to the city or taken from the city upon the pretext of becoming embryo actresses. In the case of a certain ex-prize fighter, who was arrested during a raid upon one of the strongholds of white slavery, the evidence was brought to light that he and another young man procured a consigninent of girls in the city of Chicago, presumably to take them out with a southern musical comedy road company. These girls were sent South in company with a certain Myrtle B, and they ended up in a resort at Beaumont, Texas. Many other cases might be cited to illustrate how easy it is to secure girls to come to the city or leave the city under the guise of putting them upon the stage. Let it be understood, however, that in all of the cases tried nothing has ever been hinted at that would involve any reputable theatrical manager or agency, and the procurers have never been really associated with theatrical managers in any way, but have always falsely paraded under the theatrical mask. Almost all positions alluring to young girls have been used to catch them in the great net these procurers have set for them. We can't blame the girls for being ambitious. We can't blame them for wanting to better their condition in life, and we can't blame them for falling prey to the white slave monster, with its tentacles spread throughout the country ready at every possible chance to clutch them within its grasp. We can only warn them to be more cautious, to investigate carefully before going away from home with people they do not know. Fathers and mothers are too negligent in this regard, and through their laxity and carelessness they have allowed their daughters to be entrapped. They should see to it that the girls, in going to the cities, are surrounded by honest and reputable acquaintances. In one case they contributed directly to the procuring of their daughters by not writing a letter to them as they had promised. The girls who had gone to the post office, turning away from the window downcast and disheartened, were approached by a young man who had noted their sad faces. He said to them: "You appear to be in trouble." answered, "Yes, we expected a letter from home with some money, but we did not receive it. We have been here only two days and are without funds until we receive this letter. We did not get the positions we expected to get and until we find work we have no place to stay."

One

The young man volunteered to find them work. They had fallen into the hands of a procurer, ever on the watch, and were sold into a disorderly house before they knew it, thinking it was at this place they were to obtain work. When the facts in this case were brought to light, the procurer had fled to New York City. Through funds advanced by one of the leading clubs of Chicago and some big hearted police officers the procurer was apprehended, extradited, brought back, tried and convicted.

Through the other well known method, the procurer, by pretending to be in love with his victim, appeals to her vanity and is often successful. Pretending that it is love at first sight and showering flattery upon the girls, they succeed in winning confidence and hearts by the easiest method in the world.

In the early summer of 1907, Mona M, while working at the ribbon counter of one of the Chicago stores, fell in love with handsome Harry B on sight. After an acquaintance of three days she was willing to go away with him to be married. It was the sale of this girl into a disreputable house and her final escape that led to the unearthing of one of the headquarters of the white slave traders and seven of them were arrested in one night, her procurer receiving the longest sentence of them all.

For instance, a recent case, in which two procurers and the man behind the scenes who had hired them, the white slave dealer were all convicted, was an example of securing girls through pretended love. This, the first case under the amendment to the Pandering Act in Illinois, was severely fought in court by two of the men. One of the procurers by the name of Lewis B——— made a confession, telling how the dealer in human souls had hired Jacob J. and himself to go about on the streets and catch girls to be turned over to immoral resorts. The testimony in the case in which they were found guilty will show how successful they were. Two sixteen year-old girls, one picked up by a flirtation in one of Chicago's large summer amusement parks, were sold into captivity. This is one of the most appalling cases that has yet come to our notice. These girls were procured upon promises of marriage and a trip to New York, all of which was fine and grand to them.

So many and varied are the ways of procuring girls that it is quite impossible to tell all of them. Employment agents have been convicted for sending girls out as house servants to immoral places for the ultimate reason of making them inmates in the house. The procurers have masqueraded as graphophone agents, as the sons of bankers, as detective agents looking for women detectives to work for them, and in a very recent letter received from a lady in Massachusetts the story is told how she, as a country girl, went to certain photograph studios in Boston and found that this photographer was a procurer. In a letter setting forth very vividly her experiences she says: "There were girls whom he had found nice fellows for and he would help me to find one and a possible fine marriage. I did not know then that I should have exposed him." She tells of how she eluded this man and when she saw him on the streets afterwards in Boston she would hurry into a store or a hallway and hide from him. She says: "I found afterwards that was really his business, introducing girls that he met in a business way in different studios and other places."

