18. Real and nominal essence
the same in simple ideas and modes, different in substances.
19. Essences ingenerable and incorruptible.
20. Recapitulation.
Of the names of mixed modes and relations.
2. First, The ideas they stand
for are made by the under-
standing.
3. Secondly, made arbitra-
rily, and without patterns.
4. How this is done.
5. Evidently arbitrary, in
that the idea is often be-
fore the existence.
6. Instances, murther, incest,
stabbing.
7. But still subservient to
the end of language.
8. Whereof the intranflata-
ble words of divers lan-
guages, are a proof.
9. This shows species to be
made for communication.
10. II. In mixed modes, it is the
name that ties the combi-
nation together, and makes
it a species.
12. For the originals of mixed
modes, we look no farther
than the mind, which also
shows them to be the
workmanship of the un
derstanding.
13. Their being made by
the understanding with-
out patterns, shows the
reason why they are so
compounded.
14. Names of mixed modes
stand always for their real
Of the imperfection of words.
SECT.
1. Words are used for re-
cording and communicat-
ing our thoughts.
2. Any words will serve for
recording.
3. Communication by words,
civil or philosophical.
4. The imperfection of words,
is the doubtfulness of
their signification.
5. Causes of their imperfec- tion.
6. The names of mixed modes
doubtful: first, because the ideas they stand for, are so complex. 7. Secondly, because they have no standards. 8. Propriety not a sufficient remedy.
9. The way of learning
these names contributes
also to their doubtfulness.
10. Hence unavoidable obscu-
rity in ancient authors.
11. Names of substances, of
doubtful signification.
12. Names of substances re-
ferred, first, to real essen-
ces, that cannot be known.
13. 14. Secondly, to co-existing
qualities, which are known but imperfectly.
15. With this imperfection they may serve for civil, but not well for philoso- phical use.
16. Instance, liquor of the
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