consequence of which they were obliged to build huts, and to remain there nine months. The snow lay fourteen feet deep, and want compelled them to kill forty-one of their pack-horses for food. Among the various discoveries which they have made are extensive strata of salt, alum, iron, copper, gold, and silver.

American Fur Trade.-The value of the

returns of the fur trade on the Mississippi and its waters, including the Rocky Mountains, from 1815 to 1830, is estimated, by Thomas J. Dougherty, Indian agent, at 375,000 dollars; and the clear profits, 1,650,000 dollars. Number of skins as follows: 300,000 buffalo, 375,000 beaver, 60,000 otter, 2,250,000 deer, 180,000 koon, and 562,500 musk-rat.The greater part of this trade is carried on by the American Fur Company. A communication from John Jacob Astor to the Secretary of War, dated 25th Nov. 1831, states the amount of capital employed by the Company at upwards of 1,000,000 dollars, and the annual returns 500,000. The average returns of the years 1829, 1830, and 1831, from the operations of that Company, are as follow: 17,509 beaver skins, 384,582 muskrat, 2,609 small ditto, 112,669 racoon, 4,966 rabbit, 25,333 buffalo, 687 dressed deer skins, 73,932 shaved ditto, 28,491 red ditto, 17,113 grey ditto, 149 elk skins, 1,688 red fox skins, 57 cross ditto, 2,164 grey ditto, 5 silver ditto, 227 prairie ditto, 3,965 bear skins, 1,715 cub ditto, 9,213 otter skins, 3,566 fisher, 19,198 martin, 16,266 mink, 1,216 lynx, 3,132 wild cat, 805 wolf, 8 wolverine, 13 panther, 161 badger, 26 polecat, 11 squirrel, 25 opossum, 53 swan, and 179 lbs. castorum.

Loss of Ships.-A correspondent of the "Boston Gazette" furnishes the following

remarkable facts:-" From an examination of Lloyd's List, from the year 1793 to the commencement of 1829, it has appeared that the number of British vessels alone, lost during that period, amounted, on an average, to no less than one and a half daily. We learn from Moreau's tables,

that the number of merchant vessels employed at one time in the navigation of England and Scotland amounted to about 20,000, having one with another a burden of 120 tons. Out of 551 ships of the royal navy of England lost to the country during the period above-mentioned, only 160 were taken by the enemy; the rest having either stranded or foundered, or having been burnt by accident-a striking proof that the dangers of naval warfare, however great, may be far exceeded by the storm, the hurricane, the shoal, and all the other perils of the deep. During the Sept.-VOL, XXXVI, NO. CXLI,

last great war in Europe, 32 British ships of the line went to the bottom in the space of twenty-two years, besides seven 50-gun ships, 86 frigates, and a multitude of smaller vessels. The navies of the other European powers, France, Holland, Spain, and Denmark,-were almost annihilated during the same period, so that the aggregate of their losses must have many times exceeded that of the kingdom of Great Britain. These numbers, we believe, very far exceeded what most people would have supposed. To this immense loss of ships of war and of commerce, the imagination must be left to supply the incalculable amount of wealth swallowed up with them, and the thousands of human beings who thus found a watery grave."

Volcano in New South Wales.-A volcano, exactly similar to those in other parts of the globe, has been discovered in the interior of this country. The Tasmanian states that a settler, whilst on a shooting excursion on the opposite range of mountains to the River Hunter, observing smoke in that direction, inquired of the aborigines, who were in company with him, whether or not the bush had been set on fire by some of them. They replied in the negative, and signified that it had been burning a great length of time. From these representations the spot was visited next day, and the report of a discovery of a volcano was not long in finding its way to Sydney. In 1828, the time of the discovery, the mountain was thoroughly examined: it is situate 1500 feet above the level of the sea. The volcano was again visited last year, and the fire was found raging with unabated fury. A black, tarry, and lustrous substance, a sort of bitumen, abounded on the edges of several of the cliffs. Specimens of this were, from the intense heat under foot, and the suffocating quality of the vapours emitted from the chasms, with difficulty obtained. Its sulphurous and aluminous products combined have been found successful when applied in the cure of the scab in sheep.