Through information received from letters and many other ways, we are constantly on the lookout for the procurer. One said in a confession: "We use any method to get them. Our business is to land them and we don't care how we do it. If they look easy we tell them of the fine clothes, the diamonds and all the money that they can have. If they

are hard to get we use knock-out drops." His words express the whole idea of the girl auctioneer, "any way to get them for sale."

Schools for manicuring, houses for vapor and electric baths, large steamboats running between the city and summer resorts, amusement parks, the nickel theaters, the waiting rooms in the depots and stores are all haunts and procuring places for the white slave trader. A Chicago girl only a short time ago wrote to one of the daily papers of her experiences on a steamboat going out of Chicago and at one of the nearby summer resorts.

Girls, look out for the pitfalls. Mothers and fathers, you can't afford to let your young daughters leave home with strangers unless you want to send them to ruin. You are unwittingly thereby aiding the white slave traders and aiding in your daughters' downfall. Train the daughters right at home, watch over them, and protect them, and know where they are going and with whom they are going away. They are worthy of your greatest and kindest consideration. Do not be too anxious to make money, or for higher position in the social life at the expense of your daughter. Do not be over ready to cast off the burden of supporting your family by sending your daughter out to earn a livelihood at an early age, lest the price you get be the price of a soul.

By this time everyone is conversant with the terrible tragedy of the St. Paul mine, at Cherry, Illinois. It is unnecessary for the writer to go into details, as we all know how over four hundred brave miners, trapped in the burning mine, suffering from the effects of smoke, fire, and the horrible firedamp, starving for want of food and dying for the want of a few drops of water, calmly laid down and for day after day awaited the kind approach of death. Your local press has

told you how a few dozen of these heroes worked under the most adverse conditions to erect a wall to shut out the fire and smoke, and prolong their other agonies. And how but twenty-one survived the torture and were eventually saved through the heroic rescue work of the volunteer rescuers, some of whom also met death in their efforts to save human life.

of

Now that the horrible tragedy is an issue of the past, kindhearted people are thinking of the results. The fact remains that hundreds women and children are homeless and dependent. The original photographs that are published in conjunction with this article will give the reader but a very meager idea of the sorrows resultant from the calamity.

Happily, however, the physical suffering of these poor women and children was of short duration. The country from coast to coast nobly responded with assistance, and train after train of foodstuffs and medical assistance rolled into the little

pense medicine and food to the homeless ones. Proper credit should also be given for the excellent relief work conducted by the American Red Cross Society under the personal supervision of its director, Ernest P. Bicknell. Having had experience in the past with the earthquakes and fires of San Francisco and Messina, his work was invaluable. At the time of writing the State Factory and Mine Inspectors are at work seeking evidence for child labor suits. They

town of Cherry. The newspapers, churches, unions, societies and kindhearted citizens all lent their financial aid to relieve the suffering of these most unhappy people.

So much for the physical suffering. The mental anguish still remains. Time alone will allay that. Clergymen of all denominations rushed to the scene of the disaster, eager to lend all in their power to cheer the helpless ones, give them spiritual aid, and bury the dead with the proper burial of their respective religions. Credit is due the loyal women of the different churches and societies who opened relief quarters for the unfortunate women and children of Cherrywhere they could take care of the fatherless babes, and dis

believe they have discovered seven direct violations of the Illinois Child Labor Law, and intend to make a formal demand upon the management of the St. Paul Coal Co., the proprietors of the mine, for affidavits in possession of the management of the company relating to the age of boys who have been working for the mine. If the demand is refused the inspectors will consider it an indication that the company has something to conceal. They will then proceed to secure evidence by other

means.

Little Alfred Kroll, whose body was one of those recently brought from the mine, is declared by his sister to have been but fifteen years of age. Many of the boys who have been working in the mine, but fortunately were on the other shift, and thus escaped the terrors of the fire, are providing excellent sources of information for the inspectors.

