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The QUICO system covers the planning, installation, and use of quality cost data analysis. The basic idea is simply to operate a manufacturing unit or complex so that the total of quality related costs is a minimum. Quality related costs are made up of (1) expenses incurred because of not producing the highest possible quality (resultant costs), (2) expenditures made to create conditions resulting in high quality products (quality creation costs). and (3) expenditures made to measure quality levels being produced and causes of deficiencies (quality and defect inference costs). Analysis of quality cost data provides direct pay-offs in reduction of resultant costs and the major sources are discussed. Secondary benefits come from use of the data as a measurement of the effectiveness of the quality assurance effort, as a motivant to workers who must produce the high quality, and as a management guidance tool. Suggested cost accounts are given along with suggested methods of summarizing and displaying data in the most meaningful way for all levels of use. Almost all companies now have sufficient cost data to estimate cost reductions to be expected from the QUICO system.

Author

N66-82369 Texas Christian Univ., Fort Worth. Dept. of Psychology.

MILITARY SMALL GROUP PERFORMANCE UNDER ISOLATION AND STRESS. 5: ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP An Annotated Bibliography

S. B. Sells Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, Artic Aeromed. Lab., Oct. 1961 84 p refs

(Contract AF 41(657)-323) (AAL-TR-61-23)

An annotated bibliography on organizational management and leadership is one of a series dealing with military small group performance under isolation and stress. Arranged alphabetically according to author, the references deal with missions, locations, and personnel problems primarily in the areas of social psychology, sociology, and management. M.W.R.

N66-82368 Texas Christian Univ., Fort Worth. Dept. of Psychology.

MILITARY SMALL GROUP PERFORMANCE UNDER ISOLATION AND STRESS. 4: ORGANIZATIONAL STAFFING An Annotated Bibliography

S. B. Sells Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, Artic Aeromed. Lab., Oct. 1961 53 p refs

(Contract AF 41(657)-323) (AAL-TR-61-62)

An annotated bibliography on organizational staffing is one of a series on military small group performance under isolation and stress. Entries are presented alphabetically according to author under the categories of (1) selection and assignment, (2) indoctrination and training, and (3) methodology and background. M.W.R.

N66-80867 Carnegie Inst. of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. Graduate School of Industrial Administration.

A RESUME OF MATHEMATICAL RESEARCH ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Charles H. Kriebel Apr. 1965 18 p refs Revised Its Management Sci. Res. Rept. No. 33 (Contract Nonr-760(24)) (AD-616113)

This paper presents a cross-referenced bibliography on research employing mathematical models in the study of information systems. Although the listing is intended primarily as a representative introduction to the literature, the entries contain more than ten thousand secondary references. Author

N66-30520#

RAND Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE ALLOCATION OF SCIENTIFIC
EFFORT BETWEEN TEACHING AND RESEARCH
Michael D. Intriligator and Bruce L. R. Smith Mar. 1966 28 p
refs

(Contract AF 49(638)-1700; Proj. RAND)

(RM-4339-PR; AD-632155) CFSTI: HC $2.60/MF $0.50 The study considers some aspects of the allocation of scientific effort by means of an analytic framework consisting of specified policy objectives and a model for the allocation of new Ph.D.s in science between teaching and research. Some simplifying assumptions lead to a general welfare function for this aspect of a national science policy. The production of new scientists is determined in the model by a production function, dependent on teaching scientists and on time. For any of the special cases of the welfare function and for a production function with a constant ratio of new scientists to teaching scientists, an initial allocation of a maximum proportion of new scientists to teaching is preferred, followed by a switch to a minimum proportion of new scientists to teaching. Similar 'switching' solutions also apply to a wider class of objectives and production functions. The analytic framework and preferred allocations are briefly examined with respect to 'real world' considerations and to their possible implications for national policy. Several policy initiatives are discussed in light of the model and some possible changes are suggested in government policies on R and D support and aid to science education. Author (TAB)

