dignity of his own country, the character of which he elevated in the eyes of the Siamese. During their stay at Siam an attack was made on a neighbouring country The Malacca men accompanied the expedition and in the attack were placed in front of the strongest part of the enemy's defences. Seeing this they told the Siamese general that being Islamites they could not fight with their faces to the sun. 18 to make their attack at a different quarter and though the power In consequence they were permitted of God the Malacca men conquered the place. As a reward for his services here Tun Tulani received the hand of Onang Minang Hang by whom he had a son Tun Ali Haru who afterwards begat the Lacksamana10 Datuk Panjang whose daughter Tun Chandra Pachang married Tun Perak 20 and by him had a son Tun Kayah called Sri Ayara Rajah who died at Acheen. The letter borne to Malacca by Tun Tulani on his return from Siam was addressed from Berchu Udi to Awe Malacca. 21 on hearing this address was much pleased, saying "now my heart The king Mansur Shah is at ease having converted mine enemy to be my friend." NOTES TO 13TH ANNAL. 1. Formerly called &c. See Note I to VIII Annal. 2. Bubunia! اری چاکري Ali chaleri .3 4. Passe appears at one time to have held a high position among the Malayan kingdoms, having a monopoly of the entrepôt trade on the north coast of Sumatra, which centered at Acheen a few years after the arrival of the Portuguese. In anothernal, No. 18, Malacca, Passé and Haru are compared, but the pre-eminence is given to Passé. اوي دچو Avidich .. 6. This passage is referred to by Colonel Low in a note to his translation of the Keddah annals. The Singapore text gives the following version: درند منته بیج دراج این سدي اصل ملايو تن حمزه لمان اصلن "There was also Sri Bija de Rajah of Ancient Malayan race, his name Tun Hamza, his origin from the cow's vomit." The passage is rendered obscure by the but we may agree with Colonel Low, considering the character of the annalist, that he means simply an uncoverted Malay and that Joel issu use of امل does not refer to a distinction of race between Tun Humza and the other persons not of royal blood mentioned at the same time; the passage however is curious and may, be made use of in argument. 7. Mr Newbold visited the localities here mentioned, but he says the different places cannot now be identified. See Vol. II, p. 157, Brit. Set. Mal. 8. Mansur.-Aided, protected, conquering, &c. 9. Pahang. 10. Divination. This is a regular science among Malays who resort to diviners on all occasions of importance-as for instance the almost universal custom in all nations of fixing on a propitious day to commence a journey or any undertaking. The commonst system is analogous to the Roman sortes-a Koran is used for this purpose, they have also books filled with sentences and words, the person consulting them cuts in with a kris and the sentence marked by the kris point is interpreted to suit the wants and wishes of all parties. 11. Nobuts. Are a species of kettle drum the use of which is confined to royalty, and even then they are used only on occasions of state. In the regulations G 3 for the government of Malacca in the 11th Annal it is laid down that when it is necessary for the Lacksamana to be in attendance the Nobuts ought to be presentthe term, "to confer Nobats," means, to give one the government of a country with the rights of royalty. 12. Ahmed more commendable, praised, glorious, illustrious, &c. Arabic; it is the comparative of Hamid. 13. Mahamed as and Mahmood as praised-both derived from praise Arabic. The Mim at the beginning of these two words denotes the participle passive. طاهير Tahir .14 pure, chaste, unsullied. 15. Mataheir-I am not certain if the first portion of the compound is meant for the sign of the part pass, as in Mahomed &c or for a contraction of Maat, a common Malayan name, which appears to be a contraction of Mahamed, Mahamet, Mahmet, Mahmet, Maat. 16. Senaj سنا. may be derived from Sinj, a ePrsian word which means amongst other things a choice, chosen &c. 17. Sadah- & appears to be Sanscrit and may be either pure, or Sadha, nectar. Sudh 18. It is almost needless to say that for Islamites we ought here to read " fraid" or "cowards." a 19. Lacksamana Datu Panjang-The first is the title of one of the great officers of state, the second is a title to which various meanings are attached, as a nobleman, or feudal chief, a head of a tribe or nation, and even so low as the head of a village, for instance police constables in country districts. I am not aware of the derivation of the term unless it is from the Sanscrit root ; dat bountifulness. Panjang means long or tall. 20. Perak, silver-The name of a Malayan state situated to the south of the British possessions dependent on Pinang. 21. This is one of the points of which the annalist is particularly jealous, in order to prove that Malacca was independent and paid tribute to no king. In the original the passage stands thus "dimikian bunyiénia, ini surat deripada Berchu Adi, datang kapada Awi Malacca, Thus it sounded (when the letter was read by the Khatib). "This letter from Berchu Adi comes to the Awei of Malacca." Doctor Leyden translates Berchu Adi, the Pracha of Udaya. I cannot explain the relative degrees of rank of the two titles. On the subject of the etiquette of addressing letters, sealing &c. in which the Malays are excessively particular, see Newbold's second volume, British Settlements, Malacca. THE ISLAND OF LOMBOK.