Vesuvius. On the 23d of July Vesuvius presented some remarkable phenomena. About an hour before noon, a small crater was formed in the interior of the ancient one, directly under that which was formed in March last. An eruption immediately took place of liquid volcanic matter, which, after remaining suspended an instant in the air, fell back into the crater. Up to the 29th the mountain continued to throw up, at intervals, flames and stones. On the morning of that day the eruption became more considerable,

3 B

the stones were thrown up nearly half a mile in the air, falling back like hail on the whole circumference of the crater. The explosions occurred at intervals of nearly three minutes, and were heard at a great distance. In five days the crater was enlarged to 250 feet.

Thirteen

streams of lava, all of which are small, found vent from the inside of the same crater; two of them took the direction of the Torre del Greco, others remained on the cone itself, and the remainder searcely passed the edge in the direction of Bosotrecase.

A landowner, at Perigueux, has recently discovered that corn cut rather green is considerably more productive than that which is suffered to stand till fully ripe. It arose from the following accident. A quantity of corn having been laid, he ordered it to be cut, bound into a sheaf, and set apart. When the field was ripe and reaped, he took another sheaf of equal size, and had them both carefully threshed and dressed separately. The sheaf of green corn produced five pecks, weighing 35lbs., and the ripe corn produced only 4 pecks, weighing 27 lbs. The 35 lbs., made into white bread, weighed 36 lbs., while the bread made from the 27 lbs. weighed only 26 lbs., and was of second quality.

New Species of Wheat.-A variety of wheat, which does not seem liable to the attack of the wheat-fly, has been accidentally found. It is most prolific, and grows a foot taller than the common wheat. It is awned, and somewhat like the Egyptian, but of a clearer colour, without the protuberances of the latter. If once a supply of this variety for seed be found, the fly will be starved. Of a patch standing in the middle of a field, where every ear of the common wheat was hurt, and the flies were numerous, not an ear was touched, although other bearded varieties suffered.-Highland Society Transactions.

We have been favoured, says the "Sheffield Iris," by a highly-respectable corre spondent, with the plan adopted in Cornwall, where more rain falls than in this part of the country, to secure the corn from injury should the state of the weather require it. It is as follows:-Every night the sheaves are piled into what are called Irish Mows, 100 in a mow, by setting them in a circle, with the heads inwards, and covering the top with an inverted sheaf. The corn being safe from injury in these mows, there are no hands taken from reaping to carry it, until it is quite convenient to do so.

Useful Instruction regarding the Milking

of Cows.-The following useful hints, on a subject of much importance to farmers, are given in a recent number of the "Quarterly Journal of Agriculture :"— "The operation of milking is performed differently in various parts of the country. In some, the dairy-maid dips her hand into a little milk, and by successively stripping the teat between her finger and thumb, unloads the udder. The plan, however, is attended with the disadvantage of irritating more or less the teat, and rendering it liable to cracks and chops, which are followed by inflammation, extending to the rest of the quarter. This accounts for the disease occurring more frequently among the cows under the charge of one milker than it does in those which are under the charge of another; and, as this practice is more common in some parts of the country than in others, it also accounts for the disease being more common in these parts. This plan of milk. ing, where the irritation is not sufficient

to excite the extent of inflammation to which I have alluded, frequently produces a horny thickening of the teat,-a consequence of the cracks and chops, which renders it more difficult to milk than when in its natural state; and, at the same time, predisposed to inflammation, when any cause occurs to set it up. These effects may be, and are almost entirely, avoided by the more scientific plan of milking adopted in other parts of the country, where, instead of drawing down or stripping the teat between the thumb and fingers, the dairy-maid follows more closely the principles which instinct has taught the calf. (The calf jerks its nose into the udder, and forces down the milk.) She first takes a slight hold of the teat with her hand, by which she merely encircles it; then lifts her hand up, so as to press the body of the udder upwards, by which the milk escapes into the teat, or if (as is generally the case when some hours have elapsed between milking times) the teat is full, she grasps the teat close to its origin with her thumb and her fore finger, so as to prevent the milk which is in the

teat from escaping upwards; then making the rest of the fingers to close from above downwards in succession, forces out what milk may be contained in the teat through the opening of it. The hand is again

pressed up and closed as before, and thus, by repeating this action, the udder is completely emptied, without that coarse tugging and tearing of the teat, which is so apt to produce disease."

