Tilbury Fort is in Essex, opposite Gravesend. The original Tilbury Fort was built by Henry VIII. in 1539, and when Elizabeth's army was encamped at West Tilbury was but a small building. King Henry's Fort was considerably enlarged by Charles II., when the Dutch fleet were making themselves very officious in the Thames and Medway. There is not much to see in Tilbury Fort, the principal object of attraction being the room in the old gateway once occupied by Queen Elizabeth. At Tilbury is a station of the London, Tilbury, and Southend Railway, and a steam-ferry to Gravesend.

FARES to Fenchurch-street: 1st, 2/5, 3/9; 2nd, 1/9, 2/10; 3rd, 1/2, 2/-; and see GRAVESEND.

Tilehurst. Here are a ferry and a station of the G. W. R., between Caversham and Pangbourne. Here also is the Roebuck Hotel," which is very well spoken of, but of which the Editor has not had personal experience.

new "

Tolls.- See NAVIGATION, UPPER THAMES.

Tower of London.-The most interesting relic of the past that can be seer. to best advantage from the river is the Tower of London, situated on rising ground about half a mile below London Bridge. The most conspicuous portion of the present mass of buildings and masonry, which covers some thirteen acres of ground, is the White Tower, a quadrangular keep 90 feet high, whose four turrets have been familiar to English eyes for centuries. Some evidence exists as to the probability of a Roman fortress having occupied the present site, but it was not until 1077 that the Tower was commenced by Gundolph, monk of Bec, who afterwards became Bishop of Rochester. The keep, or White Tower, consists of three floors besides the vaults, which were formerly used as dungeons. The walls are from twelve to fifteen feet thick. Each floor contains three rooms, not counting the chambers and stairs sunk into the solid wall. The main

On

storey was the garrison stage, held by the king's guards, and consisted of two apart ments and the crypt, which was occasion ally used as a prison. Above is the ban queting floor, formerly a part of the royal palace, and St. John's Chapel, the best specimen of Norman architecture extant, which occupies two storeys of the keep. Above the banqueting floor is the state floor, which contained the great council chamber, the lesser hall, and the galleries of St. John's Chapel, whence there was a passage to the royal apartments. this floor, Richard III. condemned Hastings, and Anne Boleyn and Lord Rochford were tried. Despite the thickness of the walls and the scanty means of exit (one well-stair only allowing entrance or escape), the first prisoner immured in the White Tower broke his bondage. This was Flambard, Bishop of Durham, treasurer to the early Norman kings, who, after making his guards drunk, slid down a rope attached to a window shaft sixty-five feet from the ground. Years afterwards the same feat was attempted by Griffin, in the reign of Henry III., with less success, for the unlucky prisoner's coil broke, and Griffin lost his life on the spot. In this tower for twenty-five years lived Charles of Orleans, grandson of Charles V., and father of Louis XII., kings of France. Taken prisoner at Agincourt, he lived his mourn. ful life until the sum of 300,000 crowns was paid for his ransom. During the period of his captivity the unfortunate prince wrote many poems, some of which are extant. Below the ground were the dungeons, one of which, called Little Ease, was the prison of Wyatt and Guy Fawkes. In the largest of the

four turrets which surmount the roof was incarcerated Maud, the fair daughter of Baron Fitzwalter, who resisted till her death the disgraceful advances of King John. In the year 1663 the aspect of the keep was altered by Sir Christopher Wren. Part of the exterior was cased with flint and mortar, two of the turrets were rebuilt, and the openings were altered into Italian windows.

Encircling the White Tower are the inner ward and the outer ward. The former, planned and partly built by the monk of Bec, was the original fort ess, and was protected by twelve strong

towers built on the wall and forming part
of it. The inner ward was the royal quar-
ter, and comprised, besides the keep, the
royal rooms, the mint, the jewel-house,
the wardrobe, the queen's garden, St.
Peter's Church, besides quarters for the
bowmen and the constable. It was, in
fact, the king's castle, and the people had
no right of access. The outer ward lay
between the vallum, or inner wall, and
the outer scarp of the ditch. It was re-
garded as the people's quarter, and on
stated occasions the citizens claimed right
of access from the king; the object, no
doubt, being to guard their right to be
present in the courts of justice which sat
in the tower. The King's Bench was
held in the lesser hall of the keep, the
Common Pleas were heard in a hall by
the river, which has not survived the
modern improvements.

In front of the fortress on the riverside
is Tower Wharf, the work of Henry III.,
and one of the wonders of his reign.
The earth on which it is built had to be
recovered from the Thames, and the
foundations were difficult to lay. The
building was unfavourably regarded by
the London citizens, and on two occa-
sions the wall and the water-gate fell,
The king, however, persevered, and
finally completed his wharf, twelve hun-
dred feet long, and his water-gate, better
known in history as Traitor's Gate.

