Warren I. Finch. Arthur P. Butler, Jr. Frank C. Armstong, and Albert E. Weissenborn In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 456-468 refs Uranium is an important energy resource, and even though the demand for its use in nuclear-powered electrical generators was only moderate in 1972, near-future needs are expected to be very great. In the United States, large exploitable deposits are found chiefly in sandstone and associated rocks. In other parts of the world, large deposits are mainly in quartz-pebble conglomerate of early Precambrian age and in veins. Domestic resources recoverable at present prices totaled about 273,000 tons of U308 at the end of 1971, and the total for all countries reporting resources is about 1.6 million tons of U308 These supplies are sufficient to last into the 1980's Needs beyond 1980 are so great that tremendous efforts in exploration, and research in ore-finding techniques, will be required to discover new recoverable resources Author N74-15258 Geological Survey. Washington, DC Mortimer H Staatz and Jerry C Olson In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 468-476 refs Although the current demand for thorium is small, future needs may be large as a fuel for nuclear generators. The occurrence of thorium is widespread, and large deposits are found in beach and fluviatile placers. veins, sedimentary rocks, alkalic igneous rocks, and carbonatities Thorium has been produced principally from monazite from beach and fluviatile placers, although in the 1950's and early 1960's monazite from a unique vein in South Africa was the chief source. In the early 1970's monazite was recovered principally as a byproduct of titanium or tin mining in India, Brazil, Australia, and Malaysia. A large thorium resource in the conglomerates at the Elliot Lake uranium mines. Canada, could become an important byproduct if demand increases Thorium resources are not well known because of the small demand, but are sufficient for many years in the future. The development of a variable domestic thorium mining industry is dependent on a large enough increase in demand to exceed the amount obtainable as byproducts from other types of deposits. The physical characteristics of peat that are important to modern uses are related to the geologic and physiographic settings of the deposits Research on methods of prospecting for peat focuses on establishing geologic controls for the types of peat defined in the classification adopted by the American Society for Testing and Materials in 1969. This new classification is designed principally to characterize different types of peat by means of such physical properties as amount, kind, and size of fibers and quantity of ash One or more types of peat occur in all but about 8 of the 50 States in magnitudes ranging from hundreds of thousands to tens of billions of tons. The demand for specific physical qualities in peat related to modern uses and to standards for sales is largely responsible for national consumption of more peat than is produced domestically. Author N74-15262 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS James B Cathcart and R A. Gulbrandsen In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 515-525 refs Phosphorus, an element essential to plant growth, is found in igneous apatite, guano or related deposits, and marine phosphorite Most of the United States and the world's reserves and resources are in the marine phosphorite deposits which also account for about 75 percent of the total production. Marine phosphorite deposits, known throughout the world in rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Holocene, form in basins away from sources of abundant clastic material in warm latitudes in areas of upwelling water. Because most of the sedimentary basins are known and phosphate occurs in many of them, resources are classed as identified or as hypothetical Speculative resources form only a minor part of the total. However, identified resources of the world are measured in billions of tons of contained phosphorus and hypothetical resources are probably many times Autho' as great N74-15264 Geological Survey, Washington, DC. Norman J Page. Allen L. Clark, George A. Desborough, and p 537-545 refs Platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, and ruthenium are the platinum-group metals. Platinum and palladium are the most abundant of this group. but all these metals are essential to modern industry where their applications are based on their catalytic properties, electrical conductivity, and resistance to chemical corrosion, heat, and oxidation. About 1.3 million ounces per year of platinum-group metals are consumed in the United States (1) by electrical manufacturers as electrical contacts in high-precision instruments and insoluble anodes for metallurgical processing (2) by the chemical industry as catalytic gauze for oxidation of ammonia and the manufacture of nitric acid; (3) in petroleum refining as a catalyst to produce high-octane gasoline; (4) in dental and medical devices; (5) in decorative arts and jewelry; and (6) as spinnerettes used in manufacturing