A77-23269 # Direct and indirect subsidies in the air mode in comparison with other modes of transportation. J. Gibberd (Canadian Transport Commission, Ottawa, Canada). Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, vol. 23, Jan.-Feb. 1977, p. 52-58. 17 refs. A comparison is presented between direct and indirect public (government) subsidies provided to air transportation and subsidies given to other modes of transportation. It is shown that either on an expenditure or on a cost basis, the subsidy per passenger-mile is largest for rail at 8.11 cents, followed by air in the 1.4 to 2.5 cents range, and road at less than 1 cent. On an expenditure basis, it is seen that the largest total subsidy, both freight and passenger, goes to road, followed by air, marine, and rail. The order on a cost basis changes in that air receives the smallest subsidy. B.J. A77-23454 # Methods of scientific-industrial forecasting in the management of scientific research and development (Metody nauchno-tekhnicheskogo prognozirovaniia v upravlenii nauchnymi issledovaniiami i razrabotkami). S. V. Emel'ianov and V. B. Ezerov. Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki, Seriia Tekhnicheskaia Kibernetika, vol. 6, no. 2, 1975, p. 77-164. 105 refs. In Russian. This survey article examines two groups of methods of scientific-industrial forecasting: the methods of expert estimates, and extrapolation methods used in forecasting scientific research and development. Attention is given to the Delphi method and some of its modifications, methods of trend extrapolation and correlation, the method of envelope curves, methods of forecasting industrial efficiency indices, and parametric methods. The basic features of these methods are described and their fundamental formulas and computational problems are set forth. P.T.H. A77-23825 Negligence of Federal Aviation Administration delegates under the Federal Tort Claims Act. A. J. Dilk (FAA, Litigation Div., Washington, D.C.). Journal of Air Law and Commerce, vol. 42, Summer 1976, p. 575-602. 114 refs. The FAA has been authorized by statute to delegate various responsibilities to private individuals who are either designated representatives or are certificated. No desire is indicated to have these individuals categorized as 'employees' within the meaning of the Federal Tort Claims Act or to assume Federal responsibility for their acts. Until Congress includes these persons within the coverage of this act as employees, the traditional concept of the independent contractor doctrine should block governmental liability for their negligent acts or omissions. B.J. A77-24277 Incentives for managing the environment. B. T. Bower (Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.), C. N. Ehler (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air, Land and Water, Washington, D.C.), and A. V. Kneese (New Mexico, University, Albuquerque, N. Mex.). Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 11, Mar. 1977, p. 250-254. Some basic issues of identifying and selecting positive and negative incentives as integral components of environmental quality management plans are discussed. The actions desired are 'the installation of some physical method or technological option and the continuous operation of these physical methods at design levels over time. Particular attention is given to alternative locations for the imposition of incentives in a physical system whose diagram indicates the flows of materials and energy into, through, and from the physical system that generates and discharges pollutants and wastes as residuals. Also discussed are the classification and characteristics of physical methods for improving environmental quality and of implementation incentives whose choice in a particular management context must be matched to the particular situation under consideration. Suggested criteria for evaluating strategies include physical effects, economic effects, flexibility and simplicity in administration, political considerations, and intermedia effects. S.D. A77-24421 Nondestructive testing as a basis for the acceptance inspection (Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung als Grundlage der Abnahme). K. Lorenz and H. Ternes (Mannesmannröhren-Werke AG, Düsseldorf, West Germany). (Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, Tagung über zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung, Lahnstein, West Germany, May 24, 1976.) Materialprüfung, vol. 19, Feb. 1977, p. 46-53. In German. In connection with the transfer of ownership in the case of products and materials, the acceptance of the article by the receiving party depends frequently upon the results of an inspection concerning the condition and the characteristics of the article. The employment of nondestructive testing for such an inspection is discussed, taking into account the regulations concerning such inspections in West Germany, questions regarding the conduction of the tests, the training and the qualification of the persons conducting the tests, details with respect to the test installations, and trends regarding a further development of the test procedures. G.R. A77-24450 # Forum on the future of air transportation. F. W. Bradley, Jr. (CITIBANK, New York, N.Y.