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Some written agreements which outline the political contours of space are reviewed for the models they set for future international space activities. Particular attention is given to the Intelsat agreement and to bilateral agreements between the USSR and the United States, such as the agreements on cooperation in the field of environmental protection, in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and in the fields of medical science and public health and of science and technology. It is submitted that, although the monopoly of space technology of U.S. and USSR leads to the line of least diplomatic resistance, which is bilateralism, the larger significance of planetary exploration and near-space scientific studies and environmental monitoring requires a multilateral approach. V.P.

A74-33613 # Legal problems of sustaining manned spaceflights, space stations, and lunar communities through private initiative and non-public funding. G. S. Robinson. In: Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space, 15th, Vienna, Austria, October 8-15, 1972, Proceedings. Davis, Calif., University of California; South Hackensack, N.J., Fred B. Rothman and Co., 1973, p. 214-229. 12 refs.

adherence to these policies was a major factor in the successful J.K.K. completion of the program.

A74-34857 # Data management during the Navy perfor mance test and evaluation of the F-14A airplane. W. M. Branch (U.S. Navy, Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Md.). In: Flight testing today 1973; Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium, Las Vegas, Nev., August 21-23, 1973. California,

Md., Society of Flight Test Engineers, 1973. 7 p.

The tasks of the Naval Air Test Center with regard to the F-14A performance include the evaluation of the total system performance and the provision of Navy flight test data to decision making agencies. Flight test data for the generation of performance charts for the fleet are also to be provided. The test aircraft and the employed instrumentation are discussed along with questions of test methodology and program management, aspects of data acquisition, and details concerning the test maneuvers. G.R.

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A74-34319*

The effects of techno-economic and organiza tional factors on the adoption of NASA-innovations by commercial firms in the U.S. A. K. Chakrabarti (Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.). In: Academy of Management, Annual Meeting, 33rd, Boston, Mass., August 19-22, 1973, Proceedings. Tampa, Fla., R. D. Henderson, University of Tampa, 1974, p. 469-475. 10 refs. NASA-Army-supported research.

The present work reports on the effects of several organizational and techno-economic factors which tend to facilitate or inhibit the successful transfer and commercial utilization of technology generated outside the organizational setting of a potential industrial user. Innovations were regarded as either product cases or process cases, and successful adoption of these innovations was related to systematic data on the relation between innovator and user and on channels of communication.

A74-34762

P.T.H.

Twenty commandments for managing the development of tactical computer programs. J. A. Ward (U.S. Navy, Ordnance Systems Command, Arlington, Va.). In: National Computer Conference and Exposition, Chicago, Ill., May 6-10, 1974, Proceedings. Montvale, N.J., AFIPS Press, 1974,

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A74-34876

The contribution of civil aviation to the economic strength and well-being of the UK /29th British Commonwealth Lecture/. Mr. Boyd-Carpenter (Civil Aviation Authority, London, England). Aeronautical Journal, vol. 78, May 1974, p. 181-184.

It is maintained that civil aviation in the UK plays a considerable role in the economic life of that country and that it will play an even more important role in the future. It is asserted that Britain increasingly lacks competitive advantages in heavy manufacturing industry, which means that she will be forced to rely more and more on performance in the so-called service industries, of which air travel and air cargo form an essential part. It is pointed out, for example, that last year, Heathrow became Britain's second largest cargo port, behind the Port of London. P.T.H.

A74-34929
F-14, A-6 assembly woes seen easing. W. H.
Gregory. Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 100, July 1,
1974, p. 34-38.

Evaluation of the current state of Navy F-14 and A-6 aircraft assembly and delivery schedules at the Grumman Calverton facility indicates an improvement of the production cost and output situation in the final stage of the assembly process. The efforts made to correct the crisis situation which existed heretofore are reviewed. V.Z.

A74-34930
Task kits help to speed F-14 deliveries. W. H.
Gregory. Aviation Week and Space Technology, vol. 101, July 8,
1974, p. 36, 37, 40-43, 45.