N66-22445# Analytic Services, Inc.. Baileys Crossroads, Va. TRANSFERABILITY OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SKILLS IN THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY Final Report Ronald P. Black and Charles W. Foreman Sep. 1965 145 p refs

(Contract AF 49(638)-1259)

(R12860; AD-628544) CFSTI: HC $4.00/MF $1.00

The report treats the possibility that the aerospace industry could apply its capabilities to the solution of largescale public problems, thus offsetting any significant reductions in the military budget. It includes discussion of what this action would imply in relation to the transferability of industry scientists and engineers. Studies performed by four aerospace contractors for the State of California are used as case examples of the industry's attempt to transfer some of its R and D skills to civilian and public projects. Conclusions are reached that (1) as indicators of the transferability of industry scientists and engineers, the four California studies are inconclusive; (2) the largest group of scientists and engineers in the industry, those engaged in design and development, may well be the least transferable; and (3) civilian-public projects are unlikely to become in the next 5 years or so a significant part of the industry's business. Author (TAB)

N66-21177# Technisch Documentatie en Informatie Centrum voor de Krijgsmacht, The Hague (Netherlands). SURVEY OF LITERATURE ON INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY [LITERATUUROVERZICHT BEDRIJFS WETENSCHAPPEN]

13 Jan. 1966 32 p refs In DUTCH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, and GERMAN Its Vol. 5, No. EM-94 CFSTI: HC $2.00/MF $0.50

Contains abstracts and bibliographic notes on general and industrial economy, (including internal organization, cost considerations, financing, administration, and statistics), personnel, logistics (including general, acquiring, storing and transporting, material planning and control, and quality control), normalization, industrial sociology and psychology, and technical news. Transl. by J.O.

N66-19673# Technisch Documentatie en Informatie Centrum voor de Krijgsmacht, The Hague (Netherlands). BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FACTORY TECHNOLOGY [LITERATUUROVERZICHT WERKPLAATSTECHNIEK]

Jan. 1966 32 p refs In DUTCH, GERMAN, ENGLISH, and FRENCH Its Vol. 11, Pt. 1

(W-94) CFSTI: HC $2.00/MF $0.50

This bibliography on industrial technology contains brief summaries on: (1) factory management and production engineering; (2) measurements and controls in production processes; (3) overall reliability aspects of machine tooling: (4) technology of drilling and abrasion; (5) electrochemical grinding, shaped-electrode machining and twinning; (6) welding and forming processes; and (7) production and economic considerations in industrial metal working operations.

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N66-12088# RAND Corp., Santa Monica, Calif.
RESEARCH ON SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPACE
ACTIVITIES

Joseph M. Goldsen Aug. 1965 – 10 p Presented at the Am.
Astronautical Soc. Natl. Meeting on the Impact of Space Ex-
ploration on Soc., San Francisco, 18 Aug. 1965
(P-3220; AD-621325)

The argument is made that there needs to be comprehensive study of the social and economic implications of explorations into space. These include international political and legal complications and those arising from possibilities of utilizing communication satellites. The belief is expressed that the national space agencies and major contractors should study their own operations and the economic and social implications of their products; they should learn to mobilize techniques of organization and achievement to the nonspace needs of human environment. TAB

N65-82345 Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio. Foreign Technology Div.
MANAGEMENT, PLANNING AND ECONOMICS OF AIR-

CRAFT PRODUCTION

D. P. Andrianov, M. Z. Gendel'man et al 1 Dec. 1964 983 p refs
Transl. into ENGLISH of the book "Organizatsiya, Planirovaniye i
Ekonomika Aviatsionnogo Proizvodstva" Moscow, Gos. Nauchno-
Tekhn. Izd. Oborongiz, 1963 G94 p
(FTD-TT-63-1121/1+2)

This book presents an integrated analysis of problems relating to the economics of the aircraft industry and the organization and planning of production at [individual] enterprises. Specific problems of production organization at these enterprises are considered for the various individual types of aircraft plants, i.e., aircraft-construction, engine-building, instrument-making, etc. Organizational and planning features of production at series-production and experimental plants are presented.

