A.D.

1518 Luther attends a chapter general of the order of the
Augustines at Heidelburg. He publishes his Paradoxes
there. He is summoned to appear before Cardinal
Cajetan, Pope's Legate at Augsburg. Cajetan demands.
a recantation from Luther. Luther refuses, and appeals
a papa
malè informato ad papam melius informandum.
Mexico discovered. Cortez set out on his expedition to
conquer that country.

Barbarossa is killed fighting against the Spaniards.
Robert Cosin, Thomas Man, Joan Norman, Christopher
Shoomaker, and William Tillesworth, martyrs.

Lorenzo de Medici, Duke of Urbino, married Madeleine
de Boulogne. The fruit of this union was Catherine de
Medici, afterwards Queen of Henry II.

Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan; he passed through the strait called by his name, 1520, and discovered the Manillas, 1521.

Lorenzo de Gomez visits the island of Borneo, and names it Bruné, or Brunai.

The Emperor Maximilian died December 3rd. The last public act of his reign was the convocation of a diet at Augsburgh, for the purpose of reviving a crusade against the infidels, and of obtaining the election of his grandson, Charles, as King of the Romans.

1519 Henry VIII., Francis I., and Charles of Spain, severally proposed themselves as candidates for the German empire. The Electors offered the crown to Frederic of Saxony, whose virtues and abilities had justly procured him the appellation of the Wise. Frederic earnestly exhorted them to elect Charles, who was thus unanimously raised to the Imperial throne, June 28th, 1519, at the age of 19; he was crowned at Aix la Chapelle, October 23. Sultan Baber obtains possession of the Punjaub, and ascends the throne; he established the Timurian dynasty, whose sway prevailed for two centuries.

The Swedes are subdued by Christian, King of Denmark.
Henry VIII., to shew his extraordinary zeal against the
doctrines of Luther, on the reformation, caused six men
and one woman to be burnt at Coventry, for teaching
their children the Lord's prayer, the ten commandments,
and the apostle's creed in the vulgar tongue.
The celebrated discussion at Leipsic, June 27th, between
John Eck and Carolostadt, which lasted seventeen days.
It was upon the doctrine of grace and free will.
Melancthon, who was present, gives an account of this
disputation to his friend, Ecolampadius, at Basle.

A.D.

1519 Luther, in his explanatory letter to the Pope, acknowledges

his authority, and professes respect for the Romish
Church; but absolutely maintains the doctrine of
justification by grace through faith, and the absence of
all merit in good works.

Ulrich Zwingle appears in the character of a reformer,
denouncing ecclesiastical abuses, and teaching a purer
doctrine than that which prevailed in the dominant
church. The Council of Zurich commands all preachers
to teach the pure word of God, according to Holy
Scripture, and to refrain from human additions.
Wolsey, sole Legate of the Pope of Rome, June 29th. He
aspires to the popedom by means of the Emperor. The
King of France and the Emperor equally court Wolsey's
friendship.

Cortez takes Mexico, into which city he was admitted by
Montezuma. He takes the Emperor prisoner.

The first ship that sailed round the earth, and hence
determined its being globular, was Magellan's; he was
a native of Portugal. By keeping a westerly course, he
returned to the same place he had set out from in 1819;
the voyage was completed in 3 years and 29 days.
Scotland divided by two factions, headed by Hamilton
and the Earl of Arran.

1520 Royal Library at Paris founded by Francis I.; it contained 500,000 volumes and 77,000 manuscripts.

The Vatican Library founded in 1446 by Pope Nicholas V., and improved by Sixtus V., 1588; it contained 150,000 volumes and 40,000 manuscripts.

The Imperial Library of Vienna founded by Maximilian I. about 1500; one of the most choice existing.

The Escurial Library at Madrid founded in 1562.

The Library of Florence founded by Cosmo de Medici, 1560 The University Library at Munich contains 400,000 vols. and 10,000 manuscripts.

Gottingen, 300,000 volumes and 6000 manuscripts.

The great Library of the British Museum contains 500,000 volumes and 100,000 manuscripts.

The Bodleian Library at Oxford founded 40 Elizabeth, 1598, containing nearly 400,000 vols. and 30,000 MSS. Soliman II., Emperor of Turkey; he was surnamed the Magnificent. Under him, the Turkish empire attained the summit of its prosperity.

The Emperor Charles V. visits Henry VIII. at Dover. Henry VIII. and Francis I. have an interview at Ardres, at the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," June 7th.

A.D.

1520 Massacre of the Swedish nobility at a feast, by order of Christian II., surnamed "the Nero of the North." Leonardo da Vinci, the Florentine painter, died in the arms of Francis I. Rafaello died upon Good Friday, having upon that day completed his 37th year.

Sir Robert Brudenell, Knight, made Chief Justice of the
Court of Common Pleas.

John Eck goes to Rome. Leo X. appoints him his Nuncio
for the promulgation of the Bull which condemned
Luther. The Bull is published in August. Luther
denounces the papacy as the kingdom of Babylon and
anti-christ. Conference of Miltitz and Luther, in hope
of effecting a reconciliation. Luther published in June,
"an address to the Emperor and the Christian nobility
of the German nation." In August he issued his treatise
"on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church;" and in
October, his treatise on "Christian Liberty." Frederic,
Elector of Saxony, questions Erasmus respecting the
doctrine and proceedings of Luther. Erasmus applauds
Luther's good intentions, but laments his want of
moderation. "Lutherus," said he, "peccat in duobus ;
nempe quod tetegit coronam pontificis, et ventres
monachorum." Luther publicly burns the Papal Bull of
excommunication before the professors and students of
Wittemburg, December 10th.