The use of task kits was one of the approaches used in a reorganization of the assembly procedure of the Navy F-14 Tomcat fighter. Other improvements introduced in connection with the reorganization include advances in wiring procedures, approaches for eliminating fuel leaks, and solutions to reduce the number of avionics black box failures. A change that smoothed the work flow at least indirectly was to move air hoses and electrical lines underground. G.R.

A74-34992
FAA aircraft retrofit feasibility program. J. F.
Woodall (FAA, Washington, D.C.). Society of Automotive Engineers,
Air Transportation Meeting, Dallas, Tex., Apr. 30-May 2, 1974,
Paper 740489. 11 p. Members, $1.40; nonmembers, $2.25.

The FAA retrofit feasibility program is a success story. The cooperation of the aircraft industry in general, and the FAA's contractors in particular have made the success of the program possible. We can now state that all JT3D- and JT8D-powered aircraft can meet reduced noise levels, such as FAR 36 levels, by means of technologically feasible and economically reasonable nacelle retrofit

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Organizational stems and methods of trea pc planning of scientific ward and development Sumes: OrganZatsiorive asternu・ metody repcheskogo plamırovania tauchttuko sledovani beror Cher! Curces Avonatka Teemermanika. Vai F41 DQ I" as in Russian.

The present care and man tends ʼn te mourion of organiza tonal systems and methods or tragic planning or wearch and develcoment are discussed and a survey of iterature in this fed s presented. Woden planning methods are given two main casifica Dans methods of project evaluation, and 2 methods for determining means of attaining the desired joas.

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T. C. Shupert (Martin Marietta Aerospace, Denver, Colo.). In: Cost effectiveness in the environmental sciences; Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 28-May 1, 1974. Mount Prospect, Ill., Institute of Environmental

Sciences, 1974, p. 133-137. 9 refs. Contract No. NAS1-9000.

The economic aspects of thermal testing at the systems-level as applied to the Viking Lander Capsule thermal development program are reviewed. The unique mission profile and pioneering scientific goals of Viking imposed novel requirements on testing, including the development of a simulation technique for the Martian thermal environment. The selected approach included modifications of an existing conventional thermal vacuum facility, and improved testoperational techniques that are applicable to the simulation of the other mission phases as well, thereby contributing significantly to the cost effectiveness of the overall thermal test program. (Author)

A74-36035

Cost effective tests - Or, 'more bang for the buck'. B. C. Moore (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Huntington Beach, Calif.). In: Cost effectiveness in the environmental sciences; Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 28-May 1, 1974. › Mount Prospect, III., Institute of Environmental Sciences, 1974, p. 378, 379. The cooperative method of developing a test plan is a fluid, dynamic interaction between customer and laboratory. During this interactive process, many areas are discussed having to do with the customer's objecti and expectations for the test, and the capabilities of the laboratory to meet these. When test planning is approached as a cooperative creative process, significant savings can be achieved, as compared to the best efforts of the parties working separately. Costly surprises during the test can be reduced by a systematic estimate of the uncertainties ahead.

A74-36137 #

F.R.L.

Operational and accidental petroleum product losses and their control and prevention /2nd revised and enlarged edition/ (Ekspluatatsionnye i avariinye poteri nefteproduktov i bor'ba s nimi /2nd revised and enlarged edition/). N. D. Ivanov. Leningrad, Izdatel'stvo Nedra, 1973. 160 p. 41 refs. In Russian.

This book discusses petroleum product losses during storage, transportation, delivery and handling as such losses take place according to experience in concerned Soviet industries. Vaporization, leakage, spillage, oxidation, and accidental losses are covered, pointing out their significant level in the Soviet Union. Indicated as measures for control and prevention of losses are the reduction of the gas-filled space in storage tanks, the use of tanks with floating covers, the reduction of storage temperature fluctuation, the use of high pressure containers, and improved pumping system designs. V.Z.

A74-36335 # Growing federal support for solar energy applications. L. O. Herwig (National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.). In: The energy crisis and energy from the sun; Proceedings of the Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization, Washington, D.C., April 30, 1974. Mount Prospect, Ill., Institute of Environmental Sciences, 1974, p. 93-103.