Improved Raw Sugar.-A great improvement has recently been introduced in the manufacture of raw sugar, whereby this is prepared pure, direct from the canejuice, and from which may be anticipated the most singular benefit to the West Indian colonies. The improvement consists in the substitution of the improved process of evaporation in vacuo, for the ordinary processes, the mode of operation, the introduction of the Hon. Edward Charles Howard, which has for some time been successfully established in the different sugar refineries of this country. By effecting the last stages of the concentration of the cane-juice in vacuo, the immense quantity of deteriorated material, known as uncrystallizable sugar, molasses, or colouring matter, the products of the present mode of operation, from the intense and long-continued degree of heat employed in the processes, is saved, while the sugar is obtained of a quality far superior to that produced by any other process.

This saving, from extensive partial decomposition in the production of the material to the planter, is of the very first importance, as it gives an addition in quantity of 25 per cent.; whilst, from its superior quality, this readily commands an increased price of 108. to 128. per cwt., and ensures a preference in the market for all purposes of manufacture, solution, or domestic economy. It is in perfect, pure, transparent granular crystals, developing the true crystalline form of the sugar, and being entirely free from the least portion of uncrystallizable sugar, molasses, or colouring matter, consequently stands in no need of any subsequent process of decolorization or refining for all purposes of domestic economy and the table. In solution it is not apt to become acescent, and it is a purer sweet, and of a more mellifluous taste, than even the best refined sugar. In the manufacture of rum from the molasses, which are separated during the process of the operation, there is no danger of deterioration in the production of empyreuma, an almost unavoidable attendant when ordinary molasses are employed. The improved process is now in successful operation on eight estates in Demerara.

ARTS.

Ornamental Yarns, Cottons, &c.-The "Repertory of Arts" details the nature of a patent granted to Mr. Pierrepont Greaves, of Lancaster, for making ornamental or fancy cotton yarns and threads, applicable to the making, sewing, or embroidering of cotton and other fabrics. The skilful combination of the primary colours, so as to produce new shades or self-colours, has proved a puzzling point for the dyer; nay, it is held impossible by a mixture of dyes to produce certain tints on cotton. It is of some importance that this difficulty should be got over; silk embroidery and worsted tapestry have long been foster-sisters to painting. What art owes to linen, canvass alone can tell, but cotton is behind-for woollen rags have been dexterously made into pictures, and tattered red coats are manufactured into a brilliant tint, but the arts of design have received few favours from cotton, while Manchester and Glasgow know how much cotton owes to the ornaments with which art has loaded it. Now, there is reason to hope, from this discovery of Mr. Greaves's, that the minutest shades of colour may be produced in cotton yarns and thread; and that future tapestries and brocades, and embroideries, and tambourings in this elegant material, may be manufactured with all the advantage of varied tints, as well as all that grace of drawing which some productions in cotton have already manifested. This discovery is not only ingenious and useful, but it is capable of an easy explanation, and may be made clear in a few words, with little trouble to the understanding. Mr. Greaves procures a quantity of cotton-wool, dyed as usual, in each of the primary colours; and without the aid of any machinery, without the slightest additional expense, with no more than the common quantity of labour, he produces his novel and variegated store. He uses the wool as a painter would do the earths, which are called colours, from the colours they bear. He takes, for instance, a portion of blue wool of a deeper or a lighter shade, and a portion of pink wool, and mingles these together until the mass becomes purple, adding red or blue according to the tone he seeks. If he wish to produce a delicate

green, he uses a proportionate quantity of blue and yellow; these colours he can make darker or lighter by the addition of a deeper blue up to black, and a paler pink or yellow down to white, for white and black wool may be mingled with the pris matic coloured wools just as they may be with the primary colours in the earths for painting. When he has brought his mixture to the tone he wants it, he deals it out to the spinner in the usual quantities; and after it has gone through the common process, and is made into yarn or thread by the usual means, it retains that tint which the wool acquired by its regular admixture; and thus any work of weaving or sewing in tapestry, tambouring, or embroidery, may be wrought in cotton with the highest degree of perfection.