glass and synthetic fibers Author N74-15265 Geological Survey. Washington, DC. RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS John W Adams and Mortimer H Staatz In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 547-556 refs The rare-earth metals, which include yttrium and the lanthanides, consist of a group of geochemically related elements that have become of increasing economic interest, largely on the basis of their physical rather than their chemical properties. Their greatest present use is in petroleum-cracking catalysts, but they are also extensively used in the glass and ceramics industries, in iron and steel production, and in the manufacture of electronic devices. Some members of the group are relatively abundant in the earth's crust, but minable concentrations are uncommon. Bastnaesite, a rare-earth fluocarbonate, and monazite, a rare-earth phosphate, are the two important ore minerals. Bastnaesite is mined extensively from carbonatite in California, and monazite is recovered largely from placer deposits in various parts of the world. The rare earths are present in many other minerals, either as essential constituents or as substituted constituents. Author N74-15266 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. R. U. King In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 557-559 refs Rhenium, a rare element that has only recently come into significant industrial use, has properties excellently suited for application as a refractory metal, as an alloying element, in high-temperature thermocouples, in electronic components, and as a catalyst in petroleum refining. Rhenium is obtained from molybdenite that is recovered as a byproduct of copper production, and the supply of rhenium, as well as the world resources of rhenium is therefore closely tied in with the world's resources of molybdenum in porphyry copper deposits. Identified U.S. resources of rhenium are estimated to be about 10.000 short tons, and world resources on the order of 30,000 short tons. Although other sources may exist, they are not known to be significant. Author N74-15267 Geological Survey. Washington, DC. Warren Yeend In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 561-565 refs The extent of the sand and gravel industry in the United States is discussed. Although the US currently produces enough sand and gravel to supply its requirements, it is predicted that by AD 2000 the domestic resources accessible at 1968 prices will barely meet the demand. The most important commercial sources of sand and gravel are river channels and glaciated terrain. Marine and lake environments provide a secondary source. Deposits are located by conventional field mapping with the aid of geophysical techniques, such as seismic refraction and reflection and resistivity surveys. N74-15269 Geological Survey, Washington, DC. SELENIUM Author H. W. Lakin and D. F. Davidson In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 573-576 refs The present demand for selenium is shown to be less than the amount available as a byproduct from the copper industry. Two factors are identified which may result in a severe shortage of selenium in the US in the future. These include: (1) in situ leaching of copper from its ores which leaves the associated selenium undissolved in the waste rock resulting from the process. and (2) the increasing use of selenium as a soil additive. The latter factor is anticipated to require a minimum of 10 times the present annual production of selenium Statistics relating to U.S. and world production and consumption of selenium are presented. Resources are identified and estimates of their present yield and future potential are given. N74-15270 Geological Survey. Washington, D.C. SILICA SAND Author Keith B. Ketner In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 577-580 refs The production and consumption of silica sand in the U.S. and the world are analyzed. It is shown that silica sand formations and the quartz sandstones from which silica sand and silicon are mainly derived are abundantly distributed throughout the United States and the world. Although the use of silica-sand, principally in the glass and metallurgical industries, is rapidly increasing, shortages that might cause heavy reliance on imports are not likely. Problems are caused if urban development preempts the surface over valuable silica sand deposits and if abandoned sandpits are left in a useless condition. Urban planners can solve the first problem by restricting important sand deposits from other long-term uses, and industry can solve the second by contouring the disturbed surface for productive or recreational use More detailed geologic investigations in urban areas are needed to precisely delineate silica-sand deposits in advance of urban development. Author N74-15271 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Allen V. Heyl, W. E. Hall, Albert E. Weissenborn, H. K. Stager, W. P. Puffett, and Bruce L. Reed In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 581-603 refs A study of silver resources indicates that a major worldwide imbalance of more than 100 million