The general objectives of the Federal Solar Energy Program are described as ones intended to provide the research and technology for economic terrestrial solar energy applications with the implementation of practical systems for commercial uses within the framework of national energy planning. The Program covers the following specific solar energy applications and technologies: heating and cooling of buildings, solar thermal energy conversion, photovoltaic conversion, biomass production and conversion, wind energy conversion, and ocean thermal energy conversion. It is believed that solar energy applications such as heating and cooling of buildings, wind energy conversion and biomass production and conversion will have impact on U.S. energy requirements by the early 1980's.

V.Z.

A74-36597

0-0-1% - Q. A. by objectives. J. M. Gooch (Bell Helicopter Co., Fort Worth, Tex.). American Helicopter Society, Annual National V/STOL Forum, 30th, Washington, D.C., May 7-9, 1974, Preprint 851. 5 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00.

A special audit concept is presented that provides the objectives and feedback methods for independent quality assurance. This 0-0-1% audit scheme is shown to have proven to be a good management tool, one which makes possible an accurate judgment of the product performance of primary part producers. M.V.E.

A74-36600

Helicopter reliability testing. T. L. House (U.S. Army, Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, Va.). American Helicopter Society, Annual National V/STOL Forum, 30th, Washington, D.C., May 7-9, 1974, Preprint 860. 14 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00.

Review of the technical and management issues related to helicopter reliability development testing. Special attention is given to the impact of reliability on life cycle cost, and how issues such as fleet size, program schedule, and test technique effectiveness contribute to decisions regarding development test requirements. The risk of errors in judgments is also discussed. M.V.E.

A74-37533 #

Development of noise-reduction concepts for the 707 airplane. M. D. Nelsen (Boeing Co., Wichita, Kan.) and V. E. Callaway (Boeing Commercial Airplane Co., Seattle, Wash.). Acoustical Society of America, Meeting, 87th, New York, N. Y., Apr. 23-26, 1974, Paper. 9 p. 14 refs. Research sponsored by the Boeing Co.; U.S. Department of Transportation Contract No. FA71WA-2728.

Flyover noise characteristics are presented for the Boeing 707-300B/C equipped with standard production nacelles and with experimental quiet nacelles modified by the addition of soundabsorbing materials. Acoustic treatment theory and technology development concepts required to develop the quiet nacelles are discussed. Results from, and techniques for, noise certification flight testing to meet FAA regulations are presented. Comparisons of noise levels of a modified 707 aircraft, noise floors, and noise from other operational aircraft are provided. (Author)

A74-37534 #

Aircraft noise retrofit feasibility program results and applications. R. J. Koenig (FAA, Systems Research and Development Service, Washington, D.C.). Acoustical Society of America, Meeting, 87th, New York, N. Y., Apr. 23-26, 1974, Paper. 10 p. 11 refs.

Government/Industry cooperation has led to a successful noise retrofit feasibility program. Technologically feasible, economically reasonable solutions are available for the problem of quieting the JT3D and JT8D powered aircraft fleet. Results previously presented are reviewed and their potential applications are covered. Attention is given to FAA rule making activity directed toward implementation of retrofit. Acoustic treatment of nacelle inlets and exhaust ducts proved to be effective in attainment of FAA lower acoustic goals.

F.R.L.

A74-37535 # Aircraft noise retrofit feasibility program objectives and scope. R. J. Koenig (FAA, Systems Research and Development Service, Washington, D.C.). Acoustical Society of America, Meeting, 87th, New York, N. Y., Apr. 23-26, 1974, Paper. 10 p. FAA-sponsored research.

Government and the air transport industry have been faced with the problem of quieting existing low-bypass-ratio turbofan-powered aircraft which constitute nearly 90% of the current U.S. air carrier fleet. A description is given of the FAA-sponsored retrofit feasibility program and related NASA and industry-funded efforts. The program was designed to provide test data for use in determining whether the older-design aircraft could be modified for meaningful noise reduction. The modifications were required to be technologically practicable, economically reasonable, and appropriate for the

aircraft type. The program included ground and flight tests of flight-weight hardware capable of airworthiness certification. (Author)

A74-37546 #

Development of noise-reduction concepts for 727 and 737 airplanes. C. L. Arctander, C. G. Hodge, and R. B. Tate (Boeing Commercial Airplane Co., Seattle, Wash.). Acoustical Society of America, Meeting, 87th, New York, N. Y., Apr. 23-26, 1974, Paper. 16 p. 9 refs.