On

this wharf cannon used to be planted.
Many of the smaller towers which com-
mand the wharf and the ditch are me-
morable for the illustrious dead who were
confined therein. In the Devereux the
Earl of Essex was immured; in the Bell
Tower Queen Elizabeth. In Bowyer's
Tower Clarence was drowned, and in the
Bloody Tower the two sons of Edward
IV. were murdered. The Beauchamp
Tower is perhaps the most interesting
nowadays, as the building has been
admirably restored, and the inscriptions
on the walls have been secured from ob-
literation. In the north-western corner
of the quadrangle is the chapel to St.
Peter Ad Vincula, remarkable for the
number of famous persons who have been
buried beneath its stones. Anne Boleyn
and Katherine Howard were interred here,
and among others, Protector Somerset,
and his brother, Thomas Seymour,
Lady Jane Grey and her husband, and
Sir Walter Raleigh. In another part

of the tower is the Regalia, where the
royal jewels are kept, and close by is the
Horse Armoury, a collection of ancient
and mediæval arms and armour exhibited
on wooden figures of horses and men.
The first prisoner in the tower was, as
we have before remarked, Flambard,
Bishop of Durham; the last were the
Cato-street Conspirators (1820). The
last execution which took place there
was when Lords Lovat, Kilmarnock, and
Balmerino went to the block after the
rebellion of 1745. A severe fire broke
out in 1841, and caused much loss in
buildings, stores, and arms, but the
tenements which were subsequently
erected were very great improvements.
Nowadays the Tower serves as a Govern-
ment store-house for rifles, bayonets, and
military accoutrements generally. The
government is vested in a constable, who
is always a military officer of great repute,
and a lieutenant-governor, with subor-
dinates, and the corps of the Yeomanry
of the Guard, or Beefeaters. Admission
free on Mondays and Saturdays; other
days a fee of sixpence is payable for per-
mission to visit the Beauchamp Tower,
the Regalia, the Armoury, and other
objects of interest. Hours of admission,
10 to 4, except May to September inclu-
sive, when the closing hour is 6..

NEAREST Railway Stations, Mark-lane
(Met. & Dis.) and Cannon-st. (S. E.); Om-
nibus Routes, Fenchurch-st. and Aldgate
High-st.; Steamboat Pier, London Bridge.

Un-

Tower Subway.-A curious feat of
engineering skill, in the shape of an iron
tube seven feet in diameter driven through
the bed of the Thames between Great
Tower-hill (left bank) and Vine-street
(right bank). The original intention was
to have passengers drawn backwards and
forwards in a small tram omnibus. This,
however, was found unremunerative, and,
the rails having been taken up, the tunnel
has since been open as a footway.
fortunately, however, after subtracting
from its diameter the amount necessary
to afford a sufficient width of platform,
there is not much head-room left, and it
is not advisable for any but the very
briefest of Her Majesty's lieges to attempt
the passage in high-heeled boots, or with
a hat to which he attaches any particular
value. It has, however, one admirable
quality, that of having cost remarkably
little in construction.

NEAREST Steamboat Pier, London Bridge Railway Stations, Aldgate (Metrop.) and Cannon-street (S. E.); Omnibus Routes, Aldgate High-street and Fenchurch-street.

Trinity Buoy Wharf is rather difficult of approach. The best mode of access, when available, is from the Blackwall Station, across the two entrances, Old and New, of the East India Dock, then to the left along the edge of the basin and out through the little wicketgate into Orchard-street, at the eastern extremity of which is the gate of the Trinity House premises. When the little wicket-gate is shut, the best station is Poplar, either on the Blackwall Railway if coming from the west, or on the North London Railway if coming from the north. In the latter case pursue eastwards the East India-road, and its continuation the Barking-road, till you reach Orchard-street on the right hand just beyond the dock. In the former make your way along Brunswick-street and Naval-row into East India Dock Wall-road, following which northerly you will arrive at the junction of the East India and Barking roads, whence proceed as before. Coming from the eastward, the best station is the Barkingroad on the North Woolwich Branch of the London, Tilbury, and Southend Railway, whence the route lies westerly along the Barking-road. The wharf itself is situate on the western bank of the embouchure of Bow Creek into Bugsby's Reach, about half-way between the entrances of the East India and Victoria Docks. At this establishment is constructed the whole of the lighting and buoying apparatus of the United Kingdom, and of the other parts of the Empire dependent on the Trinity Board. Application to view the establishment should be made to the secretary of the Trinity House, Tower Hill; but it is a longish day's work from any habitable part of London.

