Teasel. The present season has been the most productive in this important article of produce in the West of England ever remembered; and the crops have been harvested in the best possible condition.

The teasel, a species of thistle (dipɛacus carduus fullonum), is propagated by sowing the seeds in March upon a well-prepared soil. About one peck of seed is sufficient for an acre, as the plants must have room to grow, otherwise the heads will not be large enough, nor in great quantity. When the plants come up, they must be hoed in the same manner as is practised for turnips, cutting down all the weeds and thinning the plants to about eight inches distant; and as they advance, and the weeds begin to grow again, they must be hoed a second time, cutting out the plants to a wider distance, so that they may finally stand a foot apart. The second year they will shoot up heads, which may be cut about the beginning of August. They are then to be tied up in bunches, and set in the sun, if the weather is fair; or if not, in rooms to dry. The common produce is about one hundred and sixty bundles or staffs per acre.

In Essex, the seeds of the teasel, caraway, and coriander are sometimes sown together early in the spring: the mode of cultivation is rather singular-the farmer engaging with some labourer to share equal profits: the former provides the land, ploughs it, pays all parish rates, and also for the seed; the latter sows it, keeps it clean by frequent hoeings, cuts, threshes, and prepares it for the market. This connexion generally lasts three years, sometimes longer. Mr. Griggs informs us, in his "General View of the Agriculture of Essex,” that “in the first year the several seeds come up, and when of sufficient growth are set out with a hoe; and the coriander, which is annual, is ripe before harvest, and produces a return from ten to fourteen hundred weight an acre: in the second year, the teasel, most of which will run now, yields a load, or six score staffs, of fifty heads each staff; and the caraways from three to six hundred weight of seed: the third year the teasel declines and the caraway is in perfection, and will yield an equal bulk with the coriander: and most of the teasel that did not run last season will produce heads this, and afford a fourth or fifth part of the crop it did the preceding season, by which time the plants are generally exhausted, though a fourth and even fifth year of caraway has been known to succeed."

The coriander and caraway must be

The

handled with great care when ripe. Wo men and children are generally employed to cut it plant by plant, which are afterwards placed in cloths, and commonly threshed on sail-cloth in the field. teasel is also cut by women, who leave a stalk with the head six or eight inches in length, by which it is bound in bunches or gleans, of twenty-five heads each. Fifty gleans make one staff.

The teasel is of singular use in raising the nap upon woollen cloth. For this purpose the heads are fixed round a large broad wheel, which is made to revolve, two men holding the teasel-frame, as it is called, and work the cloth as it hangs up in a vertical position, drawing it down in portions as they proceed. The whole forms an instrument resembling a currycomb, and which is used in a similar manner to draw out all loose ends of the fibres of the wool.

Employment of Agricultural Labourers. -An Agricultural Employment Institution has been formed and founded, the object of which is to obtain waste and other land by gift, grant, lease, or pur chase; to divide the same into smaller portions where advisable; and, by means of letting it to the poor, to bring the same into a state of profitable cultivation, whereby all expenses, whether of outlay or otherwise, may be gradually repaid, and a small rent charged upon the occupier, leaving a comfortable subsistence for himself and family, until the outlay and current expenses are satisfied; and afterwards, the means, by industry and frugality, of acquiring a competency; and also to furnish implements, instruction, and other means to the occupiers to attain these desirable objects. Whatever may be the opinions of the advocates for emigration, it is a bounden duty on all to encourage our peasantry in honest industry, and to render them valuable members of society, instead of degraded and miserable paupers, and objects for a prison, which they readily become by imbibing habits of idleness and dissipation. We have fifteen millions of acres of waste land, with thousands of persons producing nothing; and surely, if an additional produce can be obtained by the mere operation of bringing the labourer and the soil in contact, and thus add to the national stock, the advantages must be unbounded, in addition to the benevolent feeling of reinstating our pauper population in the independent state they once enjoyed. Several public bodies and individuals have

taken up this "fertilizing benevolence," as it may justly be called, and we trust their labours will reap an abundant harwest. The Bishop of Bath and Wells, in a letter addressed to the Secretary of the Society, thus expresses himself:-" After an experience of thirty years, I feel myself

justified in asserting, that I know of few plans better qualified to promote the temporal, and, at the same time, the eternal happiness of the poor, than the giving to the labourer a small allotment of land, to be cultivated at his leisure hours."