The State's Attorney has vigorously expressed himself upon the subject when informed as to the boys' ages, although at the present time he can but speak in a hypothetical vein. He declares, however, that should investigations prove that the calamity has been the result of criminal negligence, he shall at least prosecute the company on that count. In the meantime, State Factory Inspector Edgar T. Davies, together with two assistants from his office, is hard at work securing information necessary to start prosecutions at once. The State mine inspector is also making due investigations. Possibly the holocaust of the Cherry mine will do well as an example to arouse the public interest in these children of the mines, whether they are actually employed under ground or not. When one considers that in the State of Illinois alone

A Word Regarding
Christmas

It seems customary in all publications, regardless of class and kind, to put a few frills on the Holiday or Christmas issue. We are in hearty accord of the publishers putting forth extra editions at this time of the year, more especially those that contain fiction, and magazines appealing to the home. The Juvenile Court Record, however, is a paper for the Juvenile Court judge and probation officer, and all those persons inclined toward sociology and philanthropy. These are people that are accustomed to life with the frills off. The purpose of this magazine is only the publication of matter along these lines, and the space is very limited. We have not adorned our pages with holly leaves or Christmas bells, but nevertheless we do not wish our readers to conceive the idea that we are not in favor of recognizing the holidays. We do wish to thank our many readers for their kind appreciation of our efforts, and their assistance during the past year. We wish you all a very joyous Christmas, and a very Happy New Year. THE PUBLISHERS.

there are over one thousand coal mines, that fires in the shafts and levels are of almost daily occurrence, it brings one to a realization of the possible perils that may result from a little negligence for the sake of economy upon the part of the mine operators. In nearly any paper

you can read of fires starting under ground in the various mines of the country, but unless actual life is lost, the newspapers do not give the article prominence.

scene.

The reader cannot realize the sorrow expressed among the citizens of Cherry. No pen or illustration can do justice to the From the center of the crowd, the shaft of the mine, far up the railroad tracks and the country adjacent to the little town, one can see frantic women walking up and down, some hysterical and some dumb with anguish, too dazed to even cry. Here and there are gathered little knots of women and children vainly endeavoring to console one another in their own misfortunes. The hungry are being fed, and those requiring other help, such as medical and financial, are being assisted by the various relief organizations. And the children of Cherry are still fatherless.

Papa Has Gone "Away"

One of the most beneficent legislative acts of 1909 in Hungary is the reform of the system of punishment of juvenile offenders, writes W. B. Forster-Bovill, special correspondent for the Chicago Daily News, from Budapest. The year 1910 will be remembered as a decided epoch in the methods by which juvenile crime is dealt with, for on January 1 the provisions of the new act will come into force. There is no mistaking the fact that the system of probation, provided such is thoroughly and conscientiously carried out by carefully selected, well equipped and sympathetic officers, brings with it untold benefits. Hungary, one of the most advanced of the European countries regarding the treatment of the juvenile offender, having watched the developments in the American cities and in England, decided in its new legislation to grapple more effectually with the question and reduce the possibilities of the manufacture of criminals.

Aims at Radical Reform.

The new act aims at a thoroughly radical reform of the system of dealing with juvenile offenders, and in its progressive spirit does not shrink even from abrogating traditional definitions and from shelving conventional expedients in order to check the most fruitful sources of criminality. It further enlarges the scope of the courts, inasmuch as it gives them not only the power to condemn and acquit, but to take into consideration certain elemental facts of life hitherto outside the domain of the judicial system. What does the new legislation set out to accomplish? Its primary object is the regeneration of children and juveniles threatened by moral depravity.

