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and the fundamental concept is stressed that scientific achievements and technological advancements are translated into useful products or services through management processes. It is noted that the functions of management have become much more difficult and complex because of advances in science and technology. The program management concept is introduced and defined. Finally, the five basic missions necessary for successful mission accomplishment are discussed: (1) perception of need, (2) design-development, (3) production, (4) delivery-deployment, and (5) utilization.

A66-18551

SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY IN AEROSPACE.

Edward C. Welsh (National Aeronautics and Space Council,
Washington, D. C.).

(Conference on Civilian and Military Uses of Aerospace, New York, N. Y., Jan. 11-14, 1965, Paper.)

New York Academy of Sciences, Annals, vol. 134, Nov. 22, 1965,
P. 30-33.

Discussion of factors involved in shaping policy with regard to aerospace activity, with emphasis on the role of the scientist in developing this policy. Areas of science and technology which have been aided by aerospace research are reviewed, and the overall benefits to society from aerospace activity are noted. It is suggested that while the scientist must of course provide the information on which policy decisions are to be made, his own judgment on policy is not necessarily more infallible or omniscient than that of the ordinary mortal.

P.K.

A63-16580

PLANNING FOR TECHNOLOGY.

Warren G. Magnuson (U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.)

(National Advanced-Technology Management Conference, Proceedings, Seattle, Wash., Sept. 4-7, 1962.)

IN: Science, Technology, and Management. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., 1963, p. 8-10.

Keynote address emphasizing the growing complexity and confusion of technology. A plea is made for more understanding of science and technology on the part of statesmen and politicians, Cooperation among scientists, engineers, and managers is stressed, but the scientists themselves are urged to learn to manage technology in its applications.

A64-19984

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING AEROSPACE MANAGEMENT.

R. L. Johnson (Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., Missile and Space Systems Div., Product Development, Santa Monica, Calif.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Annual Meeting, 1st, Washington, D. C., June 29-July 2, 1964, Paper 64-516. 16 p. 11 refs.

Members, $0.50; nonmembers, $1. 00.

Discussion of recent developments which have a significant impact on aerospace management. New requirements and procedures are discussed which show that: (1) the project definition phase (PDP) sets the stage for incentives by quantifying the trades between performance alternatives; (2) the PDP sets the stage for reliability, maintainability and value-engineering efforts, by providing specific criteria in these areas; (3) the PDP creates the initial program control plans i. e., PERT networks, etc., (4) the contractor performance evaluation (CPE) supplements incentives by evaluating and ultimately rewarding or penalizing nonincentivized performance elements of the development program; (5) in a broad sense, the function of program review and control techniques is to disclose performance results or projected results which threaten nonconformance with the PDP plan; (6) a good weighted-guideline analysis would be based in part on the task and manpower loading analyses of PDP; and (7) the weighted guideline turns to CPE for past performance inputs. A chart illustrates the interdependence

of the above events.

A63-16581

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT: AN OVERVIEW. Fremont E. Kast and James E. Rosenzweig (University of Washington, College of Business Administration, Seattle, Wash.) (National Advanced-Technology Management Conference, Proceedings, Seattle, Wash., Sept. 4-7, 1962.)

IN: Science, Technology, and Management. New York, McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., 1963, p. 16-30.

Discussion of the relationship between science, technology, and management, particularly in large-scale advanced-technology programs. The evolution of science in Western society is traced, and its pervasiveness is emphasized, with special reference to its impact on the United States. This evolution is measured by the vast increase in expenditures for research and development. The importance of management in the development of science is considered

M8 ECONOMICS

A67-35648

THE ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF SPACE OPERATIONS.
S. L. Hislop (McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, Mo.).
IN: PRACTICAL SPACE APPLICATIONS; AMERICAN ASTRO-
NAUTICAL SOCIETY, NATIONAL MEETING, SAN DIEGO, CALIF.,
FEBRUARY 21-23, 1966, PROCEEDINGS. [A67-35634 19-30]
Edited by L. L. Kavanau.

Washington, American Astronautical Society, Inc.; Sun Valley,
Calif., Scholarly Publications, Inc. (Advances in the Astronautical
Sciences. Volume 21), 1967, p. 245-267. 9 refs.