A review is given of various noise-reduction concepts pertinent to JT8D-powered 727 and 737 airplanes, with emphasis on acoustic technology. Two jet noise suppression concepts aimed at further 727 noise reduction are discussed. An ejector/suppressor concept that has been demonstrated in an FAA-sponsored ground and flight test program is shown to achieve 6 to 8 EPNdB suppression of jet noise at engine takeoff power. Airplane performance penalties, however, have precluded production application of this configuration. The refan concept, currently under development on a NASA contract, involves JT8D engine modifications to incorporate a higher work-extraction fan. This modification realizes lower jet noise that, when coupled with extensive acoustic treatment, results in significant noise reductions with a minimum impact on airplane performance.

(Author)

A74-37548* # Noise reduction programs for DC-8 and DC-9 airplanes. R. L. Frasca (Douglas Aircraft Co., Long Beach, Calif.). Acoustical Society of America, Meeting, 87th, New York, N. Y., Apr. 23-26, 1974, Paper. 18 p. 12 refs. Research supported by the Douglas Aircraft Co.; U.S. Department of Transportation Contracts No. FA72WA-3116; No. FA73WA-3161; Contracts No. NAS316814; No. NAS3-17841.

A summary review is presented of the results of current and recently completed noise-reduction programs for DC-8 and DC-9 airplanes. The relationship of these programs to other efforts by Douglas to develop quieter CTOL airplanes is briefly outlined. The engine/nacelle concepts studied were: (1) application of nacelle acoustic treatment, (2) variable-area exhaust nozzles, (3) jet exhaust noise suppressors, and (4) engines with larger-diameter new front fans. Acoustic analyses leading to the selection of certain engine/ nacelle configurations are described, as well as design constraints which limit the noise reduction capability of certain designs. Acoustic design features of the modified engine/nacelles are discussed along with estimates of the changes in aircraft community noise levels, as well as estimates of the changes in aircraft weight, performance, cost, and operational restrictions. (Author)

A74-37655 #

A dynamic model of interacting commercial units (Dinamicheskaia model' vzaim odeistvuiushchikh ekonomicheskikh ob'ektov). T. K. Sirazetdinov and S. K. Dzhaksybaev. Aviatsionnaia Tekhnika, vol. 17, no. 1, 1974, p. 25-30. In Russian.

A mathematical description is given for a production process performed by an industrial system consisting of n interacting units with set input and output characteristics. Expressions are derived to interrelate the output capacity, the total amount of input resources, the total working capital expenditure and the product output per unit time in one component unit of a multiunit industrial or commercial system. Particular attention is given to a mathematical model of the development of a two-unit commercial production system. The mathematical problem involved is reduced to the solution of the Cauchy problem of a system of ordinary differential equations.

A74-37834 * #

V.Z.

Configuration management during transition for a powered lift STOL aircraft. W. A. Johnson and S. J. Craig

(Systems Technology, Inc., Hawthorne, Calif.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Mechanics and Control of Flight Conference, Anaheim, Calif., Aug. 5-9, 1974, Paper 74-836. 6 p. 5 refs. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00. Contract No. NAS26441.

Presented in this paper are the analytical and moving-base simulation results of a study to improve flight safety and operations of V/STOL type aircraft. One of the more significant and novel aspects of the work accomplished has been the concept and implementation of a configuration management flight control system designed to take the guesswork out of, and improve the operational safety of, transition flight in the region from cruise to STOL.

A74-37894 #

(Author)

Impact of new MIL-F-9490D requirements on future flight control developments. J. L. Townsend (Boeing Co., Wichita, Kan.) and P. E. Blatt (USAF, Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Mechanics and Control of Flight Conference, Anaheim, Calif., Aug. 5-9, 1974, Paper 74-914. 7 p. 9 refs. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00. Contract No. F33615-72-C-1090.