For instance, it forbids the bringing of an accusation, or, indeed, the employment of any criminal proceedings whatever against children under 12 years of age. What really happens then? Those before whom the child is arraigned-a child guilty of a wrong deed-may hand it over to the individual entitled to exercise domestic discipline, or to the school authorities. Punishment will be either censure or confinement. But if the child appears to be threatened by moral depravity or corruption owing to its environment, the authorities immediately inform the guardians and if necessary it may be sent direct to the nearest state asylum for temporary treatment. If it is proved that offenders between the ages of 12 and 18, owing to a lack of experience of life and of moral maturity, are not accountable for their actions, the law provides for similar treatment. Then there are those who are termed youthful offenders and who are regarded as accountable for their actions owing to adequate moral and intellectual maturity. As to such the new legislation authorizes the courts to take various measures-measures proportionate to the individual qualities of the offender. The fundamental idea of the new act is to individualize offenders. Every circumstance must be seriously considered-the environment of the individual, the crime motive, together with the prisoner's moral condition and inclinations. Therefore, if the accused be found to be suffering from a momentary aberration, or even a minor motive be discovered, those responsible for the administration of justice must content themselves with censuring the act and employ moral punishment. Nothing

must be done to prevent the return of the individual into respectable society.

Three Kinds of Punishment.

The new law prevents three kinds of treatment regarding juvenile offenders responsible for their actions: 1. Censure. 2. Release on trial. 3. Confinement in a reformatory. Those of a susceptible turn of mind and unsullied character, but whose frivolity or thoughtlessness has led them astray, are to be censured. Everything is being done in Hungary to bring the budding criminal under remedial legislation and to help those unfortunate young bereft of parental guidance or devoid of stability of character. Hungary cares for its young. Prisoners who have not reached their 18th year are handed over to a single judge and one specially selected. All such trials must take place in a separate room and where possible outside the official building. Special waiting rooms must be provided for the young and in no case must the juvenile come into contact with the adults.

Imprisonment during trial or confinement prior to trial is to be at one of the state reformatories and in the prison.. Particular care is to be taken that no minors are admitted to the court where criminal cases are being tried.

Such are some of the features of the new legislation which is calculated to reduce crime in Hungary. It is considered a pity, however, that more has not been done to reduce the "white slave" traffic which is so prominent in Hungary. Criminologists, however, are grateful for the steps taken by Hungary to protect the juvenile criminal and to provide a better way for the erring young by means of the 1910 legislation.

♡

V

FELLOWSHIP.

When a man ain't got a cent,
An' he's feeling kind of blue,
An' the clouds hang dark and heavy,
An' won't let the sunshine through,
It's a great thing, O my brethren,
For a fellow just to lay
His hand upon your shoulder,
In a friendly sort of way.
It makes a man feel queerish;
It makes the teardrops start,
An' you sort of feel a flutter
In the region of your heart;
You can't look up and meet his eyes,
You don't know what to say,
When his hand is on your shoulder
In a friendly sort of way.

O, the world's a curious compound,
With its honey and its gall,
With its care and bitter crosses;

But a good world after all.

An' a good God must have made itLeastwise, that is what I say,

When a hand is on your shoulder

In a friendly sort of way.

-James Whitcomb Riley.

Incorrigibles

Hastings H. Hart, LL. D., Director of the Russell Sage Foundation, Discusses Juvenile Delinquency

"It is the refusal of society to recognize a child as a criminal that is putting the cases of delinquents and incorrigibles out of the jurisdiction of our courts, and justly so, for no jurisprudence recognizes that a child of seven, eight or nine years of age can be a criminal with criminal intent, nor can it be amenable for its actions," states Dr. Hart. He further believes that some form of home life is most essential in the rearing of the child and that poverty should be no bar to keeping the home intact in some manner.

Means should be found to enable mothers who are capable of rearing children, or who are morally fit for the task, to maintain her family intact. In the event that it is impossible for any reason to keep them at home, or should there be no home, homes should be found with foster parents where they could be at all times subject to home influences.

In the event that it is impossible to place children in a private family, and the child to be placed in an institution, it is recommended that not more than twenty-five children be kept in any one institution, and that everything be made to represent home life, and that general family conditions be preserved as far as possible. Children should not be farmed out to accidential guardianships, nor should they be placed in any home or institution unless the said institution or home has the sanction of the State Board of Charities and Corrections.

Among the points brought out by Dr. Hart was one that is causing a great deal of talk throughout the East, that the delinquents and dependents of the United States are to be under the supervision of the State Charity Boards at all times, and also under the supervision of the public school authorities.