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Annual Meeting and Technical Display Incorporating the Forum on the Future of Air Transportation, 13th, Washington, D.C., Jan. 10-13, 1977, Paper 77-263. 16 p. A commercial banker's view is given of the airline industry and the prospects for financing its future capital needs. The total capital requirements of the domestic trunks for the period from 1976 through 1984 are estimated to be in the neighborhood of $33 billion, of which $5 to 9 billion will have to be borrowed from commercial banks. Sources for these funds are considered, and arguments are advanced in favor of keeping capital costs down while making very substantial productivity gains, primarily by not retrofitting aircraft to meet FAR Part 36 requirements. The present attitude of bankers toward the airline industry is assessed, the historic sources of capital for the industry are identified, and the financial community's objections to current deregulation proposals are outlined. It is concluded that these proposals will accentuate the financial community's distaste for airline investments and make the industry's impending reequipment program very difficult. Increased fares are suggested along with a dedication to profitability on the part of both management and regulators. F.G.M. A77-24593 A long-run model for energy policy analysis. E. Hnyilicza (MIT, Cambridge, Mass.). In: Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Washington, D.C., July 12-14, 1976, Proceedings. Montvale, N.J., AFIPS Press, 1976, p. 758-763. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations and empirical specification of a policy-oriented macroeconometric energy model designed to reveal the long-run dynamic interactions between the U.S. energy sector and the aggregate determinants of economic growth, which makes it possible to determine the link between current capital formation and future productive capacity. Several features of the Hudson-Jorgenson model are taken as a point of departure in developing this macroeconometric model. A key novelty is the complete integration of the sectoral capital accumulation dynamics and the sectoral production structure into the growth process itself. The model formulation is neoclassical since it is postulated that the behavioral characteristics of the basic decision units can be described in terms of maximizing behavior in the presence of appropriate constraints. Discussion of production structure, household behavior, and capital accumulation is highlighted. expansion are discussed. Experiences with particular airport siting and noise problems are recounted (Osaka, Frankfurt, Paris, Stockholm-Arlanda, Copenhagen, Oslo). Transportation facilities and road access for passengers and work personnel to and from airport areas are discussed. Attention is given to histories of legal claims by owners of real estate against airports for impairment of property values, wildlife in the vicinity of airports, noiseproofing of structures at or near airports. Airport area use problems at London-Maplin, New York, and Zurich are also discussed. R.D.V. A77-25138 # How economists judge R&D benefits. P. Stevenson (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Mar. 1977, p. 30-36. 14 refs. The article gives an introduction to the basic concepts and techniques with which economists work in order to assess the benefits of R&D investment. The theory and measure of productivity and its determinants, one of which is R&D investment, is outlined. The basic characteristics of several fundamental techniques for measuring R&D effectiveness are examined. These techniques are the measurement of aggregate productivity, input-output analysis, the sector production function, and the consumer's surplus function. P.T.H. A77-25139 # What's been happening to R&D. J. V. Weeden (Aerospace Industries Association, Washington, D.C.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Mar. 1977, p. 37-41. The paper examines critically the declining role of R&D in the overall U.S. economic picture, and calls for renewed effort in formulating a clear national science policy with greater participation on the part of nongovernment programs. Data on the amount of R&D as a percent of net sales or profits, and also on the percent of R&D funded by the company and the government, are cited for a number of aerospace and other manufacturing companies. The fact that aerospace is investing more in R&D than in new plant and equipment is also brought out. A strengthening of private industry's role in decision-making is seen as necessary. P.T.H. A77-25140 # R&D expenditures A good national investment. A. N. Doherty (St. John's University, New York, N.Y.) and M. K. Evans (Chase Econometric Associates, Inc., New York, N.Y.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Mar. 1977, p. 42-51. 