The task objective was to develop a general purpose quantitative flight control specification having long-term applicability for all Air Force piloted aircraft. These aircraft span the entire range of fighters, transports, bombers, trainers, STOL, VTOL, helicopters, and utility vehicles. Mechanizations span the gamut of mechanical, electrical (both analog and digital), hydraulic, pneumatic, and optical designs with many combinations of elements. Requirements were to be specified in such a way as to provide maximum designer freedom for design, since progressive improvement in the state-of-the-art is desired. At the same time, quantitative system requirements (safety, mission reliability, stability margins, failure transients, AFCS modes, etc.) were to be established based on state-of-the-art knowledge. Past experience and recent technology development programs formulate these state-of-the-art requirements. F.R.L.

A74-38049 #

Air transport. Volume 3 (Vozdushnyi transport. Volume 3). Z. P. Rumiantseva and N. G. Savusia. Moscow, VINITI, 1973. 132 p. 105 refs. In Russian.

The technical and economic aspects of the development of air transportation are reviewed, and methods of predicting air transportation over 10 to 15 year periods are discussed. The current status and developmental trends of passenger aircraft are reviewed. The irregularity and inconsistency characterizing the development of civil aviation during the past decade are noted, along with the competitive struggle for markets between regular airlines and charter organizations of the western world, and the economic integration and cooperation between individual airlines. V.P.

A74-38067

Computer analysis of airfield operations. R. Horonjeff (California, University, Berkeley, Calif.) and D. Maddison. Airport Forum, vol. 4, June 1974, p. 41-44, 46, 47, 49, 50. In English and German.

In connection with a major expansion of the apron-gate area at San Francisco International Airport the number of aircraft gates will be increased from 56 to about 90. Two alternate plans were developed for increasing the number of gates. A computer-simulation approach was used for obtaining data regarding the performance of the two terminal schemes. The computer simulation was to provide information concerning the magnitude of aircraft delays, the cause of these delays, and lengths of the lines of waiting passengers. The results of the computer simulation were one of a number of factors which led to the selection of one of the two schemes being considered. G.R.

organizations must jointly develop the necessary financing and planning machinery on a global basis to ensure that advanced technology is effectively exploited. The capabilities and activities of the Intelsat organization and of the British Commonwealth telecommunications organization in this area are delineated. T.M.

A74-27835 # Philippine domestic satellite system. G. Cheadle (Philippine Overseas Telecommunications Corp., Washington, D.C.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Communications Satellite Systems Conference, 5th, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 22-24, 1974, Paper 74-491. 4 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00.

The Philippines needs to expand its domestic telecommunications capabilities and augment the amount and types of services provided. In particular, educational television is needed by the many schools in remote areas. It appears that a domestic satellite system would be the quickest and most economical solution. Three main questions are discussed: (1) what types of service at which locations should be provided; (2) what is the best overall technical, operational, and economic approach; and (3) how can the project be financed. (Author)

A74-28501 # Management problems in European projects with regard to the geographical distribution of tasks. H. Tolle (ERNO Raumfahrttechnik GmbH, Bremen, West Germany). (British Interplanetary Society, European Space Symposium on International Collaboration in Space, 13th, London, England, June 25-27, 1973.) British Interplanetary Society, Journal, vol. 27, May 1974, p. 321-327.

The paper reviews the problems introduced into European space projects by the requirement for a geographical distribution of work in agreement with the funding of the project through the European nations involved. It recommends on the basis of some examples a flexible and generous handling of geographical distribution boundaries and an early commitment of the European countries in the case of new projects. (Author)

viable satellite communications network during the next two years. The new operations plan calls for start of communications services in July 1974 using leased satellite capacity. The second phase will be initiated in 1977 with the launch of the ASC satellites which will incorporate both 6/4 GHz and 14/12 GHz transponders. Aspects of system performance are considered together with the earth segment, the space segment, dedicated customer-site earth stations, and ASC future plans. G.R.