Author

N66-15779# Technisch Documentatie en Informatie Centrum voor de Krijgsmacht, The Hague (Netherlands). REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON OPERATIONS RESEARCH 24 Sep. 1965 34 p refs In DUTCH, ENGLISH, FRENCH, and GERMAN Its Vol. 9, No. OR-74 CFSTI: HC $2.00/MF $0.50

Presented is a compilation of report literature on developments in operations research, linear programming, game theory, information theory, management, economics of system analysis, war gaming as a technique in the study of operational research problems, cost-effectiveness for military systems analysis, mathematical statistics, and reliability of electronic parts. A program, initiated by the NATO Science Committee, of graduate apprenticeships in operational research is described. M.R.W.

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N65-30279
ton, D. C.
PROBLEMS OF THE MECHANIZATION OF MANAGEMENT
WORK

Joint Publications Research Service, Washing

L G. Petrova In its Cybernetic Principles Appl in Educ. and Econ. 26 Jul. 1965 p 10-15 (See N65-30278 19-05) CFSTI: $1.00

A textbook on the mechanization problems of management in industry is reviewed. The book was written especially for students specializing in the mechanization of accounting and planning enterprises of modern industry. The first part of the book relates to the mechanization and automation of management. It examines the process of algorithmic description and measuring of information. The second section of the book treats the problems of organization, technological normalization, and wages at computer establishments. It is observed that the introduction of modern computing techniques together with modern mathematical methods in the field of managerial work in industry cuts down the cost of manufactured products, increases labor productivity, and the more efficient use of productive capacity. It is noted that the book is written on a high scientific, theoretical and methodical level. Tables are well prepared, showing data obtained from the E.E.B practice of existing industrial enterprises.

N65-21145# Technisch Documentatie en Informatie Centrum voor de Krijgsmacht, The Hague (Netherlands).

A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON OPERATIONS RESEARCH 24 Dec. 1964 32 p refs In DUTCH Its 8th Yearly Issue, No. OR-65

This review contains several abstracted summaries of research papers pertaining to complex problems in management science and operations research. Mathematical programing techniques are proposed for control system design and optimization, with the application of linear, nonlinear, stochastic, integer, and dynamic programing to various types of control problems. The principal subject areas covered are: (1) mathematical programing techniques for solution of control problems; (2) advances in control theory for mathematical programing in optimal control and related areas; (3) advances in mathematical programing techniques relevant to control applications, and (4) computers and computer programing in control systems. Trans, by G.G.

N64-28451 Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.. Sunnyvale, Calif.

CREATIVITY, INNOVATION, AND INVENTION: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

George R. Evans and Peter R. Stromer, comp. Aug. 1964 18 p The recent business management literature has been surveyed to assess the current trends and developments in the field of creativity, innovation, and invention. The literature reveals that some tentative yardsticks are now available to identify creative talent and the means for optimizing its usage in industry. The importance of innovation and its successful implementation by both the military and the aerospace industry is stressed as companies seek to adapt their work force and facilities to new markets. Author

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N64-22200 Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Sunnyvale,
Calif. Technical Information Center

LONG-RANGE PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGICAL FORE-
CASTING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Peter R. Stromer, comp. Nov. 1963 46 p refs
(SRB-63-12; Rept.-5-47-63-1)

A survey was made of the recent aerospace and business management literature covering the broad spectrum of longrange planning and technological forecasting. While emphasis was placed on applicability to the aerospace and defense industry, additional inputs detailing the general philosophy and techniques of industrial and government planning and related subject fields of economic projections, resource allocations. and cost analyses have been included. A subject index facilitates use of this material. Author

N64-32816 ton, D.C. CYBERNETICS AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT Vladimir Kadlec 7 Oct. 1964 12 P Transl into ENGLISH from Zivot Strany (Prague), no. 15, Aug. 1964 p 953-958 (JPRS 26773; TT-64-51030) OTS: $1.00

Joint Publications Research Service. Washing

The distinct roles of the scientist-researcher and the economist in applying cybernetics to economic management are stressed. The task of the economist is primarily the correct and singular formulation of the initial conditions, the important constraints, the objective of the computations, and economic analysis of the computed results. The search for new mathematical models should be left to scientists and mathematicians because of the twin dangers of overestimating or underestimating the practical usefulness of the model in the management of the national economy.