Trinity House, Tower-hill, London, E.C.-The Corporation of Trinity House of Deptford Strond, originally a voluntary association of the shipmen or mariners of England, first received its name in the charter received from King Henry VIII. in 1514, in which it is described as the "Guild or Fraternity of the most glorious

and undividable Trinity of St. Clement." An Act of Elizabeth refers to the master, wardens, and assistants of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond; and all the charters which were subsequently granted to the corporation speak of "the master, warden, and assistants of the Guild, Fraternity, or Brotherhood of the most glorious and undivided Trinity, and of St. Clement, in the parish of Deptford, in the county of Kent." The arms of the corporation, granted in 1573, are thus described in the quaint language of the heralds: "Argent, a plain cross Gules, between four ships sable, and fore and topsails up, and underneath, on a wreath of their colours, a Demi-Lion Rampant Gardant, and crowned with a crown imperial Or: or in his right paw an arming sword Argent-hilt and pomell Or, langued and armed Azure, doubled Gules. Motto, Trinitas in Unitate." By the Act above mentioned the corporation received authority to erect and maintain beacons, marks, and signs of the sea, for the better navigation of the coasts of England, and from this beginning has in time grown the present magnificent organisation of lighthouses, lightships, buoys, and beacons. The affairs of the corporation were at first conducted at the hall adjoining the almshouses belonging to the brethren at Deptford, which was then the station at which outgoing ships were supplied with pilots-incoming vessels being, it is supposed, similarly accommodated at a branch station at Leigh, on the Essex coast-and when the old building became, from lapse of time, untenable, a new hall and additional almshouses were erected, in 1765, on land called the Upper Ground. This building is still in existence, but it is now only used for the distribution of alms and pensions. That part of the business of the corporation which is more closely connected with shipowners and other allied trades was first carried on Ratcliffe, then at Stepney, then in Waterlane, Tower-street, and finally, after the Water-lane premises had been twice destroyed by fire, the present commodious and handsome Trinity House on Towerhill was built, from designs by Wyatt, in 1798. In the very early days of the corporation-circa 1520 whenGovernment dockyards and arsenals were first established, the direction of the Deptford Building

Yard, with the superintendence of all Navy stores and provisions, was confided to the Trinity House, and the first master, under King Henry's charter, was Sir Thomas Spert, commander of the manof-war Henry Grace-a-Dieu, and some time controller of the navy. The minutes of the corporation were partly destroyed by the fire in 1714, but Government records prove that the early Trinity Brethren reported upon ships intended to be purchased for the navy, regulated the dimensions of those to be built, and settled all questions as to their armament, stores, and crews. In 1647 Parliament dissolved the corporation, but twelve years later reconstructed the brotherhood, and their charter, renewed by James II. in 1685, still remains in force, with some supplementary provisions introduced during the present reign. It was stipulated in the charter that the members should be liable, if required, to serve the Crown at sea, being, in return, exempted from land service; and twice, at least, they rendered good service to the State under the provisions of this clause. At the time of the great mutiny at the Nore in 1797 the Elder Brethren removed all the beacons and buoys which could guide the fleet out to sea, and when a French invasion was threatened in 1803 they undertook the defence of the entrance of the Thames, manning and personally officering an efficient squadron moored below Gravesend, and making all arrangements for the removal of all buoys, &c.. which might guide the hostile fleet on its way into the river. In 1836 an Act of Parliament was passed strengthening the position of the Trinity House, and giving it powers to purchase from the Crown, as well as from private proprietors, all interests in coast lights. By various Crown patents the corporation had been empowered to raise money by tolls for the maintenance of such lights and for other analogous purposes, and it was further provided that the surplus revenues should be devoted to the relief of indigent and aged mariners, their wives, widows, and orphans. By 1853 the allowance to out-pensioners out of these surplus funds amounted to £20,000, and an income of nearly half as much more, derived from properties held in trust for benevolent uses, was devoted to the maintenance of the almshouses at Deptford and Mile