A74-28613 #
Design of a ground control system to operate
domestic and maritime satellites. A. J. E. van Hover and W. J.
Gribbin (COMSAT General Corp., Washington, D.C.). American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Communications Satellite
Systems Conference, 5th, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 22-24, 1974,
Paper 74-483. 9 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00.

An integrated and automated Tracking, Telemetry and Command (TT&C) Ground System was designed for the Comsat General Domestic and Maritime Satellite Systems. The TT&C earth stations, processing equipment, System Control Center, computer facilities and communication links are described as well as the system design criteria. Tradeoffs of manning versus automation, capital versus operating costs and innovation versus use of known technology are analyzed. General telemetry data management and reduction philosophies are addressed. (Author)

A74-28675 # One of a kind spacecraft designed to a cost. E. Offenhartz (Grumman Aerospace Corp., Bethpage, N.Y.). Defense Management Journal, vol. 10, Apr. 1974, p. 24-28.

The program considered is concerned with the achievement of maximum performance for a fixed development cost. A typical spacecraft cost distribution and breakout is shown. The system development approach employed uses a disciplined multiskilled team to translate customer mission and functional requirement into configuration definitions. Relations with the suppliers are discussed together with questions of budget control and customer influence.

G.R.

A74-28572
State versus federal regulation of commercial
aeronautics. R. F. Maris. Journal of Air Law and Commerce, vol. 39,
Autumn 1973, p. 521-557. 215 refs.

Current federal legislation in the field of air law is dominated by the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. The primary stimulus for its enactment was the undesirable state into which the quality of safety regulation of aeronautics had fallen. Since Congress has the constitutional right to regulate all interstate commerce, and since the aeronautics industry is essentially interstate, it is natural that an area of contention would be whether air safety, and now recently, environmental protection, are so intertwined with the commercial aspect of air transportation as to preclude any state regulation in these areas. In addition, federal domination of the area of airspace control is not matched by control in the economic realm. Rather, it seems that the intent of Congress has been to allow a certain degree of concurrent state authority, which has generated a tremendous amount of uncertainty and litigation since no consistent pattern of federal-state regulation has been articulated. The present work maintains that the distinction between rates and certification, on the one hand, and routes and services on the other, is illogical and should be ended.

P.T.H.

A74-28726

The national microwave landing system /MLS/. J. W. Edwards (FAA, Microwave Landing System Div.). Society of Automotive Engineers, Business Aircraft Meeting, Wichita, Kan., Apr. 2-5, 1974, Paper 740345. 9 p. Members, $1.25; nonmembers, $2.00.

The microwave landing system (MLS) is being developed as the next generation approach and landing system to replace the present worldwide instrument landing system (ILS). In order to satisfy diverse users such as civil and military aviation and conventional and V/STOL aircraft, the MLS employs compatible modular configurations. The five-year National MLS Development Program, half over, has just completed a hardware feasibility demonstration phase, is about to choose the best technique, either scanning beam or Doppler scan, and in the next phase will select a single national system from among competing contractors. Operational advantages provided by the MLS include far greater flying precision and flexibility, including curved or segmented approaches in three dimensions; and flare guidance for all-weather automatic landing capability, resulting in greater safety while increasing airport capacities. (Author)

A74-28612 #

The American satellite communications system. S. Ashton and D. Silverman (American Satellite Corp., Germantown, Md.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Communications Satellite Systems Conference, 5th, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 22-24, 1974, Paper 74-482. 8 p. Members, $1.50; nonmembers, $2.00.

The American Satellite Corporation (ASC) plans to build a

A74-28738

The background to propeller airplane noise regulations. E. W. Sellman (FAA, Office of Environmental Quality, Oklahoma City, Okla.). Society of Automotive Engineers, Business Aircraft Meeting, Wichita, Kan., Apr. 25, 1974, Paper 740361.8 p. 6 refs. Members, $1.25; nonmembers, $2.00.

Outline of the development of noise standards applicable to light, propeller-driven aircraft. The new noise abatement standards required under the Noise Control Act of 1972 are discussed in regard

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