25 refs. The paper reviews the economist's conception of technical progress or innovations, economic theory underlying the various specifications of technology within the production function, and the advantages and limitations of the macroeconomic approach to the measurement of technical progress. An outline of a macroeconomic model designed specifically to evaluate the economic impact of NASA R&D expenditures is given. This model contains some 125 stochastic equations and 200 endogenous variables organized in four blocks. Regression analysis on the dependent variable gamma, specified in terms of the rate of increase in technology, shows two peaks of technological growth in the 1960-1962 and 1970-1972 time periods. Results of the regression analysis were fed into the entire macro model to show the effect of NASA R&D spending on eight key general economic indicators. The main conclusions are that NASA R&D programs expand the production arm of society by increasing the rate of technical progress and lower the rate of inflation while increasing output and employment. P.T.H. A77-25141 # Investing in technology during inflation. H. A. Kimbriel (Colin, Hochstin Co.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Mar. 1977, p. 52-54. The paper outlines some of the chief effects of inflation on companies that are planning to expand, make capital investments, and develop and commercialize new technology. The airline industry is taken as an example of how inflation can cut so deeply into a new product's expected productivity, that potential buyers could not invest in it because it was unclear whether it would meet their rate-of-return obiectives. P.T.H. A77-25209 Has NASA already solved your next design problem. R. Aronson. Machine Design, vol. 49, Mar. 10, 1977, p. 18-20, 22, 23. By law NASA is required to make available as much of its research information to the U.S. economy as possible. It is estimated that U.S. business and industry will obtain benefits of more than $7 billion from just four of the space programs. Informative reports sent at no charge by NASA's Technology Utilization office are discussed. Attention is given to the Patent Abstract Bibliography, available data banks, the conduction of searches, the computer programs developed by NASA and other government agencies, and questions concerning the granting of licenses for NASA patents. G.R. A77-26497 * # The ABC's required for establishing a practical computerized plant engineering management data base system. F. R. Maiocco and J. P. Hume (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y., Dec. 5-10, 1976, Paper 76-WA/PEM-1.5 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $3.00. Contract No. NAS7-100. A system's approach is outlined in the paper to assist facility and Plant Engineers improve their organization's data management system. The six basic steps identified may appear somewhat simple; however, adequate planning, proper resources, and the involvement of management will determine the success of a computerized facility management data base. Helpful suggestions are noted throughout the paper to insure the development of a practical computerized data management system. (Author) A77-27033 Introduction to systems engineering - Foundations, capabilities, and limits (Einführung in die Systemtechnik Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen). R. Huber. (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Tagung über die Grundlagen und Anwendung der Systemtechnik als rationales Hilfsmittel für Wirtschaft, Staat und Forschung, Bonn, West Germany, Nov. 9, 10, 1976.) VDI-Berichte, no. 262, 1976, p. 5-17. 40 refs. In German. After a brief review of general systems theory, cybernetics, decision and utility theory as the theoretical foundations of systems engineering, basic definitions related to systems, their behavior and stabilization are discussed as well as the various types of systems models. The second part of the paper explains the content and process of the systems engineering approach, thereby distinguishing three categories of systems in systems engineering: technical systems, action systems and objective systems. The basic model of decision theory serves to illustrate the problem of systems planning. The main problem with a systematic application of systems engineering in real life relates to its effective integration into existing decision-making bodies and processes. (Author) A77-27034 Experience of aeronautics and astronautics in the application of systems engineering (Erfahrungen der Luft- und Raumfahrt bei der Anwendung der Systemtechnik). A. Kutzer. (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luftund Raumfahrt, Tagung über die Grundlagen und Anwendung der Systemtechnik als rationales Hilfsmittel für Wirtschaft, Staat und Forschung, Bonn, West Germany, Nov. 9, 10, 1976.) VDI-Berichte, no. 262, 1976, p. 19-45. 21 refs. In German. The paper describes the development of systems engineering and management principles that grew out of the particular needs of NASA and German space programs. The procedures and logic involved in evaluating a complex program are outlined. The effectiveness of application of system engineering management principles in handling the Azur satellite project is studied as an example. P.T.H. A77-27035 Optimization of transport aircraft availability as illustrated on the example of the Airbus A 300 (Optimierung der Verfügbarkeit von Verkehrsflugzeugen dargestellt am Airbus A 300). P. Triep. (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Tagung über die Grundlagen und Anwendung der Systemtechnik als rationales Hilfsmittel für Wirtschaft, Staat und Forschung, Bonn, West Germany, Nov. 9, 10, 