John Longland, the faithful friend of Wolsey, made Bishop of Lincoln. He consecrated Cranmer, and was one of the composers of "the Institutes of a Christian Man." Orders are issued by Wolsey for the seizure of all heretical books.

The first Geographical Map made in England by Lilly. Musquets were first used at the siege of Rhegen. They were introduced generally into the English army, and bows and arrows laid aside, 12 Henry VIII. The Duke of Alva first brought muskets into use in the Low Countries, 1569.

1521 Henry VII.'s defence of the doctrine of the Seven Sacraments against Luther is sent to Leo X., who confers upon him the title of Defender of the Faith. Pope Leo X. dies. Adrian, Cardinal of Tortosa, tutor of the Emperor, succeeds him, 1522—3.

Diet of Worms. Luther, having refused to retract his doctrines, is conveyed to Wartburg under the protection of Frederic; here he begins his translation of the Bible into German. Edict of Worms, May 28th. It declared

A.D. 1521

Luther a heretic and schismatic, confirmed the sentence of the Pope, and denounced the ban of the empire against all who should defend, maintain, or protect him. Burgundy becomes a circle of the German empire. It falls to Philip II. of Spain, whose tyranny and religious persecutions cause a revolt in the Batavian provinces, 1556.

Melancthon publishes his Loci Communes, a systematic exposition of Luther's doctrine.

Erasmus adopts a middle course between the Romanists
and Lutherans; he dissatisfies both parties.

The principles of the Reformation find entrance into
Denmark, France, and Transylvania; they advance in
Switzerland.

Julius de Medici promoted to the See of Worcester by
Pope Leo X. After the death of Adrian, he became
Pope, under the assumed name of Clement VII.
Loyola, having been wounded at the siege of Pampeluna
in both legs, devoted himself to Theology while under
cure, and renounced the military for the ecclesiastical
profession.

The Duke of Buckingham beheaded, May 17th. His office
of Lord High Constable, which was his by inheritance,
being forfeited to the king, has never been since granted
to any person, otherwise than pro hac vice, and that to
attend at a coronation or trial by combat. The Lord
High Constable is the seventh great officer of state.
Sahhib Kherai, brother of the reigning Khan of Tartary,
advances upon Moscow, and compels the Grand Prince
Basil to pay tribute.

Australasia discovered by Van Dieman about this time.
Soliman, Sultan of Turkey, captures Belgrade.

Ferdinand marries Anne, sister of Louis, King of Hungary.
John III., King of Portugal. He introduced the Inquisition
into his kingdom to repress the Jews.

Cortez takes the town of Mexico, which he sacked and
plundered. He put the captive Emperor to the torture.
Ferdinand Magellan slain in an action with the natives of
Matan, one of the Phillipine islands.

League at Calais between Leo, Charles and Henry, Nov. 19.
First war between Francis I. and Charles V.

1522 Adrian E. raised to the Pontifical Chair, January 9th. Wolsey fails in obtaining the Pontificate.

The Pope sends his Nuncio to the Diet of Nuremburg; he demands the fulfilment of the Edict of Worms, and the

A.D. 1522

assistance of the German Princes against Luther and his friends.

Disorders at Wittemburg. Luther restores moderation and
peace by his sermons and influence. Luther's New
Testament published at Wittemburg. Luther writes.
against Henry VIII. of England.

John Reuchlin, (Capnio) German, "Epistolæ obscurorum
Virorum," dies. He was a learned Hebrew scholar.
Andrew Osiander publishes the Latin Vulgate of the Bible,
corrected by the Hebrew and Greek texts at Nuremburg.
Olaus Petrí, a disciple of Luther, introduced the reformation

into Sweden.

The island of Rhodes is taken from the Knights of S. John about this time, after a gallant defence of six months against an army of 200,000 men. The Knights retire into Candia, thence into Sicily. Adrian VI. granted them the city of Viterbo for their retreat; and in 1530, the Emperor Charles V. gave them the isle of Malta. The Emperor Charles pays a second visit to England, June; he continued in England until July 6th, and was made Knight of the Garter. The Earl of Surrey, admiral of the fleet, conveyed the Emperor to Spain. Parliament met April 15th, and chose Sir Thomas More their Speaker, and granted a supply for the war with France. The Duke of Suffolk forages the country almost as far as Paris. Wolsey takes umbrage at Sir T. More's reply, as Speaker, to his demand for a supply in the House of Commons.

Wolscy was empowered by the new Pope to suppress the lesser monasteries, to enable him to form a college at Ipswich, and another at Oxford.

First work printed in England on Arithmetic, (de arte supputandi) by Tonstal, Bishop of Durham.

Armenia subdued by Soliman II.

The taxes were levied by Doomsday Book, "Liber Judiciarius vel Censualis Angliæ," until 13 Henry VIII., when a more accurate survey was taken, and was called by the people the new Doomsday Book.

1523 Cardinal Giulio de Medici elected Pope of Rome. Wolsey again fails in obtaining the Papal Chair.

Egnatius Loyola undertakes a pilgrimage to Palestine.
Erasmus finishes his Paraphrase of the New Testament.
Public disputation at Zurich, between Zwingle and the
Romanists (Faber of Constance and others). Zwingle
is supported by the Council.

B