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consisted of the compound walls, with ditch and palisade inside, and barricades across the lanes that separated the compounds. The left corner of the Thuggee Gaol was on the prolongation of the Cawnpore road. Here, therefore, a battery was constructed, merely to sweep that road, its position not enabling it to be put to any other use, and the supposi tion being that one great source of danger was the advance and attack of the troops from Cawnpore. The walls of the Thuggee Gaol and the natives' houses, with stockading in front, were the line of defence there. The walls of the Residency outhouses formed another part of the defence; thence a parapet following the edge of the high ground formed the boundary up to Lieutenant Innes's house; from which point a deep ditch to the Redan completed the line of defence.

As the godowns were gradually cleared out, magazines built, and sites for batteries selected, the powder, ordnance stores, commissariat, and heavy guns were moved from the Mutchee Bhawn into the Residency intrenchments.*

On the 30th of May the mutiny broke out in cantonments amongst the lines of the 71st N. I. and soon became general. The Sepoys burnt down some of the buildings, and fired into the mess-room of the officers of the 71st N. I. One or two officers were afterwards shot dead-and it was not until a part of the 32nd Regiment charged

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the rebels and the artillery opened upon them, under the personal direction of Sir Henry Lawrence, that they gave way and quitted the cantonments. They retired to Moodkipore, where they were joined by the 7th Light Cavalry, who murdered one of their officers on the spot.

The state of Lucknow now became threatening in the extreme; but Sir Henry Lawrence hoped by vigorous measures of repression to strike terror into the minds of the inhabitants and prevent a general rising. Numbers of men convicted of tampering with the troops were hanged on gallows erected in front of the Mutchee Bhawn, and two members of the royal family at Delhi, and a brother of the exKing of Oude, were arrested and imprisoned there.

"The Residency itself was crowded with ladies, women, and children, and every house and outhouse was occupied. Preparations for defence were continued, and thousands of coolies were employed at the batteries, stockades, and trenches, which we were everywhere completing. We buried the treasure and ammunition, of which fortunately we had a large supply, and brought together as many guns as we could collect. The Residency and Mutchee Bhawn presented most animated scenes. There were soldiers, Sepoys, prisoners in irons, men, women, and children, hundreds of servants, respectable natives in their carriages, coolies carrying weights, heavy cannons, field-pieces, carts, elephants, camels, bullocks, horses, all moving about hither and thither, and continual bustle and noise was kept up from morning to night. Tents were pitched; and in fact, there was scarcely a corner which

was not in some way occupied and turned to account."*

On the 29th of June the vanguard of the enemy, who had been accumulating in great numbers for the purpose of overwhelming the small European force at Lucknow, appeared at Chinnahut, a place about 9 miles from the Residency; when the British troops were with drawn from the cantonments, and divided between the Residency and the Mutchee Bhawn. Next day a detachment from the garrison about 600 strong marched out to attack the rebels at Chinnahut, but met with a disastrous repulse. The whole of the Native Police force went over to the enemy; the Native Artillerymen deserted their guns,

Personal Narrative of the Siege of Lucknow, by L. E. Kees.

and our infantry, unsupported by cannon, were overpowered by the masses of the enemy. We lost 100 Europeans, including five officers, in the conflict, and the rest retreated to the Residency and the Mutchee Bhawn, closely pursued by the victorious rebels. The intrenchments were now invested by the enemy, and as it was thought advisable to concentrate the garrison as much as possible, orders were given to the troops in the Mutchee Bhawn to abandon it, and as soon as they had quitted it, the fort was blown up by Lieutenant Innes with the magazine of powder it contained. The siege of the Residency now commenced in earnest, and we shall at a subsequent part of our narrative resume our account of the events that happened there.

CHAPTER XIII.

INDIA. HISTORY OF THE MUTINY CONTINUED.-Events at Cawnpore -Nana Sahib-Siege of the Garrison, and heroic resistance by Sir Hugh Wheeler-Evacuation of the intrenchments, and massacre of the men of the garrison-Proclamation by Nana Sahib-Advance of General Havelock-Defeat of the rebels at Futtehpore, Aeng, and the Bridge of Pandoo Nuddee-Massacre of the women and children at Cawnpore-Defeat of the rebels by General Havelock at Ahirwa— Capture of Bithoor-General Neill at Cawnpore-General Havelock crosses the Ganges into Oude-Defeat of the enemy at Unao, and three times at Busherut Gunge-General Havelock falls back on Cawnpore-Bithoor taken a second time-Letter from Colonel Inglis at Lucknow to General Havelock.—Narrative of the SIEGE of Delhi -Various engagements with the rebels-General Wilson assumes the command of the British Army before Delhi-Defeat of the enemy at Nujuffghur-Assault upon Delhi-Blowing up of the Cashmere Gate -Fighting within the city, and final occupation of the place-Proclamation by the Governor-General in Council-Capture of the King of Delhi and two of his sons-The sons put to death-Colonel Greathed's column of pursuit.

T Cawnpore there were three Native Infantry Regiments, the 1st, 53rd, and 56th, and the 2nd Regiment of Light Cavalry, the last of which was in a very diaffected state. The English troops consisted of a company of Royal Artillery, and some soldiers of the 32nd and 84th Queen's Regiments, who altogether did not number more than about 200 men, under the command of General Sir Hugh Wheeler. Seeing the temper of the Sepoys, this officer caused preparations to be made before the end of May for forming an intrenched camp round the hospital barracks (between what was then the soldier's church and some new

unfinished lines for European troops), by connecting the buildings with a mound of earth, about five feet high, and he took the precaution to lay in there a considerable supply of provisions. Before the 1st of June, the whole of the European non-military residents at Cawnpore removed into the church and other buildings near the intrenchment, and into it were carried the commissariat treasure-chest and valuable records, and a quantity of ammunition was buried under ground.