N64-31033

M.P.G.

System Development Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM [ON] DEVELOP. MENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A COMPUTER-CENTERED DATA BASE

A. Walker, ed. 6 Jan. 1964 140 p Conf. held on 10-11 Jun. 1963; sponsored by ARPA

Subjects discussed include military decision-making and data requirements, data retrieval for the Strategic Air Command Control System (SACCS), experience in managing database operations, a computer-centered data base for military personnel managers, automated data management, and adaptation of mass storage equipment for handling of a data base. Various work sessions are reported on, and a summary of unsolved problems is appended. D.E.W.

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A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH TO COMMUTER AIRLINE
PLANNING.

Robert P. Hudock (Mitre Corp., Bailey's Crossroad, Va.) and
Philip F. Hudock (Galland, Kharasch, Calkins and Lippman,
Washington, D. C.).

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Annual Meeting and Technical Display, 4th, Anaheim, Calif., Oct. 23-27, 1967, Paper 67-843. 15 p. 16 refs.

Members, $1.00; nonmembers, $1.50.

An integrated systems analysis approach to the major problems of planning a commuter airline is developed. A brief background of these carriers is presented, and their present minimal-restriction regulatory status is discussed. A general approach to structuring the system is taken to make the analysis technique applicable to a variety of geographic locations. Each of the system aspects and their interactions are analyzed from a combined technical/managerial/ legal viewpoint. The function and purpose of the commuter airline are considered, including the carrier's relationship with the rest of the airline industry. Aspects of the system considered include the relevant market, route and fare structure, passenger profile, aircraft selection, facilities, personnel and operating problems.

(Author)

A67-33494

AFSCM 375-5 AS A METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEM ENGINEERING. Norman L. Gelbwaks (Aerospace Corp., Electronics Div., El Segundo, Calif.).

(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Systems Science and Cybernetics Conference, Washington, D.C., Oct. 17, 18, 1966, Paper.)

IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, vol. SSC-3, June 1967, p. 6-10.

Contract No. AF 04(695)-1001.

Description of the life cycle of systems requiring Air Force Systems Command Manual 375-5 (AFSCM 375-5) implementation, with detailed discussion of the prescribed system-engineering management process and significant documentation tools. Possible implementation problems and solutions associated with the application of the manual are also considered. The manual prescribes the management policies and procedures to be followed in the design, development, test, operation, and maintenance of future Air Force systems. F.R. L.

A67-31630 #

ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SPACE PROJECTS.

P. J. de Fries (TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, Calif.).
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Raketentechnik und Raumfahrt,
Fortschrittliche Systemtechnik Symposion, Munich, West
Germany, June 9, 1967, Paper. 15 p.

General outline of procedures employed by the directors of present-day space projects for the optimization of outputs. Two areas of importance concerning the avoidance of over-runs in cost and time are studied - namely, defining the job at hand and organizing for implementation and control. The reasons for over-run in early space projects are discussed. A typical work breakdown structure is shown, where one final end item is subdivided into its next lower tiers of subsystems. Various levels of project management and the changing nature of this management in relation to a change in the project itself are examined. The construction of the MOLAB, a proposed lunar ground locomotion machine, is used to illustrate a typical space project. R. B.S.

A67-35879

THE MANAGEMENT OF AEROSPACE PROGRAMS. Walter L. Johnson (Duke University, Durham, N. C.). Business and Government Review, Jan. Feb. 1967. 8 p. 9 refs. Discussion of two aspects of the management of aerospace programs program budgeting and the contracting procedures. The different budgeting steps are outlined. It is pointed out that realistic program estimates must be established within the constraints of existing cost parameters and that realistic performance require ments must be determined and linked with incentives. The relation between cost and program progress must be determined. Control over change orders is necessary and can be accomplished through a disciplined procedure which allows for their timely implementation.