1976.) VDI-Berichte, no. 262, 1976, p. 53-62. In German. The systems engineering principles which are applied in the design, development, and operation of transport aircraft for ensuring high availability rate and optimum cost effectiveness of operating an aircraft in a complex service system are explained. The logic and structure of spares support, spares planning, spares documentation, technical support and operation support are described. The basic concepts of the computer-supported Reliability Data on Demand (ROD) information project introduced for the Airbus A 300 aircraft are discussed. P.T.H. A77-27038 Planning models in the electric economy (Planungsmodelle in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft). H. Tröscher. (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luftund Raumfahrt, Tagung über die Grundlagen und Anwendung der Systemtechnik als rationales Hilfsmittel für Wirtschaft, Staat und Forschung, Bonn, West Germany, Nov. 9, 10, 1976.) VDI-Berichte, no. 262, 1976, p. 91-105. In German. The paper examines the possibilities of using computer. supported models for prediction and planning in the electric The emphasis is on capital investment planning. economy. P.T.H. first and second step order to foreign air lines. As a first step, the Civil Aeronautics Board may order a foreign air carrier to file its flight schedules in the U.S.; as a second step, the Board may curtail, suspend, or revoke the right of the foreign carrier to fly under any of the schedules filed. The 1974 amendment to Part 213 broadens the Board's base for issuing the first step order to one of economic balance and unilateral public interest of the U.S., which seems to run counter to the air transport policy formulated by the British and the U.S. in Bermuda in 1946. The paper discusses whether Board action under Part 213 is consistent with U.S. international obligations and discusses the reviewability of orders issued under Part 213 by the Federal Courts of Appeal. The challenge of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines to Part 213 proceedings is examined in particular. P.T.H. A77-27639 Upward trends in telecommunications marketing and finance. S. Topol (Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.). In: EASCON '76; Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention, Washington, D.C., September 26-29, 1976, Record. New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1976, p. 46-A to 46-C. Barriers to expanded use of telecommunications in the domestic and world markets are assessed. Major approaches to overcoming barriers are identified as: strong standard product approach, vigorous marketing, manufacturing in production runs, and cooperative government and industry financing programs. Opportunities for the U.S. to capture a leading role in the world market, repeating the experience in airframes, jet engines, computers, and semiconductors, are assessed. R.D.V. A77-27161 # Scientific work organization, an important intensification factor (Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsorganisation - Ein wichtiger Intensivierungsfaktor). K. Huhndorf. Technisch-ökonomische Information der zivilen Luftfahrt, vol. 12, no. 6, 1976, p. 305-312. In German. The scientific work organization in the German Democratic Republic has the objective to guarantee continuous work performance, enhance the degree of working time utilization, modernize the existing techniques, increase the amount of quality work, improve the material working conditions, and ensure that new standards are introduced in connection with new technology. A description is presented of aspects related to the implementation of the considered objective in connection with the operations of the airline INTERFLUG. G.R. A77-27762 Weakest-point analysis in the production domain using multimoment studies - A case analysis (Schwachstellenanalyse im Fertigungsbereich mit Hilfe von Multimomentstudien Ein Fallbeispiel). U. Maier and P. S. Niess (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung, Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung, Stuttgart, West Germany). VDI-Z, vol. 119, no. 6, Mar. 1977, p. 301-307. 5 refs. In German. Use of multimoment studies to pinpoint the weakest points or bottlenecks in a production cycle is demonstrated. Measures to achieve the smoothest data acquisition to that end are suggested, and a program is elaborated for evaluation of multimoment patterns so as to locate orders with long transit times and plot their progress through the cycle. The multimoment order tracking approach can reveal problems in data updating that escape detection by other techniques. R.D.V. A77-27163 # The calculation of cost as an instrument for the management and planning of transportation processes (Kostenrechnung als Instrument der Leitung und Plannung des Transport. prozesses). U. Niemeyer. Technisch-ökonomische Information der zivilen Luftfahrt, vol. 12, no. 6, 1976, p. 320-333. 