ounces per year exists between production and consumption. The silver used in photography alone in the United States is greater than our annual production, and most of this silver is not recovered for reuse. The deficit between domestic production and consumption formerly was partly filled by withdrawal from the U.S. Treasury silver reserves, but these reserves are now depleted. Identified resources of silver in the United States comprise an estimated 1,440 million troy ounces economically recoverable at present prices (reserves) and an estimated 750 million ounces in material nearly commercial in grade (conditional resources). Other conditional resources that might become recoverable at significantly higher prices are roughly estimated to be of about the same magnitude as the present reserves. Only about 35 percent of the identified resources is in deposits that would yield silver as the main product; the remaining 65 percent would be recovered as a byproduct. Author N74-15272 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Alfred J. Bodenlos In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 605-618 refs A survey on sulfur indicates that reserves are appreciable and resources are vast, not only in the U.S. but in many other parts of the world. Research shows that elemental sulfur is formed as a product of anaerobic bacterial activity wherever both sulfate ions and organic material are abundant: therefore, areas of potential sulfur discovery include anhydrite units in any petroliferous evaporite basins. Most accumulations of petroleum and natural gas high in sulfur content also are found in evaporite basins. Sulfide ores, in contrast, occur in a wide variety of rocks in all parts of the world Volcanic sulfur occurs mostly in the circum-Pacific belt, but it also has been found in volcanoes extending from the Mediterranean to the Himalaya Mountains. Most countries contain sulfur-bearing accumulations in one form or another, but few contain large deposits of elemental sulfur. The extraction of sulfur from such accumulations in any given country depends largely upon recovery costs. Author N74-15273 Geological Survey, Washington, DC. C. Ervin Brown In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 619-626 refs Data pertaining to the production and consumption of talc are presented It is shown that in 1969 and 1970, total consumption was over a million tons double that of 20 years ago. The projected demand for the year 2.000 ranges from 2.28 to 3.36 million tons. Resources of talc are large and should be adequate to meet this demand, although deposits meeting the rigid chemical and physical specifications of some consumer industries are relatively scarce. Although all talc mining districts contain known reserves and have a good to excellent potential for the discovery of additional reserves, the great bulk of reserves are in New York and Vermont. Most industrial areas of the United States are fairly close to a source of industrial talc, except for the industries of the midcontinent. Areas of metamorphic rocks in Wisconsin and Michigan could contain talc deposits more favorably located for the midcontinent market. Author N74-15274 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. D. F. Davidson and H. W. Lakin In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 627-630 refs Supply and demand studies of tellurium indicate that the present demand for tellurium is less than the amount available as a byproduct from the copper and lead industries. A shortage of tellurium could develop as a result of a change in the processes of recovery of copper from its ores. In-place leaching of copper from its ores leaves the associated tellurium undissolved in the waste rock resulting from the process. Thus, as the use of the leaching process increases at the expense of smelting, the supply of tellurium will decrease. Identified resources of copper in the United States are estimated to contain about 13.5 million pounds of recoverable tellurium. Tellurium may be recovered as a byproduct in burning of coal in huge powerplants, paying in part for environmental improvement. The major resource of tellurium is found in manganese oxide nodules on the ocean floors. Author N74-15275 Geological Survey. Washington, D.C. Keith Robinson In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 631-636 refs Statistics and related information concerning the production and consumption of thallium are presented. The current uses for thallium are limited, being primarily confined to electronics and metallurgical processing: lesser applications are in glass. explosives, agriculture, and medicine. U.S. and total world identified resources of thallium from zinc, lead, and iron sulfides are estimated at 266 and 1.390 tons respectively. Additional U.S. and total world resources contained in coal ash are 119,000 and 715,000 tons. Identified manganese nodules occurring on the sea floors are estimated to contain 9.9 million tons of thallium. Assuming no unforeseen demand, the world supply of thallium from identified zinc sulfide sources will be exhausted in 43 years at the present