A67-33636

M. F.

CONTROL - A SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT PROBLEM (REGELUNG
EIN SYSTEMFÜHRUNGSPROBLEM).

Norbert Klamka (Bölkow GmbH, Ottobrunn, West Germany).
Bölkow-WMD/SIAT Report, May 1967, p. 20-25. In German.

Application, in systems management, of control engineering in two different senses. The use of control engineering to guide and control a missile results in the equipment and components of flight and guidance control and the mathematical model of the system. It can also be used as an aid in planning missile systems. The results in this case are the development-control loops which indicate the feedback, cross connections, and intermeshing in the flow of a system development. The basic possibilities for using control engineering as a systems-management planning aid are outlined and explained, taking as an example the development control loops for the system component of a flight-control system. Analogous development-control loops can be set up for other system components.

F.R.L.

A67-29833

ADVANCED SPACE VEHICLE PLANNING AN ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST DECADE.

Carl H. Builder (United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, Conn.). IN: SPACE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PALO ALTO, CALIF., MAY 9-12, 1967, PROCEEDINGS. [A67-29828 15-31] Conference sponsored by the Society of Automotive Engineers, the British Interplanetary Society, the Société Française d'Astronautique, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Raketentechnik und Raumfahrt, and the Associazione Italiana Razzi.

New York, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE Conference Proceedings P-16), 1967, p. 49-56.

Analysis of advanced space-vehicle planning, from the economic approach to decision making. Optimum cost of program is found to decrease with time, despite rising launch traffic. Mathematical models are constructed with parameters based on earlier launch vehicle data. The effects of discounting on optimum investment are presented. R.B.S.

A67-29669

THE STATE OF THE ART IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES APPLICABLE TO AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES.

G. P. Dollimore (Hunting Engineering, Ltd., Luton, Beds., England). (Royal Aeronautical Society, Management Studies in the Field of Aeronautics, Symposium, London, England, Feb. 27, 1967, Paper.) Royal Aeronautical Society, Journal, vol. 71, May 1967, p. 338-340; Discussion, p. 340-342.

Discussion of management methods which are applicable to the aerospace industry. The application of mathematical methods used in large industrial complexes to aerospace organizations is discussed, and the introduction of integrated information systems into aerospace companies is considered. Problems which arise in project and production management are reviewed. The need for the development of new techniques in the aerospace management field is emphasized in a discussion, and the use of critical path analysis is discussed. M. F.

A67-29668

THE MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS.

B. B. Mungo (Ministry of Technology, London, England).
(Royal Aeronautical Society, Management Studies in the Field of
Aeronautics, Symposium, London, England, Feb. 27, 1967, Paper.)
Royal Aeronautical Society, Journal, vol. 71, May 1967, p. 334-336;
Discussion, p. 336-338.

Outline of the existing procedures employed in the field of defense procurement and study of some new ones which may be used in the near future. It is pointed out that the task of the project manager is to maintain the right balance between quality, cost, and time. The objects of "Project Definition" consist of defining the development task and making a realistic estimate of the cost. The main task of the project team (government and industry together) is to control the development against the realistic estimates, specifications and programs prepared in Project Definition. As well as monitoring technical progress, the project manager must also be able to monitor cost in order to detect divergences from the cost plan at their inception. A comparison of project managements in the UK and the U.S. is presented in a discussion.

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M. F.

THE PROFITABLE NURSING OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN A LARGE HARDWARE SYSTEMS BUSINESS.

Herbert Popper (General Electric Co., Missile and Space Div., ReEntry Systems Dept., Philadelphia, Pa.).

IN: NTC 67; PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1967 NATIONAL TELEMETERING CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., MAY 16-18, 1967. [A67-28679 14-07]

Conference sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Instrument Society of America, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1967, p. 312-316. 15 refs.

