; length, exclusive of branches, about 150 m., or including the Tygart's Valley river or East fork (which rises in Randolph co., Va.), 300 m. At its mouth the width is nearly 400 yards. It is navigable for large boats to Brownsville, Penn., 60 m. from its mouth, and for small boats to Fairmont, Va., at its head.

MONONGALIA, a N. W. co. of Va., bordering on Penn., and intersected by Monongahela and Cheat rivers; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 12,387, of whom 176 were slaves. The surface is uneven, being mountainous toward the E., where it is crossed by Laurel hill, an extreme western ridge of the Alleghanies; the soil is generally fertile. The productions in 1850 were 184,379 bushels of Indian corn, 111,252 of oats, 52,370 of wheat, 29,129 lbs. of wool, and 3,750 of tobacco.