Discussion of some of the elements involved in the economics

of space operations. Specific applications to operational space costs, both on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, are given. Several factors upon which the proper utilization of cost-effectiveness analysis is based are presented. These include: (1) the identification of the proper parameters; (2) open-mindedness on the part of program planners; and (3) proper utilization of "figures of merit." Other factors, which are the key elements in the identification of economically practical space operations, are also considered. Two preliminary conclusions drawn are: (1) the recovery and reuse of the launch vehicles, in the small spacecraft categories, will not reduce space operational costs significantly; and (2) the spacecraft predominates in the costs of the space operations. Accordingly, the greatest potential for reducing space operational costs involves the recovery and reuse of the spacecraft. R.B.S.

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Financing assistance by manufacturers is evidence of the strong competition in a buyers' market. A continuing strong economy is considered to be the key to airline realization of potential heavy cash flow adequate to service the sizeable purchase commitments. (Author) F. R.L.

A64-23543

DEFENSE - SPACE MARKET RESEARCH.
Edited by J. Fred Weston.

Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1964. 280 p.
$6.

A textbook is presented whose formulation is intended to fill the gap between general marketing and market research works and the existing literature on various aspects of the size of the market and certain specific aspects of the weapons procurement process. The volume represents the edited contributions of a large number of people experienced in defense-space market research. Their efforts were brought together by the Electronics Industry Association, and they are listed as text contributors or planning and editorial contributors. The work discusses the nature of the market, market research and planning, and general characteristics of defense-space market research; various aspects of the process of and the organization for defense-space market research, with an appendix giving positions descriptions in two companies; information sources, including a discussion of the link between military planning and defense budgeting, with an appendix giving program element lists; forecasting the market, identifying growth areas, and utilizing information. A list of abbreviations, a glossary, selected references, and an index are presented. The work is intended to provide a basic text for courses in defense-space marketing and economics which should shorten the period required for in-house training programs and expand the supply of persons competent to function effectively in this professional activity.

exercise is the preparation and defense of the budget. Planning in the 1970s, as compared with the 1960s, will have to clear the hurdle of greater competition for the Federal dollar. The coming decade will find substantially more dollars spent on space projects than its predecessor, but they will have to meet the practical tests of benefits and payoffs. Another outstanding feature of the coming decade will be the convergence of aeronautics and astronautics, with the greatest advances in each joining to improve transportation within the earth's atmosphere and out into space. Broad mission objectives for evaluating space programs and considering what should be done in advancing the national interest through space technology are outlined.

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OBSERVATIONS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SPACE ELECTRONIC PROGRAMS.

Arthur H. Wulfsberg (Collins Radio Co., Spacecraft Systems Div.,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa).

Société Française des Electroniciens et des Radioélectriciens,
Colloque International sur l'Electronique et l'Espace, Paris,
France, Apr. 10-15, 1967, Paper. 7 p.

Discussion of the role of the program manager in the integration of the requirements of a space program. A differentiation is made between the functional or matrix-type organization, in which all program efforts are performed by the company departments, and the project organization, in which essentially all effort is performed by a specially organized project team under the direct supervision of the project manager. The advantages of an organization characterized by integration and employee self-control over one of authoritative direction and control are discussed.

R. B. S.

A67-27506

PLANNING THE TECHNOLOGICAL (R) EVOLUTION.

Joseph E. Karth (U.S. Congress, Washington, D. C.).

IN: SPACE AGE IN FISCAL YEAR 2001; AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY, GODDARD MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM, 4TH, WASHINGTON, D. C., MARCH 15, 16, 1966, PROCEEDINGS. [A67 27501 13-34]

Edited by E. B. Konecci, M. W. Hunter, II, and R. F. Trapp. Tarzana, Calif., American Astronautical Society (AAS Science and Technology Series. Volume 10), 1967, p. 114-132.

Discussion of the planning and decision-making system in the area of science and technology. The results of Congressional hearings on the allocation of funds, and the investigation of the Executive Department's decision-making process on research and development are summarized. The need for frequent, systematic, large-scale surveys and analysis of science and technology is stressed from the present to the future frontiers of knowledge. The possibility of a technological revolution in the sense of a sudden and radical change is explained in contrast to the gradual and relatively peaceful process of evolutionary exchange. The need for planning the evolutionary progress is evident but it must be done with the expectation of revolutionary changes. The creation of a "Hoovertype" commission is urged to undertake a complete review of the relationship between public policy and science and technology.

