CHAPTER VII.

PUBLIC WORKS-MEANS OF FOREIGN AND
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION.

Necessity for promoting Enterprize-Irrigation-Construction
of Tanks-Canals-Various lines suggested-Objections to
Canals-Railways-Expenses less than in England-Most
advantageous Power-Importance of increasing means of
Communication-Roads and Bridges-The Posts-Steam
Navigation-Experiments on the Rivers-The Indus-
Supply of Fuel-State of the Country-Ganges, Jumna, and
Burhampooter-Peculiarities of those Rivers-Steam Com-
munication with Great Britain-Leading Routes-Experi-
mental Voyage by the Cape of Good Hope-Expense-
Opinion of Capt. Wilson-Persian Gulph and Euphrates-
Description of Route-Obstructions on the Euphrates-
Journey by Land-The Arabs-Route by the Red Sea-
Variations of this Route-Division into Stages-Practica-
bility, public benefit, and private advantage-Political Con-
siderations.

CHAPTER VIII.

SOCIETY AND MANNERS.

Hindoos and Mahomedans-Approaching Changes-Adoption
of European Habits-Progress of the English Language-
Effects of its extension upon British Dominion-Taste for
English Literature-Periodical Press-Slavery.

CHAPTER IX.

२

RELIGION AND MORALS.

Moral and Religious State of India-Prevailing Vices-Want of Veracity-Exemplified in legal Testimony-Want of Honesty Illustrations-State of Public Feeling-The malevolent Passions-Instances-Tendency to LitigationWant of Sensibility-Anecdotes related by Bishop HeberDeficiency of Maternal Affection-Facts illustrating itInfanticide-Suttees-Absence of patriotic Feeling-Impurity -Tone of Conversation-Opinion of various authorities— -Physical and moral Causes-Civil Position of Natives of India insufficient to account for State of Morals-Hindoo Religion-Doctrines-Rites and Ceremonies-Barbarous and licentious Exhibitions Connection between Religion and Morals-Institution of Castes-Precepts positively EvilSymptoms of Change-Practice of debating among Hindoo Youths-Progress of simple Deism-Its probable Results— Effects of the Diffusion of Knowledge-Effects of Civilization in regard to Truth and Error-Means of advancing Christianity-Education-Example-English Church Establishment-Number of Chaplains-Additional Bishops—Church of Scotland-Clause in the late Act of authorizing Grants of Money for Religious Purposes- Missionaries— Situation of Native Christians-Remarks on the Pilgrim Tax now abolished-Syrian Christians-Roman Catholics-Their

ill Success as Missionaries-Causes-Lutheran Missionaries

Swartz-Christian Villagers - Number of Converts Church Missionary Society-Baptist Missionaries-Reasons for Exertion.

CHAPTER X.

THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM.

Law of the Hindoos-Of the Mahometans-Of the English-Regulations of the Local Government-Supreme Courts-Extent of their Jurisdiction-Inconveniences from its vagueness and uncertainty-Dislike of the Natives-Provisions of the late Act-Company's Courts in Bengal-Moonsiff-Zillah Courts -Provincial Courts-Sudder Dewanny and Nizamut Adawlut-Judicial Arrangements in Madras-in Bombay-Law administered and Modes of proceeding-Native Pleaders and Method of Payment - Agents - Criminal Law under the three Presidencies-Use of the Mahometan Law-Method of taking evidence-Mahometan Law of Evidence-Principle and Practice-Rules of Evidence and Disqualification of Witnesses-Confessions-Atrocious Practices of the PoliceAppointment of Law Commissioners-Formation of a Code Qualifications for the Task-Cautions necessary-Natural Rights-Greatest Happiness Principle-Ancient Institutions -Law of Nature- Utility - Peace Courts-Necessity for Change Cheap Justice-Remuneration of JudgesAdvocates and Agents - Delay-Employment of NativesConflicting Jurisdictions of King's and Company's Courts— Petty and Superior Courts-Plan for establishing Courts of

Primary

1

Primary Jurisdiction-Local Judges-Plan for Courts of

Appeal-Question of Appeal to England-Concurrent Juris-

diction of European and Native Judges-Best Modes of

Payment and Procedure-Regulations of Pleaders-Admini-

stration of Criminal Law-Trial by Jury-Punchayets-

Language of the Courts-Persian-English-Evidence-

System of Conveyancing-Registration.

CHAPTER XI.

REVENUE.

The Land the principal Source of Revenue-Modes of Collec-
tion-Zemindary, Ryotwar and Village-Other Sources of
Revenue - Monopoly of Salt-Of Opium — Of Tobacco-
Post Office-Transit Duties - Their Origin-Changes-
Stipulation with Oude How levied-Effects

-

-

-

-Customs-

Saltpetre-Cardamums-Sayer Duties - Their Nature and

Varieties - Abkaree - Town Duties - How appropriated—

Objections to them-Wheel Tax-Amount and Tendency—

Stamp Duties-in Bengal-in Madras-in Bombay-Ge-

neral Operation of Stamp Duties-Fraudulent Conduct of

Natives Mode of distributing Stamps - Inequality of

-

Taxation in India-Advantages and Disadvantages of a Pro-

perty-Tax-Principal Amount of Revenue must continue to

be derived from the Land-Different Claims of Occupiers

-Origin of the Zemindary System - Zemindars in the

Northern Circars-Permanent Settlement-Errors-Grie-

vances of the Ryots-Division of Zemindaries Profits of

-

the

the Zemindars-Regulation in Madras for protection of

Ryots Abuses arising out of the Zemindary System-

Extraordinary Case-Sale of Zemindaries Character of

the Zemindars-Immense Mass of Litigation-Decision of

the Home Government against extending the Zemindary

Settlement-Failure of the System-Extent of the Perma-

nent Settlement-Effects of a Temporary Settlement in the

Western Provinces-Extraordinary Sales-Remedial Mea-

sures-Proposal of Lord W. Bentinck-Points to be kept

in View-Disturbances in the Western Provinces-Policy of

discouraging the Zemindary System-Judgment of Sir

Thomas Munro-Danger of Hasty Innovation-Necessity

for laborious Enquiry into the Rights of all Classes—Means

of correcting Mischiefs of the permanent Settlement-Re-

purchase by Government Attachment instead of Sale-

Upholding existing Engagements-Revival and regulation

of Office of Village Accountant-Villages in India-Opinion

of Sir C. Metcalfe on their Advantages - Village System
applied to Revenue-Its Effects-Ryotwar System preferable
to every other-Reasons for it-Modified Ryotwar System
in Bombay-Trial in Bengal-In Madras-Mode of Set-
tlement under that Presidency-Observations on it-Facility
of applying the Ryotwar System- Objection to it and
Answers-Whether Land Revenue be Rent or a Tax-
Mr. Mill's Opinion-Remarks on it-Beneficial Effects of
moderate Assessment-Redemption of the Land Revenues
-Impracticable now-When practicable must be effected
with Caution-Prospects of the Revenue-Decline in certain
parts of India-Causes obscure-Means of improving Re-