* By H. ZOLLINGER, Esq. IV. STATISTICAL NOTES REGarding thE COUNTRY, POPULATION, TRADE, &C. 1. Of the population of the Island. The princes of Matarum must be well acquainted with the number of the population of their island, since the manner of raising the taxes and regulating the military services, as well as the forced labour, obliges them to maintain a kind of census. It is evident that it was impossible for me to procure these lists of the population, and that it was prudent not to make many enquiries about the matter. The population of the island must amount to more them 400,000. learnt this first from Mr K. and afterwards from the Rajah himself, who at an audience asked, over how many persons Mr Mayor had authority. When I answered over 500,000, the Rajah exclaimed in great surprise" that is then more than the population of my whole island." Finally, another chief informed me that the whole of the men capable of bearing arms amounted to 80,000, which multiplied by 5 gives 400,000 souls. If these data are correct, there are on Lombok exactly 4,000 persons on a square geographical mile. According to races and origin, the population of Lombok consists as follows: 4 Europeans 1 European (coloured) 10 or 12 Chinese 5,000 Bugis 20,000 Balinese and 380,000 Sassaks One European lives at Piju, the rest at Ampanan. One Chinese is established as a trader, the rest are his servants, his coolies or those of the Europeans. The Bugis all reside upon the coasts, especially at Ampanan and on the N. of the island. The population is divided amongst the different parts of the island as follows: This is an estimate which I myself made, from the relative strength of the population of those parts of Lombok which I visited personally. The data of the N. and of the S. were communicated to me. * Continued from p. 344. The whole Balinese population reside at Mataram and in the neighbouring parts, as at Ampanan, Karang Assem &c. It is very prudent in the Balinese not to scatter themselves far in the country, because, in the event of an out-break, they can be more easily collected together for defence than if they were settled in all parts of the island. 2. Before speaking of the trade and especially of the imports, I shall say something of the weights, measures &c. I do not know them all and by their proper Sassak or Balinese names. As measures of length they speak of a kaki, depa kechil, depa agung, and tumbakh &c. I have above pointed out the difference between a depa agung and a depa kechil and also described a tena. For greater distances they have no properly called measures. The people do not know either paal, mile, or post, and divide the distances of the road, by the nights which they must spend on the road, or by the height of the sun, when they can make the journey in less than a day. In the trade they buy and sell by the katti, by the pikol of 100 kattis, and by the koyang of 30 pikols; the same weights as on Java. As regards the coin, they have the same money and the same manner of reckoning on Lombok as in Bali. There is no other small money than the petis or keppengs, of the value of a half cent copper of Java. Those from China are pierced in the centre and tied up in strings of 200, which they call an atak, and is equal to fl copper. Five ataks or 1,000 petis are tied together and are called a peku or a siu (siu means 1,000). Ten pekus or 50 ataks, put up in a bag, make a bunkus or f50 copper. The petis of Japan are scarcer than those of China. They are thinner and smaller than the latter, and without a hole in the middle. They are however of the same value, besides a small per centage, which is allowed because they are much easier carried than the large petis of China, of which a karong of ƒ 50 value is a heavy load. We find no other silver money and no other is received, than dollars (called ringgit) and principally the so called pillar ringgit. Its value when I arrived on Lombok, was 700 petis (350 cents) in the wholesale and 750 in the retail trade; when I left 750 in the wholesale and 800 in the retail trade. The exchange is seldom higher, but from time to time it falls to 500 petis the dollar. This gives the great profit to the trade with China, where the dollar in worth 12 to 1300 petis, so that people who buy petis in China and bring them to Lombok or Bali, gain from 50 to 160 per cent on the difference of exchange alone. The money of Java is not current, the copper not at all, and the silver only amongst the Bugis who trade with Java. During my residence they gave 280 pet's (140 cents copper) for a guilder. The French sometimes bring gold piasters, and also and piasters. The Rajah paid for them 163 silver dollars or 12,375 petis (61 guilders 87 cents copper); Mr K. only 11,500 petis (57 guilders 50 cents copper.) 3. Notes on the trade and principally on the imports into Lombok. In speaking above of the different productions of the island, I have mentioned nearly all the articles which enter into the exports. I must still add another to the list; hides (of oxen, cows and buffaloes). They are sent chiefly to China, and are bought for a guilder each on Lombok. We shall now describe the principal articles of import. The first is undoubtedly salt. It is received from Bali and Makassar. That from the former place is clean and very fine. It is sold in bags of which 14 make a pikol. Five bags cost a guilder, thus one pikol is 2 guilders 30 cents copper. The Makassar salt, which is much coarser, costs only a guilder a picul. Iron, lead, gunpowder from Singapore, China and Australia. The Balinese themselves can manufacture gunpowder of an inferior quality. When they are able they buy English gunpowder in preference. Weapons, especially muskets, almost all come from Singapore. Weapons are made in the country itself, and that very beautifully, especially muskets and krises, seldom klewangs and carabines. The muskets, as well as the lances, are made of an unusual length. A common musket, made in the country, costs 120 guilders. The weapons manufactured on Bali are better than those of Lombok. The Bugis have almost all beautiful carabines, of which the supply comes from Borneo. Gold and gold thread from Europe, Bourbon and China. The gold imported into the island very seldom leaves it. It is melted and used to ornament the weapons, to make the hilts of krises, tampat siri (siri boxes) and articles of luxury. Petis. see§ 2. Compositions of metal, for the manufacture of musical instruments, such as gongs, gamelangs &c. The instruments are also imported ready-made from Java. Small bells, which are hung round the necks of horses, are also sold. Mirrors, different articles of copper and iron work, knives, pins, &c. principally from Java, are imported by the Chinese. Opium, formerly in great quantity and chiefly from Singapore. Since the king has prohibited the import, it has largely diminished but not entirely ceased. The Chinese continue to use it as well as the Bugis, and there are still soine Balinese and Sassaks known, who do so secretly. Liquors. Wines of all descriptions, beer and especially brandy, liqueurs, from Singapore, Sydney and France. The Balinese consume large quantities of all, but they buy very little, prefer |