Sheathing for Ships' Bottoms.-A new metallic sheathing, the invention of Baron Wetterstett, has recently been introduced for covering ships' bottoms, and which possesses many practical advantages for this purpose over copper. To prevent the rapid corrosion and decay of this metal when in contact with sea-water, has long presented itself as a desideratum in practical inquiry, and it was for this purpose that Sir Humphry Davy proposed the use of protectors, or the contact of some more easily oxidisable metal, as zinc. Although the practice founded upon his ingenious theory proved unsuccessful, yet it was satisfactory to the inquiror, as it pointed out the course of remedy necessary to be adopted; as by the electric in fluence of certain metals when in contact, it is only that chemical action can be prevented. Alloys of copper have been proposed, and are not so susceptible of being acted upon by chemical agents as pure copper; but they are destitute of that tenacity and elasticity which is necessary to adapt them to the circular forms of the bottom of the vessel. All these defects in practice are found to be obviated in this new invention, which possesses some peculiar advantages for this and many other purposes, to which its use may be extended. Whilst the surface is perfectly clean, there is no adhesion of barnacles, shells, or other marine productions, which proved so seriously detrimental to the success of the experimental trials with the protectors. This new compound is highly tenacious and elastic, and possesses a peculiar and advantageous power of adapting itself to surface, so much so, that by a violent strain or blow it readily yields to the force of the percussion. This power of adapting itself to surface will not only be found advantageous on first sheathing the vessel, but will also prevent the evil effects of any subsequent strain or blow, and even tend to preserve it from any external injury. The price is considerably less than that of ordinary copper sheathing, whilst it is found to be far more durable.

Paper Manufacturing.—Mr. Solomon Stimpson has lately taken out a patent for

an improvement in this branch of science, the particulars of which are these:—the machine for clearing the pulp consists of a tub, which may be two feet in diameter; within this is placed a metal cylinder, or curb, which fits close to the bottom of the tub. This may be twenty inches in diameter, and eight in width. Around the upper edge of it there are longitudinal openings to admit the pulp to pass through. The pulp is pumped up from the chest, and is admitted through a tube into the inside of the curb. Arms with dashers revolve within this curve, and drive the pulp against the openings where the finer parts pass through, whilst the knots are retained. A spout leading from the space between the curb and the tub conducts the prepared pulp to form the sheet. There is a cover to the whole to prevent the pulp from being dashed over.

To regulate the quantity of pulp which shall be supplied, the tube which conducts it into the curb is in the form of a funnel; the pulp pumped into this keeps it filled, and any surplus runs over, and back again into the chest. A stop-cock in the tube, between the funnel and its inner end, regulates the quantity which shall pass in.

Lamps.-This improvement by Messrs. Improvement in the Construction of Schulze and Hull, of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, is intended to adapt the Argand burner to lamps of the ordinary

construction; the interior as well as the exterior of the flame being supplied with air. The wick is divided into three or more parts, each having its appropriate tube. These tubes are segments of an annulus or ring, and, when placed together, assume a form resembling that containing the wick in the Argand lamp. picking up the wicks as in common lamps. An opening is made in each tube for The air is admitted to the outside of the elevated on knobs for that purpose, and flame under the glass burner, it being to the inside of the flame through the spaces between the tubes, they not being in contact with each other. The three separate flames are made to unite into one by a conical ferule or ring placed just

above the tubes; this inclines the flame inwards; the inner current of air is thrown upon the flame by means of a button. The apparatus appears a very ingenious one.

Improvements in Pens.-Mr. Perry has recently received a new patent for his improvement in the original construction of his steel pen. The patentee has here described circular, square, elliptic, and eccentrically-shaped stop-holes, which are placed at the upper extremity of the main slit, that slit which is essential to all pens, whether of the quill or of the artificial tube. He has connected these stop-holes with other slits extending from the edge of the pen, beneath the shoulder upwards, on both sides of the stop-hole; others he has arranged above, or on a level with the shoulder, and has not united them with the stop-holes. It is enough to say, that these minute improvements sometimes consist of not fewer than seven slits, and one or two stop-holes. Any modification of this principle Mr. Perry claims; the invention being so simple. The pens are merely two or three inches of the bole, (to be fastened on to a wooden or other handle): they are of the common and well-known shape, like a portion of the quill cut off. They have invariably the main or centre slit, and from two to four others placed so as most to increase the flexibility of the instrument.