End, and to other charitable purposes connected with those who go down to the sea in ships. It is not surprising that an institution having the command of such large sums of money, and entrusted with the exercise of duties of such national importance, should have received, on several occasions, very close attention, and, indeed, searching scrutiny from Parliament. Several committees of the House of Commons have been appointed to investigate the affairs and management of the Trinity House, and of special importance were those of 1732, 1822, 1834, 1845, and 1858. The attention of the committees of 1732 and 1822 was more particularly directed to the pilotage systems, while the latter investigations dealt more especially with the management of lights, buoys, and beacons. The results of the labours of these committees were, in effect, creditable to the corporation, whose powers, thus approved, became gradually extended. A fundamental change, however, occurred when Parliament, in 1853, transferred to the Board of Trade the control of the funds collected by the corporation from tolls and dues, and required the official sanction of the Board to all the public disbursements of the Trinity House. The moneys devoted to the carrying out of charitable designs were largely reduced, and, after payment of vested interests and pensions, the corporation has since been entitled to no more than the distribution of its private income, derived from funded or trust property still, as before, devoted to the support of its almshouses, to grants of relief, and to various objects for the promotion of the welfare of sailors both of the Royal Navy and of the merchant service, with a certain reserve for upholding the dignity of the corporation at its house. The court, or governing body, consisted under the charter of 1514 of master, wardens, and assistants, thirteen in all, elected annually by all the brethren. In 1604 the distinction between Elder and Younger Brethren was drawn for the first time, and in the charter of 1609 the management of affairs was entrusted to the master, wardens, assistants, and Elder Brethren, which form of government remains in force at the present day. The Elder Brethren are, naturally enough, elected from among those of the Younger

Brethren who desire the promotion. The Younger Brethren, whose number is unlimited, are admissible at the pleasure of the court, are entitled to vote at the election of master and wardens, and may look forward, as has been said, to grow up in time to be Elder Brethren themselves. Otherwise they have no voice in the management of the affairs of the corporation. Of the governing body of thirty-one, now in process of reduction to twenty-four -master, wardens, assistants, and Elder Brethren-the greater number have been brought up to the sea and are called acting Elder Brethren, while the remainder is made up of persons of position, such as members of the Royal Family, ministers of state, distinguished naval officers, and the like, who may, perhaps, be correctly described as honorary members. Of the acting Brethren, two-one admiral and one captain -at present represent the Royal Navy, the remainder are officers of the mercantile marine. Vacancies in the court are filled up by ballot of the whole of the Elder Brethren. The objects for which the corporation was founded are described in its charters as "being to treat and conclude upon all and singular articles anywise concerning the science or art of mariners," to encourage navigation, to provide for pilotage, to relieve poor and aged mariners, to see to the ballastage of ships in the Thames, as a means of clearing and deepening the navigable channels, and most particularly to place beacons and buoys and to preserve sea marks along the coast. Among other duties the Brethren have to examine navigating lieutenants in the Royal Navy, and to sit as nautical advisers with the Judge of the High Court of Admiralty. It will thus be readily seen that the acting Brethren are not in the enjoyment of any sinecures. The official establishment consists of secretary and assistant, secretary, eight senior clerks, seven assistant clerks, twelve junior clerks, and four temporary clerks. There are also an engineer, three assistants, and one draftsman, and clerk of works. Men of the highest position are always consulted on purely scientific questions, and in this department the late Professor Faraday has been succeeded by Professor Tyndall. At the head of the engineering department, which undertakes ail the duties connected with the erection and main

tenance of lighthouses, beacons, buoys, &c., is Mr. James N. Douglass, who comes of a family distinguished in the history of lighthouses, as the buildings on the Bishop Rock, Small's Rock, and the Wolf Rock will amply testify. The Trinity House has 78 lighthouses on its list, 63 of which are on shore, II on outlying rocks, and 4 on sands. Those on shore are of brick, stone or timber, those on rocks of granite, and those on sands on iron piles. Those above the Nore are the Northfleet, the Mucking, and the Chapman. In addition to their lighthouses on the English coast, the Trinity House has charge of two abroad, one at Heligoland and one at Gibraltar. Of lightships, the Trinity House has 38 in position and 5 in reserve and look after, besides, some 450 buoys and 60 beacons. Six steam vessels and 7 sailing - tenders are employed in the service; there are over 20 store-houses; and the workingstaff in all these services numbers over 800 men of all ranks. At the time of the election of H. R. H.the Duke of Edinburgh to the office of master, a memoir of the history, &c., of the corporation was written by Sir Frederick Arrow, the deputy-master, and printed for private circulation, and the writer of this article has to acknowledge his obligation to this very interesting brochure.

The Masters of the Trinity House during the present century have been :

1800 Right Hon. William Pitt.
1806 Earl Spencer.
1807 Duke of Portland.
1809 Marquis Camden.
1816 Earl of Liverpool.

1828 Marquis Camden.

1829 H.R.H. the Duke of Clarence
(afterwards King William IV.).
1831 Marquis Camden.
1837 Duke of Wellington.
1852 H.R.H. the Prince Consort.
1862 Viscount Palmerston.

1866 H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh,
And see