PATENTS LATELY GRANTED. Edward Garsed, of Homerton, in the Parish of St. John, Hackney, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, and Alfred Robinson, of Mile End, in the Parish of St. Dunstan, Stepney, in the said County, Merchant, for certain improvements in apparatus for heating, warming, and ventilating drying houses, rooms, buildings, ships, and mines.

Harriet Grant Gillet, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Widow of the late Angustus Whiting Gillet, of the same place, Merchant, for a new or improved machine or instrument to measure, beat, and give the accents in all the

different modes of time with any degree of velocity required, applicable to the teaching of music. Communicated by a certain foreigner residing abroad.

Frederick William Isaac, of Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, in the County of Middlesex. Ivory, Tortoise-shell and Pearl-worker, for certain improvements in ornamenting the fingerkeys, and other parts of piano-fortes, organs,

and other musical instruments.

James Macdonald, of the University Club House, Pall Mall East, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for an improvement in the construction of rail-ways. Communicated by a certain foreigner residing abroad.

Alexander Beattie Shankland, of Liverpool Street, in the City of London, Esq., for a new method of spinning wool. Communicated by a foreigner residing abroad.

William Daubney Holmes, of No. 55, St. John Square, in the County of Middlesex, Engineer, for a new method of heating houses and other buildings, and of applying heat to various manufactures, and other purposes.

Thomas and Robert Wedlake, of Hornchurch, in the County of Middlesex, Agricultural Instrument Makers, for certain improvements in ploughs, particularly the shares applicable to the same and other ploughs.

Robert Hicks, of Wimpole Street, in the County of Middlesex, Esq. for an improved apparatus for baking bread.

William Hodge, of Margaret Place, Dover Road, in the County of Surrey, Hat Dyer, for certain improvements in apparatus for dyeing hats.

BIOGRAPHY,

Rowe's Boundary Act, 12mo. 3s. bds. Whately on Secondary Punishments, 8vo. 7s. Hansard's Debates, 3d Series, Vol. X. 2d Vol. Session 1831-2, royal 8vo. 17. 10s.

TRAVELS.

Ferrall's United States of America, 8vo, 10s. 6d.

THEOLOGY. Luther and the Reformation, by Scott, Vol. II. 12mo. 68. cloth.

E. Wilson's Sermons for Sunday Evenings, 12mo. 5s. bds.

Simeon's Works, Hora Homileticæ, Vols. I. to VI. Genesis to Psalms, royal 8vo. 3. cloth. Greenland Missions, 12mo. 4s. hf.-bd.

Hough's Missionary Vade Mecum, 12mo. 2s. cloth.

Comparative Coincidence of Reason and Scripture, 3 vols. 8vo. 11. 78.

Page's Memorials of Rev. E. Jones. 12mo. 3s, cloth.

Fawcett's Reflections and Admonitory Hints, 12mo. 2s. 6d, cloth.

Vaughan's Christian Warfare, 8vo. 10s. 6d, bds. British Preacher, Vol. III. 8vo. 7s. 6d.

M'Gavin's Reply to Smith's Dialogues on Faith, &c., 12mo. 2s. cloth.

Plain Sermons, 12mo, 5s. bds.

Mirabeau's Letters from England, 2 vols Svo. 21s. bds.

Brett's Astronomy, Part I. Plane Astronomy, 8vo. 10s. bds.

Savage on Printing-Ink, 8vo. 21. 2s. bds.

A Chart of Modern Europe, folio, 12s. bds. Valpy's Classical Library, No. XXXII. Cæsar, Vol. II. 4s. 6d. cloth.

Arrowsmith's Grammar of Ancient Geography, 12mo. 6s. bd.; with Maps, 12s. bd.

Praxis on do. 12mo. 1s. 3d. sewed. Ancient Atlas for King's College School, 12mo. 7s. hf.-bd.

The Museum, by Charlotte Elizabeth, 18mo. 2s. cloth.

Lardner's Cyclopædia, Vol. XXXIII. Western World, Vol. II. 6s. cloth.