rate of consumption, and from all identified sulfide sources in 70 years. Author N74-15276 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. C. L. Sainsbury and Bruce L. Reed In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 637 refs Data relating to the production and consumption as well as the uses of tin are reported. The United States consumes almost 30 percent of the free world's annual production of primary tin. Nearly half this amount is used in the manufacture of tinplate, principally for tin cans: the other main uses are in solders, bearing alloys, bronze, chemicals, and coatings other than tinplate. Current U.S. tin production, as a byproduct of molybdenum mining in Colorado, is negligible. The strategic stockpile is sufficient to guarantee against a sudden shortage of primary tin for essential uses, but as the current rate of consumption even this supply would be depleted in a little more than 4 years. Domestic reserves of tin, mainly in Alaska, would provide only about three-fourths of a year's supply, conditional resources about the same, and hypothetical and speculative resources about 2 years' supply; thus, it seems clear that the United States must continue to depend on tin imports for most of its needs. Author N74-15277 Geological Survey. Washington, D.C. Harry Klemic, Sherman P. Marsh, and Margaret Cooper In its A survey of titanium production and consumption is presented. Rutile, ilmenite, and titanium slag made from ilmenite are the principal raw materials from which purified titanium products are extracted. The Kroll method, involving reduction of titanium tetrachloride in an inert atmosphere. is used to obtain metallic titanium. The United States is dependent almost entirely upon foreign sources, mostly Australia, for rutile, but has substantial reserves and production of ilmenite. In 1970, US. demand for titanium was 490,000 short tons, and annual demand is expected to exceed 1 million short tons by the year 2000. U.S. and world identified resources are estimated to be about 298 million and 2,000 million short tons of TiO2, respectively Reserves of titanium in the United States in 1970 were estimated to be about 25 million short tons of TiO2, mostly in ilmenite Author N74-15278 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. S. Warren Hobbs and James E. Elliott In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 667-678 refs = Data are presented pertaining to the production and consumption of tungsten. U.S. tungsten reserves in known deposits or their geologically reasonable extensions are estimated at 15 million short ton units (1 short ton unit 20 pounds W03). This is about 6.8 percent of known world reserves, of which approximately 60 percent are in China Subeconomic resources in identified or geologically plausible deposits in the United States are conservatively estimated to contain two to three times the reserves. Covered areas in the United States probably contain concealed deposits that are comparable in grade and total tonnage to those now known. The United States has the potential for adequate tungsten production into the foreseeable future, provided it is willing to pay the price of essential research, extensive exploration, and the processing of high-cost low-grade ores. Author N74-15279 Geological Survey. Washington, D.C. R. P. Fischer In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 679-688 refs A survey on the uses, production, and consumption of vanadium is reported. Vanadium is used mainly as an alloy agent in steel. Its domestic consumption increased rapidly during the 1960's, and a growth rate of demand higher than that of any other ferrous mineral has been predicted to the year 2000. Foreign uses, consumption, and predicted requirements have a similar pattern. Predicted domestic requirements to the year 2000 exceed the estimated amount of vanadium available from productive domestic sources by about 300,000 to 400.000 short tons. Domestic resources in magnetic deposits and in carbonaceous shales are adequate to furnish this deficient vanadium, but they can do so only if domestic metallurgical practices are modified or new ones are developed. Foreign reserves in productive titaniferous magnetite deposits and resources in known but unproductive deposits of this type are adequate to satisfy world requirements for vanadium in the foreseeable future. N74-15280 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. ZEOLITES IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Richard A. Sheppard In its US Mineral Resources p 689-695 refs Author 1973 Research indicates that the production of natural zeolites in the United States is currently only several hundred tons per year. The abundance and variety of zeolite deposits in the United States, the unique properties of the zeolites, and the seemingly low cost of mining suggest potential uses in many industrial and agriculture processes. Chemical and structural modifications of the natural materials could further increase their potential. When new markets for zeolites are developed, the United States will not only be self-sufficient but will probably