The stop-hole appears essential to prevent blotting, and secure an equal flow of ink. Sometimes they are ranged like the eyes of the lynx-looking at the centre slit; sometimes to longitudinal openings, like the machicolations of a turret; sometimes a solitary orb, like the eye of a cyclops; sometimes in the shape of a compressed diamond, like a fusil in heraldry; and, in short, it appears that any hole of any shape connected with the main slit, or with any given number of smaller slits, diverging in any direction on the bole of a steel pen, are parts of Mr. Perry's invention, or form part of the principle he claims. He recommends finetempered steel, of a spring temper, to be used in preference; but inferior metals will answer the purpose.

PATENTS LATELY GRANTED. William Joyce, of Bow, in the county of Middlesex, Harness Maker, for his improvements in the making of collars for horses and other animals.

Daniel Horton and George Horton, of the Leys Iron Works, in the Parish of Kingswinford, in the County of Stafford, Iron Masters,

for an improved puddling furnace, for the better production of manufactured iron, in the process of obtaining it from the pig.

George Jones, of Wolverhampton, in the County of Stafford, Iron Master, James Foster, of Stourbridge, in the County of Worcester, Iron Master, and John Barker and John Jones, of Wolverhampton, Iron Masters, for an improvement in the process now in use for producing or making malleable iron.

Caroline Eliza Ann Burgess, of Beauport, in the County of Sussex, Spinster, for an improvement or apparatus for sketching, drawing, or delineating.

John Osborne Mosley and George Bell, both of Primrose Hill, Salisbury Square, in the Parish of St. Bride's, in the City of London, Dye Sinkers and Embossers, for their improvements in the making and manufacturing of pill and other boxes from pasteboard, paper, or other materials; which improvements are applicable to other purposes.

Nicholas Troughton, of Swansea, in the County of Glamorgan, Copper Smelter, for his improvements in producing a cement applicable to building and other purposes, which he denominates metallic cement.

Pierre Frederick Fischer, of Chester Place, Regent's Park, in the County of Middlesex, Gentleman, for certain improvements in pianofortes. Communicated by a certain foreigner, residing abroad.

John Brown, of Heaton Norris, in the County of Lancaster, Cotton Manufacturer, and Thomas Heys, of the same place, Book-keeper, for improvements in the machinery used for spinning cotton, silk, flax, and other fibrous substances, commonly called throstles.

Richard Badnell, Jun. of the Town of Douglas, in the Isle of Man, Gentleman, for improvement in the construction of the trams, or rails, or lines of rail, or tram roads, upon which locomotive engines shall or may work.

Richard Whytock, of the City of Edinburgh, for an improved method or manufacture which facilitates the production of regular figures or patterns on different fabrics, particularly velvet, velvet pile, and Brussels, Wilton, and Turkey carpets.

Richard Trevithick, of Camborne, in the County of Cornwall, Engineer, for his improvements on the steam-engine, and in the application of steam power to navigation and to locomotion.

John Howard Kyan, of Gillingham Street, Pimlico, Esq., for an improved mode of preserving paper, canvass cloth and cordage for ships and other uses, and the raw materials of hemp, flax, or cotton from which the same may wholly or in part be made.

Joseph Gibbs, of the Kent Road, Engineer, and Augustus Applegarth, of Crayford, in the County of Kent, Calico Printer, for improvements in machinery for cutting out wood for carriage wheels, and for cutting and shaping the wheels.

MEDICAL.

Professor Leerig's Anatomical Demonstrations, for Colossal Illustrations of the Human Body, folio, Part II. sewed, Ss. 6d. plain; 12s. coloured.

NOVELS, TALES, &c.

Edgeworth's Novels and Tales, Vol. VI. Fashionable Tales, Vol. I. 12mo.5s.

Geraldine Hamilton, 2 vols. 8vo. 21s.

THEOLOGY.

Bishop Hall's Three Centuries of Meditations nd Vows, Century 1st, or Part I. 32mo, 18. cloth. Christ our Example, 12mo. 6s. bds. Christian Amusement, by a Country Curate, 18mo. 28. cloth.

JURISPRUDENCE.

Saulez's Theory and Practice, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

BIOGRAPHY.

Dove's Life of Andrew Marvell, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

HISTORY.

Lardner's Cyclopædia, Vol. XXXV. Spain and Portugal, Vol. IV. 12mo. 6s. bds.

POETRY.