On the evening of the 3rd of June, the 3rd Oude Horse Battery, which had been sent from Lucknow to reinforce the troops at

Cawnpore, were taken into the intrenchment, and two days after wards the 2nd Light Cavalry went off in a body in the direction of Nawabgunge, having in vain attempted to persuade the 53rd and 56th N.I. to join them. They were immediately followed by the 1st N.I., who, however, first insisted that their English officers should be allowed to retire in safety within the intrenched camp. But the two other native regiments very soon mutinied, and hastened to join their comrades at Nawabgunge, where Nana Sahib received them, and took the command of the whole force.

The real name of this man, who has become for ever infamous, was Doondoo, or Doondy Punt, and he was the adopted son of Bajee Rao, the ex-Peishwah of Poonah, who adopted him in the month of June, 1827. His father was a Brahmin from the Deccan, who had come to Bithoor in the preceding year. After the Peishwah's death, in 1852, he claimed to be entitled to a continuance of the pension of eight lacs of rupees, which had been paid to that chieftain under the treaty of 1818, when he surrendered to Sir John Malcolm; and no doubt the refusal of the Indian Government to recognise his right rankled in his mind, and was the chief cause of the bloodthirsty revenge he afterwards took. He had been allowed to retain a retinue of 200 soldiers, with three field-pieces, and he had a fortified residence at Bithoor, 10 miles west of Cawnpore.

Nana Sahib lost no time in marching upon the public treasury at Cawnpore, which he plundered, and set fire to the building, and then took possession of the magazine, which unfortunately had not.

been blown up. In the meantime, the 3rd Oude Horse Battery began to show signs of disaffection, and they were disarmed and sent out of the intrenchment, where the whole of the Europeans were now congregated, and in which General Wheeler had mounted eight guns. But it must not be supposed that the place was in any military sense of the word fortified. It was an open enclosure, surrounded by a trench and a mound of earth, and containing a few barrack buildings, which formed the chief if not the only shelter from the shot of the enemy. To those who saw it after the tragic catastrophe of the garrison it was a matter of astonishment that they held out for a day.

The rebel and cowardly Sepoys began to attack on the 7th of June, and from that day until the 24th an almost incessant fire was kept up on the intrenched camp Some of their guns were 24-pounders, and under cover of their artillery they made frequent attempts to carry the enclosure by storm, but were each time beaten back by the garrison, who worked their guns with admirable effect. But the sufferings of the devoted band were terrible. The intrenchment was crowded with helpless women and children, for whom it was almost impossible to find shelter from the shot and shell which the rebels poured into the camp. We will give

The following is, we believe, a correct estimate of the number of those who were trenched camp at Cawnpore :--First Comwith General Sir Hugh Wheeler in the inpany 6th Battalion of Artillery, 61; H.M. 32nd Regiment, 84; 1st European Fusileers, 15; H.M. 84th Regiment, 50--210. Officers of the three Native Infantry Regiments, cavalry, and others, with the staff100. Non-combatants (including 160 women and children), 590-Total, 900.

extracts from a narrative of the siege, written by Mr. Shepherd, of the Commissariat department, a survivor of the garrison, who, being a half-caste, escaped death by getting out of the intrenchment disguised as a native cook, and, being taken prisoner, was sentenced to imprisonment in irons, but released by the British troops, when they entered Cawnpore.

"We had but one well, in the middle of the intrenchment, and the enemy kept up their fire so incessantly both day and night, that it was as much as giving a man's 'life-blood' to go and draw a bucket of water; and while there was any water left in the large jars usually kept in the veranda for the soldiers' use nobody ventured to the well; but after the second day the demand become so great that a Bheestie bag of water was with difficulty got for five rupees, and a bucket for a rupee, as most of the servants of officers and merchants had deserted, and it therefore became a matter of necessity for every person to get his own water, which was usually done during the night, when the enemy could not well direct their shots. In fact, after the first three days' incessant firing, the rebels made it a practice, usually at about candlelight, to cease for about two hours, and at that time the crowd round the well was very great.

"There was no place to shelter the live cattle. Horses of private gentlemen, as also those of the 3rd Oude Battery, were obliged to be let loose. A few sheep and goats, as well as the bullocks kept for Commissariat purposes, were shot off, and in the course of five or six days no meat was to be got for the Europeans. They, however, now and again managed to get hold of a

stray bullock or cow near the intrenchment at night, which served for a change; otherwise dall and chuppaties were the common food of all. Several hogsheads of rum and malt liquor were also burst by the enemy's cannon, but of this there was a large quantity, and the loss was not felt.

"For the first four or five days of the outbreak, our artillery kept up a brisk firing, but after that it was considered unadvisable to exhaust our magazine, for the rebels took care to always keep well under cover, and we could not do much execution among them.

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The heat was very great, and what with the fright, want of room, want of proper food and care, several ladies and soldiers' wives, as also children, died with great distress. Many officers and soldiers also were sun-struck, from exposure to the hot winds. The dead bodies of our people had to be thrown into a well outside the intrenchment, near the new unfinished barracks, and this work was generally done at the close of each day, as nobody could venture out during the day, on account of the shot and shell flying in all directions like a hail storm; our intrenchment was strewed with them. The distress was so great that none could offer a word of consolation to his friend, or attempt to administer to the wants of each other. I have seen the dead bodies of officers and tenderlybrought up young ladies of rank (colonels' and captains' daughters), put outside in the veranda in the rain, to await the time when the fatigue party usually went round to carry the dead to the well, as above, for there was scarcely room to shelter the living; the buildings were so sadly riddled

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