become a major exporter. The total of identified, hypothetical, and speculative resources of zeolites in the United States is conservatively estimated at more than 10 trillion tons. Total resources of zeolites in the rest of the world have not yet really begun to be cataloged. Author N74-15281 Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Helmuth Wedow, Jr. Thor H. Kiilsgaard. Allen V. Heyl, and Robert B. Hall In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 697-711 refs A survey on the production and consumption of zinc is reported Today it stands, in tonnage produced, as the fourth most important metal in world trade. About 150 million metric tons has been used since the beginning of the 19th century. and projected growth rates suggest that this amount will more than double by the end of the 20th century. Current annual world production exceeds 5 million metric tons Of this tonnage the United States produces about 9 percent, but it consumes more than three times the amount it produces World resource estimates indicate that recoverable identified resources (that is. reserves) are about 235 million metric tons, of which 45 million is in the United States Total world identified and undiscovered zinc resources are estimated at over 5 billion metric tons, about one-tenth of which is in ores of grade sufficient to be exploitable under existing economic conditions. Author N74-15282 Geological Survey. Washington, DC. Harry Klemic, David Gottfried, Margaret Cooper, and Sherman P. Marsh In its US Mineral Resources 1973 p 713-722 refs Statistical data and related information on the production and consumption of zirconium and hafnium are presented. Zircon and baddeleyite are the principal sources of zirconium, and hafnium is recovered in extracting reactor-grade zirconium Zircon and baddeleyite occur as primary minerals in alkaline-rich igneous rocks, but zircon is recovered mainly from titanium-bearing placer sands. The United States is a major producer and consumer of zircon and imports large quantities from Australia, which is the world's largest producer of zircon. Identified resources of zircon in the United States are about 10,800.000 short tons, of which nearly 80 percent is in the Atlantic Coastal States U.S. production is solely from Florida and Georgia. World identified resources exceed 36 million short tons of zircon equivalent. World production of zirconium concentrates in 1970 was more than 450,000 tons. Of this, the United States used about 30 percent Current supplies of zircon exceed demand for a few decades. 27 Sep. 1972 591 p refs (FAA-RD-73-150-6-App-D-N) Avail NTIS HC $31 75 Various studies which were conducted during the planning and development of a microwave landing system are presented. The subjects considered include the following: (1) obstacle multipath effects, (2) rough ground effects. (3) refraction, (4) convex runways, and (5) aircraft blockage. A summary of computer simulation results is developed. Circuit development practices and diagrams of subsystem circuits are provided. Author The findings and recommendations of the Materials Processing and Space Manufacturing group of the space shuttle payload planning activity are presented The effects of weightlessness on the levitation processes, mixture stability, and control over heat and mass transport in fluids are considered for investigation The research and development projects include: (1) metallurgical processes. (2) electronic materials. (3) biological applications, and (4)nonmetallic materials and processes. Additional recommendations are provided concerning the allocation of payload space. acceptance of experiments for flight, flight qualification, and private use of the space shuttle. Author (NASA-TM-X-69457) Avail. NTIS HC $7.00 CSCL 228 The findings and recommendations of the Space Technology group of the space shuttle payload planning activity are presented. The elements of the space technology program are: (1) long duration exposure facility, (2) advanced technology laboratory. (3) physics and chemistry laboratory. (4) contamination experiments, and (5) laser information/data transmission technology The space technology mission model is presented in tabular form The proposed experiments to be conducted by each test facility are described. Recommended approaches for user community interfacing are included. Author N74-15546* # National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA TM-X-71494) Avail NTIS HC $13 75 CSCL 228 The SERT D (Space Electric Rocket Test D) study defines a possible spacecraft project that would demonstrate the use of electric ion thrusters for long-term (5 yr) station keeping and attitude control of a synchronous orbit satellite Other mission objectives included in the study were station walking to satellite rendezvous and inspection, use of low cost attitude sensing system, use of an advanced solar array orientation and slip ring system. and an ion thruster integrated directly with a solar array power source The SERT D spacecraft, if launched. will become SERT 3 the third space electric thruster test Author