17 refs. In German. The significance of cost calculations with respect to the national economy and operational considerations is investigated, taking into account the importance of cost determinations for the control and the analysis of costs, the role of cost data as a source of information for management and workers, and the structure of cost determination procedures for the INTERFLUG airline in the German Democratic Republic. Attention is given to cost categories considered in the INTERFLUG organization, details regarding cost determination procedures, and the requirements and possibilities concerning a further development of cost-computational processes. G.R. A77-27208 The Civil Aeronautics Board and foreign air carrier permits. H. DeSaussure. Air Law, vol. 1, no. 3, 1976, p. 146-156. 51 refs. The paper is concerned with the legality of Part 213 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. This Part contains the possibility of a A77-28063 The safe airline. J. M. Ramsden. London, Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, Ltd., 1976. 244 p. $8.60. Safety practices and experiences for airlines, aircraft, airports and pertinent agencies, air crimes, emergency procedures and measures, weather hazards, safety philosophy and relevant legislation, aircraft and airport noise, human factors and pilot performance, and survivability are discussed. Procedures for reporting and assessing of major and minor incidents, approaches to measuring air safety and possible statistical pitfalls, airlines tests, practices followed by some airlines, and emergency responses to total electric failure and fire, accident investigation and accident liability, hazardous cargo, maintenance/overhaul, and relevance of airline financial state are also covered. Hijacking and sabotage, clear a turbulence, storms and lightning, wake turbulence, bird strikes, collision avoidance measures, visual/audible warning systems, and simulator training of pilots are among other topics discussed. R.D.V. The paper addresses the need for publication of firm technical specifications of the Loran-C and Omega systems and the need for definition of the frequency spectrum required by these navigational signal transmissions. The following recommendations are made: (1) that the transmitted signal rate structure for the Loran-C is agreed upon internationally, (2) that a common format is established for communications within Loran-C, (3) that priority is given to the frequency spectrum of 90-110 kHz, (4) that a frequency is allocated and a format established for communicating phase corrections when Omega is employed in the differential mode. B.J. A77-28541 # Investment economics of industrial gas turbines. M. C. Doherty (General Electric Co., Industrial Sales Div., Schenectady, N.Y.). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show, Philadelphia, Pa., Mar. 27-31, 1977, Paper 77-GT-26. 10 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $3.00. The reported investigation represents an application of the principles of engineering economy to the evaluation of gas turbines for industrial energy systems. Attention is given to the definition of a minimum investment base case as an economic benchmark against which the preferred alternatives can be evaluated, the development of alternatives, and an example problem for illustrating the described procedure. Economic evaluation methods are discussed, taking into account tax considerations, payout, discounted cash flow, and fixed charges. G.R. A77-28609 # Life Cycle Cost as a propulsion system design consideration. C. E. Curry (General Motors Corp., Detroit Diesel Allison Div., Indianapolis, Ind.). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show, Philadelphia, Pa., Mar. 27-31, 1977, Paper 77-GT-99. 7 p. 7 refs. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $3.00. This paper deals with applying Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Design to Cost (DTC) principles to aircraft engine programs. The dynamic driving elements of LCC are identified with an example of direct application to a deterministic computer model. This model was used as the principal tool to project operating and support costs for the XT701 turboshaft engine in conjunction with the U.S. Army Heavy Lift Helicopter Development that featured a specific DTCrelated award fee in the contract. The overall methodology of LCC and DTC supported by the math model earned a Superior evaluation with an unprecedented 100 percent award fee for this kind of application. The customer audit, in support of the performance award, supports the conclusion that computer models can be used to enhance the LCC aspects of propulsion system development programs. (Author) A77-28627 Cambridge, Mass.). In: Productivity; Proceedings of the Joint Automatic Control Conference, West Lafayette, Ind., July 27-30, 1976. New York, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1976, p. 89-99. 24 refs. This paper compares three surveillance systems on the basis of their effect on the manual enroute conflict rate and collision rate, estimated for a postulated 1995 traffic level. The three systems are an Advanced Air Traffic Management System based on satellite surveillance; the Upgraded Third Generation Air Traffic System based on an improved radar beacon system; and a system based on current surveillance radars. These three systems were characterized in this study by their surveillance accuracy and the results presented apply to any systems of equal accuracy. (Author) A77-28684 Juridical questions concerning the supply with energy in times of crisis - Regulations regarding the assurance of the supply with electricity /electrical load distribution regulations/ and the supply with gas /gas load distribution regulation/. III (Rechtsfragen der Energieversorgung in Krisenzeiten Zur Verordnung über die Sicherstellung der Elektrizitätsversorgung /Elektrizitätslastverteilungs-Verordnung/ und der Gasversorgung /GaslastverteilungsVerordnung/. III). U. Büdenbender. Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen, vol. 27, Mar. 1977, p. 216-219. 15 refs. In German. Questions of juridical design and expression in relation to the dispositions of the agency charged with the distribution functions in the case of an energy crisis are discussed, taking into account the characteristics of various types of such dispositions. Attention is also given to financial compensation claims and the relation of the considered regulations to other rules and statutes. G.R. A77-29026* # Opening a new era in space. P. E. Culbertson and T. P. Bold (NASA, Office of Planning and Program Integration, Washington, D.C.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Apr. 1977, p. 20-25. The overall payload planning aimed at initial projected use of the Space Transportation System (STS) which will establish a new capability for exploring and using space through operations of the Shuttle, Spacelab, and Interim Upper Stage (IUS) in the Eighties is reviewed, and the significance of this planning for science and technology is discussed. The first payloads will fly on the STS during Orbital Flight Tests (OFT) beginning in March 1979. Primary OFT objectives include verifying flight systems and the Shuttle's ability to accomodate various types of payloads in different mission modes. The STS schedule will build up to as many as 60 flights in 1984. The STS payloads will make contributions to the management on a global scale of the interrelationship of production, consumption, population growth, and pollution. A.Y. A77-29029 # Shuttle payloads Opportunities to expand ground-based research. R. L. Merrill and B. W. Davis (Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Apr. 1977, p. 38-43. The capabilities of the upcoming Shuttle flights include: accommodation of very large payloads in both weight (up to 65,000 Ib) and size (60 by 15 ft); stay in orbit for extended periods (7 to 30 days); launching and retrieving objects in space (free flyers); returning payloads to earth unharmed; frequent flight schedules (one flight per week by 1985); relatively low cost. These capabilities will enable the earth-bound researchers to move their laboratories to space and take advantage of the properties of the space environment. The cost of space research must be measured in terms of the cost per useful data point, and not the cost per flight. The space research is and will be used in mapping, mineral exploration, land use planning, agricultural crop measurements and forecasting, water-resource management, and environmental monitoring. The exploitation of research opportunities based on the properties of the space environment can potentially contribute to a broad spectrum of physical, biological, chemical, and engineering sciences as well as a very large number of industrial processes. A.Y. A77-29030 # How do U.S. companies view space industrialization. A. M. Dula (Butler, Binion, Rice, Cook and Knapp; Houston, University, Houston, Tex.). Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 15, Apr. 1977, p. 44-46. Results from a questionnaire on space industrialization sent to chief executive officers of 378 American companies are discussed. Twenty percent of the companies returned the questionnaire completed. The average company responding to the questionnaire had annual gross sales of $2.5 billion. Some 30% of the respondents were aware of and interested in the possibility of solar power satellites and communication satellites. Forty-seven percent of the respondents felt that there was some probability of both their industries and their companies becoming involved in a Shuttle-based program. A.Y. A77-29079 MIL-STD-1567 Productivity growth through work measurement. M. A. Nassr (USAF, Systems Command, Washington, D.C.). Defense Management Journal, vol. 13, Apr. 1977, p. 16-20. 7 refs. MIL-STD-1567, published in 1975, specifies certain minimum requirements which must be met for a contractor's work measurement system to be acceptable. The general requirements call for a documented work measurement system with a clear designation of the organization and personnel responsible for its execution, a plan to establish engineered standards of recognized accuracy, and a plan to use labor standards as inputs to budgeting, estimating, and production planning. Application of the standard to B-1 and F-16 aircraft production is discussed. B.J. airport systems; (3) what are the forces and constraints which define and limit the possibilities; and (4) what kind of solution is the community entitled to expect. A77-29472 * B.J. Effects of selected R&D options on fuel usage in the commercial air system. F. W. Gobetz and A. P. Dubin (United American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1976. 