The Diadem, a Selection of Poetry, royal 32mo. 3s. 6d.

Vortigern, a Play, with an original Preface, by W. H. Ireland, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Pilgrim of Erin, 12mo. 4s.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Wild Sports of the West, 2 vols. 8vo. 11. 8s. Pollock's Attempt to explain the Phenomena of Heat, Electricity, &c. 8vo. 5s.

The Book of the Constitution, fcp. 8vo. 65. Owen's Description of Old Aberdeen, fcp. 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Useful and Ornamental Planting, Library of Useful Knowledge, 8vo. 3s.

Edinburgh Cabinet Library, Vol. IX. Northern Coasts of America, 12mo. 5s.

Grandineau's Conversations Familières, 18mo. 4s. 6d.

Ligston's Synopsis of Stenography,on sheet,5s. The Landscape Album for 1832, 8vo. 15s. Edinburgh Atlas, completed, folio, 6. 68. Lachian's Narrative of the Conversion of Cook, Mr. Paas's Murderer, 18mo. 3s. 6d.

On Circulating Credit, and the Banking System of Britain, by a Scottish Banker, 8vo. 5s. 6d. Valpy's Classical Library, No. XXXIV. Euripides, Vol. I. 4s. 6d.

Horticultural Transactions, Vol. I. Part II. New Series, 4to. ll. ls.

Twenty-six Illustrations to the Picturesque Annual, proofs, in a portfolio, 2. 2s.; India proofs, 31. 3s.; before letters, 41. 4s.

Twenty-six Illustrations to the Keepsake, in a portfolio, proofs, 21. 2s.; India, 31. 38.; before letters, 41. 4s.

Landscape Annual, 1833, 21s.; green morocco,

18.

Beauties of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 18mo. 3s. 6d. Whistle-Binkie, a Collection of Songs, 32mo.

proofs, 24. 2s.: India proofs, 31. 3s.; before letters, 41. 48.

Goldsmith's Statistics of France, 8vo. 12s.
A Key to the French Genders, 18mo. 9d.

LITERARY

The late Mr. Flaxman's Studies in Anatomy, for the Use of Painters and Sculptors, will ap pear in the course of November, with nineteen plates.

Immediately will be published, a Memoir, by Lieutenant-General Sir Howard Douglas, Bart. containing a Review and Refutation of the Principal Essays and Arguments advocating Mr. Clark's Claims, in relation to the Manoeuvre on the 12th of April, 1782, 8vo.

A cheap Periodical Publication of no ordinary promise and interest, supported by the most distinguished literary men of the day, is about to appear in Edinburgh, from the press, and under the management of Mr. Aitken, well known as late Editor of "Constable's Miscellany," the "Cabinet," &c. &c.

A new Novel, by Miss Brown, the daughter of the founder of the celebrated Brownonian System, will appear in a few days; it is called "Reason and Passion."

" A Portraiture of Modern Scepticism; or, a Caveat against Infidelity: including a Brief and Practical View of the Principal Evidences which show the Scriptures to be a Revelation from God." Intended as a Present to the Young. By John Morison, D.D.

"The Lives and Exploits of celebrated Banditti and Robbers in all parts of the World," by Charles Macfarlane, Esq.

REPORT.

"A Treatise on Inflammations," by Mr. Geo. Rogerson, of Liverpool; being an extension of "a Dissertation on Inflammation of the Membranes," to which the Jacksonian Prize for 1823 was awarded by the London Royal College of Surgeons.

The first volume of the Works by the Author of Corn Law Rhymes," embellished with a likeness of the Author, containing the" Splendid Village," the "Exile," &c. &c.

Mr. Gorton's New Topographical Dictionary, complete, with fifty-four 4to. maps.

A new edition, with additions, of "Hints on Picturesque Domestic Architecture, in a Series of Designs for Gate Lodges, Gamekeepers' Cottages, and other Rural Residences," by T. F. Hunt, Architect.

Mr. Slade, who had the singular advantage of performing a Tour in the Black Sea with the Capitan Pasha, and who has just returned to England, is about to publish the result of his observations, under the title of "Records of Travels in Turkey, Greece, &c."

The Author of "The Usurer's Daughter" has a new Novel in the press, entitled "The Puritan's Grave," which is intended for immediate publication.

A new Novel, entitled "Golden Legends, containing the Bracelet, the Locket, and the Signet Ring," is preparing for publication.