Lindley's Outline of Horticulture, 18mo. 2s. sewed.

English School of Painting and Sculpture, Vol. III. 18s. hf.-bd.

Family Library, Vol. XXXIII. Brewster on Natural Magic, 18mo.5s. cloth.

Jameson's Characteristics of Women, 2 vols. 8vo. 11. 6s. bds.

French Classics, Vol. XVI. 18mo, 4s. 6d. bds. Constable's Miscellany, Vol. LXXV. Butterflies, Vol. I. 18mo. 3s. 6d. cloth.

Wilson and Bonaparte's American Ornitholo gy, by Sir W. Jardine, 3 vols. 8vo. 31. 3s.; halfmor. coloured, 61. 16s. 6d.

Devonshire and Cornwall illustrated, 4to. 21. 2s. cloth.

Reply to the Aspersions on the late Lieut.Gen. Long, Svo. 5s. bds.

Lindley and Hutton's Fossil Flora of Great Britain, Vol. I. Part I. 8vo. 11. 2s. cloth.

Loudon's Hortus Britannicus, with additional Supplement, 8vo. 1. 3s. 6d.

Mundell's Industrial Situation of Great Britain, 8vo. 5s. 6d. bds.

Edmonds' Philosophic Alphabet, 8vo. 6s. bds. Burtt's Exempla Necessaria, 18mo. 1s. 6d. sheep.

Munro's Gaelic Primer, 12mo. 2s. cloth. Roscommon's Letters for the Press, 8vo. 8s. 6d.

bds.

The Cotton-Spinner's Assistant, 8vo. 9s. cloth. Astrologian's Guide in Horary Astrology, 18mo. 4s. 6d. bds.

Sketches of the Edinburgh Clergy, 8vo. 7s. 6d. hf.-bd.

Maitland's Facts and Documents respecting the Albigenses and Waldenses, 8vo. 16s. bds. Taylor's Month in London, 12mo. 5s. hf.-bd. Anecdotes of Animals, 16mo. 2s. 6d. hf.-bd.

"A Popular View of the Climate and Medical Topography of British America." By William Rees, Esq.

"Memoirs of Sir David Baird, G.C.B. with numerous Letters of the most distinguished Military Characters of the day."

Mr. Valpy is preparing a new edition of "Shakspeare," uniform with the works of Scott and Byron, with the whole of the 165 Illustrations originally published in Boydell's edition.

"A Series of original Novels and Romances," in Monthly Volumes, is about to be announced, with the general title of the Library of Romance. Edited by Leitch Ritchie and Thomas Roscoe.

"Réflexions sur l'Etude des Langues Asiatiques, adressées à (feu) Sir James Mackintosh, et suivies d'une Lettre à M. H. H. Wilson, ancien Secrétaire de la Société Asiatique de Calcutta, élu Professeur à Oxford,"-are announced as being in preparation from the pen of Professor A. W. de Schlegel.

"A Memoir of the late Major Rennell," to accompany his Charts on the Currents of the Atlantic.

"Historical View of the Councils of the Primitive Church." By the Rev. J. H. Newman, M.A.

The Translator of "Prince Puckler Muskau's Tour" is translating a posthumous work of Falk, called "Goethe," drawn from near personal intercourse. Falk was a privy-councillor of Weimar, and a distinguished man of letters. He saw Goethe daily, and wrote down in his journal the conversations he held with him.

"Illustrations of Morbid Anatomy," in Monthly Numbers, adapted to Andral's Elements, &c. By J. Hope, M.D. F.R.S., Physician to the St. Marylebone Infirmary.

"Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language," containing the Grammatical Inflexions, Derivation, Meaning of the Anglo-Saxon Words in English and Latin, Substance of Somner, Lye, Manning, with additional Anglo-Saxon Words from Manuscripts, and a copious English Index, &c. By the Rev. J. Bosworth.

"Practical Treatise on the Growth of Cucumbers." By John Weeden.

"New Gil Blas; or, Pedro of Penaflor," by the Author of "Spain in 1830."

"History of the Revolution in England in 1688." By the Right Hon. Sir James Mackintosh.

The Second Volume of the brary."

"Friends' Li