10 p. Contract No. The study on which this paper is based, known as RECAT (Study of Cost Benefit Tradeoffs for Reducing the Energy Consumption of the Commercial Air Transportation System), was sponsored by NASA to establish a basis for assigning priorities in its aircraft fuel-conservation R&D program. The study involved coordinated efforts by four independent contractors to conceive and quantify fuel-conserving technology alternatives, transform these alternatives into viable R&D options, and simulate each option in a general model of the U.S. domestic air transportation system. This paper deals primarily with the latter phase and concentrates on the results of the study, as revealed not only by estimated fuel usage but also by other impacts of the technology options, such as demand growth, operator economics, and fleet composition. However, while the paper focuses on results, the basic assumptions and technology inputs are documented, and a general description of the modeling approach is provided to demonstrate the level of detail considered in the analysis. (Author) A77-29080 teamwork Manufacturing technology + economy. C. P. Downer (U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense /Installations and Logistics/, Washington, D.C.). Defense Management Journal, vol. 13, Apr. 1977, p. 28-33. The paper considers the DOD Manufacturing Technology program which is designed to develop or improve manufacturing techniques, processes, materials, and equipment to provide for timely, reliable, and economical production of defense material. Attention is given to ways of reducing costs and improving fabrication, and to the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing program. B.J. A77-29298 Comments concerning the dynamics of aeronautical and astronautical research (Gedanken zur Dynamik der Luftund Raumfahrtforschung). O. H. Gerlach (Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium, Delft, Netherlands). DFVLR-Nachrichten, Feb. 1977, p. 820-827. In German. Questions concerning the need for aeronautical research projects are investigated, taking into account developments regarding the increase in the cost of aircraft fuel, environmental requirements, noise reduction problems, advanced aerodynamical structural forms, new materials and new construction methods, and modern flight control methods. Attention is given to the innovation process in aircraft development, aspects of cooperation between research institutes and state, questions of financing, the significance of 'spin-in' and 'spin-off' effects, and problems related to an employment of new study methods and new installations. A77-29435 G.R. Airport systems planning: A critical look at the methods and experience. R. de Neufville. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1976. 214 p. 189 refs. $14.95. The work examines how the systems approach can be applied to airport planning by example and application to specific issues economic, social, political, and technological. Four basic questions are addressed: (1) what are the biases and implicit assumptions of the industry; (2) what is the nature of the public interest in this aspect of A77-29496 Computer aided aircraft project design. H. P. Y. Hitch (British Aircraft Corp., Ltd., Weybridge, Surrey, England). Aeronautical Journal, vol. 81, Feb. 1977, p. 51-62. 19 refs. The task of projecting a new aircraft consists essentially of finding an optimum practical solution to a complex problem with known constraints. The paper discusses ways in which the computer can be used to assist in the project of aircraft development. Attention is directed to the development of typical computer-aided project design program, to examples of computer-aided project systems currently in use, and to the use of programs for preliminary wing structural design and weight estimation. A properly used computer-aided project design program can assist not only in the development and optimization of specific projects but also in determining the best use of research funds, since the likely gains to be made using advanced technology can be predicted with ease and consistency. S.D. A77-29665 # Costs and decision making. J. C. Wimpenny (Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Ltd., Hatfield, Herts., England). In: Seeds for success in civil aircraft design in the next two decades; Proceedings of the Spring Convention, London, England, May 19, 20, 1976. London, Royal Aeronautical Society, 1976. 31 p.; Discussion, p. K.1, K.2, L.1. 7 refs. As the aircraft industry matures, performance gains come less readily and costs appear to be a much greater determinant of progress. Some of the fundamentals of cost reduction are examined. Since cost reduction must be balanced against product effectiveness and there are major interactions between possible cost levels and sales volume, emphasis is placed on treating the subject in the broader framework of commercial viability. The discussion covers cost reduction areas, market prospect, and investment basis and appraisal. A critical review is presented of the investment decisions needed, many of which are urgent and critically important for the future of the civil transport industry. There are indications of profitable growth potential arising from improvements in air traffic control, airport and ground access, and route networks. S.D. |