Speaking further of the matter of guardianship, he says: "The question of guardianship is no new thing in jurisprudence. We will suppose that the young child's father dies and leaves it a sum of money. The child has no natural guardian, and immediately the Probate Court steps in and appoints a guardian for it, the guardian is put under a heavy bond and dare not spend one cent of that money without the court's order. It is considered a sacred duty to guard the money of the child until he shall have become of age.

Children Without Guardians.

"But suppose the father dies destitute, does the court step in and appoint a guardian for the child? I don't remember of it. There is no question about sacred rights because there is no sacred money involved. The guardianship of the child is perhaps vested in the policeman on the beat or to some accidental or self-constituted guardian. Modern jurisprudence and society together have come to recognize in the child a commercial element worth conserving, one that is a potential element and one that will be a productive factor."

Dr. Hart went on to state that the commercial value of the child used to be, say, $25, and even higher when he was young. That the price paid was based upon the usefulness of the person and the returns that could be secured from such a purchase. That the child to-day has the same commercial value, that it has the same constructive elements if properly trained. Aside from this, the child has a soul to be preserved. If this child is neglected it ceases to become a productive element in the world's eyes, and is then a de

structive element, and if the entire proposition were stripped of sentiment and viewed from a purely selfish motive this fact alone would warrant the Juvenile Court and the State Board of Corrections from taking a hand in the bringing up of the child.

He spoke of the difference in the method of approach on the question of criminality and incorrigibility. With the child criminal he is arrested on a warrant charging him with a specific offense. He is brought before the court, and there is a prosecutor who has a legal reputation for convictions at stake. The indictment for the child is the "State vs. John Jones." There is nobody for the child. It is the duty of the prosecutor to get a conviction. That is his office. The judge is supposed to have no interest in the case. He hears the evidence and the legal aspect is always to the fore. The child is in the felon's class. After his arrest he is obliged to await for his trial in a cell crowded with those graduated in crime, and what he does not know about crime he can very soon learn from those skilled or steeped in it.

Juvenile Court Procedure.

When the Juvenile Court takes possession of the child the procedure was entirely different. There was no indictment and no arrest. There was a complaint filed that the child was an incorrigible and a delinquent. The summons was issued in lieu of a warrant, and to the parent or guardian of the child. When he appeared in the court the case was put in the hands of a probation officer. As stated before, the child was said to be a delinquent or dependent. There could be a jury trial if necessary, but the jury could not say guilty or not guilty, but simply decide that the child was or was not delinquent. There is no prosecutor and it is a case of "the State pro John Jones" instead of versus John Jones. The officer of probation is not standing before the child in the attitude of a witness. In the criminal case he has arrested some one on the presumption that he has violated the law, but in this instance he has simply endeavored to discover what the surroundings of the child are, what led him to be delinquent or incorrigible, his associates, his parentage, etc. So, if he is the right kind of an officer he is the friend of the delinquent. The guilt of the child is not tried; there is merely an effort made to fathom a condition. In this connection Dr. Hart said:

"Ofttimes the parent brings the child into the court room with that injured air as if to plead with the officers to do something for his incorrigible boy. He can do nothing with him; he keeps the company of worthless boys, he drinks, he smokes or steals and stays out late of nights and won't work. The court takes the boy personally and gets into the life. The boy admits that he is bad; that he does those things. He did steal the apples and he did break the windows. The judge then gets after his home life; he finds out why he stays out late, why he doesn't stay more at home. Then suddenly the father finds himself on the rack. Why does he drink? Why doesn't he quit rushing the can and support his family? Why doesn't he send the boy to school? Why doesn't he make a home that is fit for a growing lad to live in? Often when an incorrigible boy is brought into the court it is the father that is put on probation instead of the child. It is the question of getting into the atmosphere that creates the condition of delinquency or incorrigibility that is the great work of the Juvenile Court. The man who grows up with an education, in the midst of wealth and then with all the good examples about him, and the chances to do things in this world falls down, is more reprehensible than the one who has for example a drunken father, an immoral mother, a lazy, good for nothing parentage and with nothing of the home atmosphere to back him. The correction of condition will do much to eliminate the delinquent.