N74-15547*# National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jan 1974 36 p (NASA-TM-X-71498. E-7861) Avail NTIS HC $4 00 CSCL 228 A low cost synchronous orbit satellite to evaluate small mercury bombardment ion thruster applications is described. The ion thrusters provide the satellite with precise north-south and east-west stationkeeping capabilities In addition, the thrusters are used to unload the reaction wheels used for attitude control and for other purposes described in the report The proposed satellite is named TADPOLE (Technology Application Demonstration Program of Low Energy) Author N74-15661# Interior Dept., Washington, DC. A study was conducted to develop and assessment of the state of the art and to recommend a research program to provide the basis for establishing the proper role of geothermal resources. It is expected that geothermal resources can accomplish the following: (1) provide additional energy to alleviate the Nation's Impending storage. (2) water to supplement present supplies, and (3) mineral resources. It was recommended that an expanded program be conducted to assess the magnitude, type, and location of the Nation's geothermal resources and to spur the development of improved technology for discovering. evaluating, and utilizing the resources. The significant accomplishments to be realized by such a program are defined. Author N74-15668 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. USING ANALYSIS EFFECTIVELY IN A COMPLEX DECISION PROCESS PLANNING NASA'S PLANETARY PROGRAMS Ph.D. Thesis James Addison Walker 1973 310 p Avail. Univ. Microfilms Order No 73-27546 Some problems of applying systems analysis techniques to major policy problems imbedded in complex decision processes are illustrated by case studies of attempts to apply such techniques to long range planning for NASA's unmanned planetary exploration program. It is found that most of the analytic efforts adopted relatively formal methodologies and concentrated on analysis of scientific, technological and economic issues of planetary program planning. Such efforts were found to have had little or no impact on policy outcomes, nor have they had much success in gaining acceptance by NASA planners for the analytic techniques used. These cases are compared with planning efforts directed by NASA's Planetary Programs Division in the 1968 - 1970 period which did have a significant impact on policy outcomes. These latter efforts employed analytical techniques of a somewhat less formal variety, but featured careful consideration of the organizational, political and psychological aspects of the surrounding decision process. Dissert Abstr. N74-15671*# Drexel Univ. Philadelphia, Pa. Center for the Study of Environment RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN MANAGEMENT OF LARGE-SCALE TECHNICAL PROGRAMS Final Report W. W Hagerty. E. S. Golden, A. J. Pennington, M. Silver, H. H. Annett, G M. Cadwell, Jr. T A Michael, J. A. Orlando, and S R. Siegal 2 Jun 1973 196 p refs (Grant NGL-39-004-020) (NASA-CR-136563) Avail: NTIS HC $12.00 CSCL 05A A research effort is reported which was conducted by NASA in conjunction with Drexel University, and which was aimed at an improved understanding of large scale systems technology and management. N74-15672* Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, Pa. [NASA/DREXEL PROGRAM] In its Res and Educ in Management of Large-Scale Tech. Programs 2 Jun. 1973 p 1-62 refs CSCL 05A The results are reported of the NASA/Drexel research effort which was conducted in two separate phases. The initial phase stressed exploration of the problem from the point of view of three primary research areas and the building of a multidisciplinary team. The final phase consisted of a clinical demonstration program in which the research associates consulted with the County Executive of New Castle County, Delaware, to aid in solving actual problems confronting the County Government. The three primary research areas of the initial phase are identified as technology, management science, and behavioral science. Five specific projects which made up the research effort are treated separately. A final section contains the conclusions drawn from total research effort as well as from the specific projects. D.L.G. N74-15673* Drexel Inst of Tech., Philadelphia, Pa. J. A. Orlando and A. J. Pennington In Drexel Univ. Res and CSCL 05A The computer based urban decision-making game BUILD is described. BUILD is aimed at (1) allowing maximum expression of value positions by participants through resolution of intense. task-oriented conflicts: (2) heuristically gathering information on both the technical and social functioning of the city through feedback from participants: (3) providing community participants with access to technical expertise in urban decision making. and to expose professionals to the value positions of the community: and (4) laying the groundwork for eventual development of an actual policy making tool. A brief description of the roles, sample input/output formats. an initial scenario, and information on accessing the game through a time-sharing system are included. D.L.G. |