Consideration of the management aspects of providing at a profit, and when required, a necessary technological capability within a large hardware systems business. This small business within the large one is described first in terms of its position on the scale of a number of parameters which are common to all such institutionalized undertakings. These measures are grouped into financial, technological, and human factors.

F.R. L.

A67-24656

IMPROVEMENTS IN MANAGEMENT CONTROL OF COMPLEX
PROJECTS.

D. Rowley (British Aircraft Corp. /Operating/, Ltd., Guided
Weapons Div., Bristol, England).

Royal Aeronautical Society, Journal, vol. 71, Mar. 1967, p. 201204.

Consideration of network analysis, the generalized approach of which is to break a whole work project down into definable small tasks with defined interrelationships. The job itself must be defined in terms of development costs, time and performance, and interfaces with other tasks and equipment, and the authority for altering it must be clearly stated. B. B.

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CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT.

Walter Veith (Pan American World Airways, Inc., Patrick AFB,
Fla.).
Mechanical Engineering, vol. 89, Feb. 1967, p. 20-25. 6 refs.

Discussion of the managing of engineering changes to prevent any design or systems deficiencies which could result from a poor control of the changes. This new discipline insures that the effects of changes on the total system are considered before their implementation. The result is a repetitive manufacturing process producing identical hardware end items and documentation fully representative of the configuration at all times. F.R. L.

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A67-27545

THE MANAGEMENT OF AEROSPACE PROGRAMS; AMERICAN
ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY, NATIONAL CONFERENCE, UNIVER-
SITY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA, MO., NOVEMBER 16-18, 1966,
PROCEEDINGS.

Edited by W. L. Johnson (Missouri, University, Columbia, Mo.).
Tarzana, Calif., American Astronautical Society (AAS Science and
Technology Series. Volume 12), 1967. 390 p.
Members, $12.94; nonmembers, $17.25.

This book is a collection of studies dealing with the various aspects of aerospace program management on the basis of practical experience gained in actual situations. Particular studies treated fall in the general categories of overall management concepts, bidding and development procedures, problems encountered in actual production, and efficient data utilization. Cost systems used to analyze complex programs are described, and the role of program budgeting in management procedures is outlined. References are made to specific situations encountered in the Gemini, Titan III, and Apollo projects. Trends in incentive contracting are examined with opinions presented by contractors and customers. The increasing complexity of interface requirements is outlined along with the current industrial and governmental practices used to meet this expanding management problem. Operational phases and management of engineering practices are analyzed in terms of problems involving technical support to depots, site operation, spares, and reliability performance. An approach is given for avoiding the systems deficiencies that can result from improper treatment of engineering changes. The use of data collected from continuous studies to determine the system capability, optimum tactics, maintenance procedures, and possible modifications is discussed.

T.M.

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motivation.

Discussion of management aspects of the design and development of the Gemini spacecraft. Three key aspects of the management task are program organization, management techniques, and personnel The operation of a joint project/functional organizational matrix is outlined; certain management techniques such as the assignment of individual spacecraft managers and the utilization of dual control rooms are set forth, and methods of obtaining maximum personnel motivation are cited. The technical accomplishments of the schedule constraints and well Gemini program, achieved within within budgeted resources, attest to the effectiveness of these management concepts. F.R.L.

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COST ANALYSIS FOR LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENT/PRODUC-
TION PROGRAMS.

Arnold F. Klick (NUS Corp., Consultec Div., Washington, D. C.).
American Astronautical Society, National Conference on the Manage-
ment of Aerospace Programs, University of Missouri, Columbia,
Mo., Nov. 16-18, 1966, Paper AAS 66-148. 17 p.

Discussion of the requirements of, and a concept for, productoriented cost analysis to support the full range of demands for program costs. Particular emphasis is given to three program facets which control or force costs (product characteristics, schedule, and quantity), and to means of expressing these in a meaningful manner for use in product-oriented cost analysis.

F.R. L.

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