T. M.

A67-37619

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A67-11199

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NATIONAL SPACE PROGRAM PLANNING VIEWPOINT OF EXECU-
TIVE BRANCH OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.

Edward C. Welsh (National Aeronautics and Space Council,
Washington, D.C.).

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Space Program Issues of the 70's Meeting, Seattle, Wash., Aug. 28-30, 1967, Paper 67-628. 5 p.

Members, $0.75; nonmembers, $1.50.

Discussion of problems involved in space planning by the Executive Branch of the Government. It is pointed out that one of the most arduous and time-consuming activities in the entire planning

HOW ROLLS-ROYCE USES COMPUTERS.

L. Griffiths (Rolls-Royce, Ltd., Derby, England).
Shell Aviation News, no. 339, 1966, p. 7-9,

Discussion of Rolls-Royce's use of computers in engineering, manufacturing, and marketing operations. The company now has 11 computers in use. The current annual expenditure on computing and data processing within the Aero Division lies between 1-1/2 and 2% of annual turnover. Approximately 600 of the Division's staff are employed directly in this work. The design, manufacture, and checking of compressor blades is a typical computer application.

M.M.

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A63-18274

INFORMATION PROBLEMS OF ENGINEERS IN AN INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION.

Bernard K. Dennis (General Electric Co., Flight Propulsion Div., Cincinnati, Ohio).

IN: Institute of Environmental Sciences, 1963 Annual Technical Meeting, Proceedings. Mt. Prospect, Ill., Institute of Environmental Sciences, 1963, p. 121-127.

Discussion of the problems encountered in keeping up with research and developments thorugh published technical information. The information problems are summed up as too little and too late. Security restrictions, competitive jealousies, and organizational weaknesses are blamed for the "too little" aspect. The large volume of data, the reliance on traditional methods (which make use of an increasing number of specialized journals and the multiplication of more and more specialized societies), and the multitude of information sources contribute to the "too late" aspect. Suggestions on how the engineer can help solve his own information problems are provided. Recommendations for the establishment of a national technical information center are included.

A66-24747 #

A TRILLION DOLLAR MARKET.

Vincent P. Rock (Communications Central, Washington, D. C.). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Communications Satellite Systems Conference, Washington, D. C., May 2-4, 1966, Paper 66-274. 16 p. 7 refs.

Members, $0.75; nonmembers, $1.50.

Examination of three market problems connected with the development of Satellite Educational and Informational Television (SEIT) what values will foster growth of SEIT, what is the nature of market demand and structure, and what is the role of SEIT in opening up this market. Values which facilitate the growth of the market potential are discussed. The "information system," consisting of the complex of peoples, institutions, and technology through which information is created, is described. The role of the SEIT program is evaluated. The conclusions of experts who reviewed the developmental work on TV for educational purposes are set forth. Advantages of satellite communication are reviewed. D. P. F.

A65-10717 #

THE GOVERNMENT'S ATTITUDE TOWARD PROFIT.

Dave W. Lang (NASA, Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Tex.).
IN: AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRO-
NAUTICS, AND NASA, MANNED SPACE FLIGHT MEETING,
3RD, HOUSTON, TEX., NOVEMBER 4-6, 1964, TECHNICAL
PAPERS (AIAA Publication CP-10).

New York, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
1964, p. 353-355. 7 refs.

Review of changes in Government policies towards profits in the aerospace industry. Shortcomings in cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts are reviewed, and the increasing use of cost-plusincentive-fee contracts is discussed. The role of competitive pressures in determining profit rates is noted. The incentive contract, with its basic philosophy of reward for good performance and penalty for poor, is concluded to offer the best opportunity for the contractor to achieve higher profits. P. K.

A64-14706

SELECTED REFERENCES ON PERT AND RELATED TECHNIQUES. B. L. Fry (North American Aviation, Inc., Atomics International Div., Management Systems and Evaluation, Canoga Park, Calif.). (RAND Corp., Memorandum RM-3074-PR, Feb. 1963.) IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. EM-10, Sept. 1963, p. 150, 151.

Bibliography of 50 items selected to demonstrate the scope of material covered in studies of the network-type management control systems. The documents are organized by author, title, author's organization, chronology, and a file number. The bibliography comprises two listings, one indexed by author and one indexed by title.

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