DEFENSES OF THE NORTHERN FRONTIER-Continued. leaked or ran through. About 7,600 brick had to be cut out and replaced. In places the whole surface had to be taken up and relaid. A large part of the joints had to be cleaned out, caulked, and pointed, and in many places where the joints and cracks were too small for the admission of mortar they were filled with red-lead putty. The brick coping at the salient and shoulder angles, twelve in all, being weak from its position and much damaged, it was replaced by cut stone, the stones weighing from 13 to 1 tons each, and extending back about 4 feet on the wall. Sally-port. The salient angle at the turn inside had been much damaged by passing carts. This was cut smooth and the masonry was pointed. The masonry of the sewer cesspools was relaid and gratings supplied. Six casemate pent-houses were built of heavier pattern than the old ones, and were covered with water-proof canvas. The old ones were very leaky. A new roof was constructed to the magazine. Wire screens were placed in the ventilators; the floor of the passage-way around it raised with concrete, so as to throw off the water and melted snow that formerly settled there, and its walls and the retaining-walls connected with it were pointed. Repairing and pointing scarp-wall. This wall was in an exceedingly bad condition, the leakage through the damaged coping having washed out and loosened the mortar in the brick facing to a very great extent. The loose mortar was removed often for a depth of 3 inches, and the joint was then caulked, and pointed with pointing mortar, made of one part of Portland cement and one and a half parts of fine-screened sand, the method of application being that prescribed in Gillmore's work on Limes and Cements. The masons of the present day don't understand this process, as it seems to have been confined almost exclusively to fortification work, and they had to be taught, and the work therefore was slow and expensive, costing for labor and material about $1.30 per square yard of brick surface. Many of the brick were so much broken, worn, and disintegrated that they had to be cut out and replaced by new ones. After completing the work already described under the first seven items, there remained only money enough to point one of the fronts, the northwest, and one face of the adjacent bastion, the north. As it was evident that the whole expenditure could not be made before the close of the fiscal year, authority was given to form a contract for the completion of the pointing so far as the funds available would allow. Calls for proposals, accompanied by specifications, were sent to a number of masons, and, in consequence thereof, a contract was formed with John Ratigan, of Oswego, who had had experience in this kind of work; the amount of the contract being about $1,240, and the work to be finished probably in July. The northwest front, which has been completed, was in a worse condition than any of the others. To complete the other fronts in the same way and to point the interior faces of the detached parapets and the flank casemates will cost about $9,000 more. There has been some settlement of the earthwork behind the detached parapet, so that rainwater does not run off, as it was intended that it should, through the stone gutter that passes through the wall, but soaks in and damages the wall. This should be rectified. These changes being made, the work would be in a very good con DEFENSES OF THE NORTHERN FRONTIER-Continued. dition, and would probably require nothing more to be done to it for many years to come. Fort Wayne is now garrisoned by four companies of the Tenth Infantry, and is the headquarters of the regiment. No appropriation was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. Fort Porter, Black Rock, near Buffalo, N. Y., in charge of Maj. Walter McFarland, Corps of Engineers.-This work, commenced in 1842, is situated on the Niagara River, within the limits of the city of Buffalo, and consists of a square stone tower or keep, in ruins, surrounded by a square barbette battery. The keep was nearly destroyed by fire many years ago, and the entire work is, in its present condition, useless for offense or defense. By joint resolution of Congress, approved July 11, 1870, published in General Orders 93, July 22, 1870, permission was granted to the city of Buffalo, through its park commissioners, "to improve and beautify the grounds known as Fort Porter, situated in said city, and belonging to the United States, in connection with a public park to be laid out on land adjoining the said grounds, the plans for the same to be approved by the Secretary of War: Provided, That this resolution shall not be construed to pass any title in the said grounds, but that the ownership and control of said grounds shall remain entirely in the United States, and shall be subject to such changes and uses for military purposes as the Secretary of War may direct.". Under this authority the larger part of the United States grounds at Fort Porter have been handsomely laid out and improved by the authorities of the city of Buffalo. The fort is garrisoned by two companies of the Tenth Infantry, living in quarters outside. No appropriation was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. Fort Niagara, mouth of Niagara River, New York, in charge of Maj. Walter McFarland, Corps of Engineers.-This work, commenced in 1839, is situated at the mouth of the Niagara River, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, about 40 miles from and east of its western extremity. It is an irregular work, having one strong land front running nearly north and south, extending from Lake Ontario at its northern extremity nearly to the Niagara River at its southern extremity. This front is half bastioned, with detached parapet, demilune, and four casemates for howitzers in each flank. The rest of the tracé is irregular, following the general course of the river and of the lake shore. The work contains two masonry block houses, built by the French about 1757, and other buildings begun by the French and finished by the English after its capture by them during the French and Indian war. No money has been expended on this work since 1871, except for slight repairs. The work has no armament and no gun platforms, excepting a timber one in the south bastion for a 43-inch siege gun. The allotment for this work from the appropriation for protection, preservation, and repair of fortifications, 1882, was partly applied during November and December to the repair of the jetties protecting the shore line, which were much decayed. It was the intention to apply the balance of this allotment to the repair of the scarp-wall, replacing the damaged brick, relaying the DEFENSES OF THE NORTHERN FRONTIER-Continued. coping, and repointing the surface, in the spring, after the work at Fort Wayne should be completed. This latter work, however, took a longer time than had been anticipated, so that it was impossible to do the proposed work at Fort Niagara before the close of the fiscal year, and the money was applied to the Fort Wayne work. The scarp-wall is in need of pointing, and the coping needs repair in many places. The fort is garrisoned by one company of the Third Artillery living, in quarters outside. No appropriation was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. Fort Ontario, mouth of Oswego River, New York, in charge of Maj. Walter McFarland, Corps of Engineers.-This work, commenced in 1839, is situated at the mouth of the Oswego River, on its east bank, and on the south shore of Lake Ontario, and lies within the limits of the city of Oswego. It is a bastioned work, pentagonal in shape, with one front facing the lake, one facing the river, and three land fronts, the middle one of which has a demilune. The scarp, which is unfinished, is of masonry; the counter-scarp is revetted with timber. The sallyport passes through the curtain of front 4, which is that one of the three land fronts which lies nearest the river, with bastion D on its left, and bastion E on its right. The flanks which cover this entrance are furnished with three casemates each for howitzers. The faces adjacent to these flanks are partly furnished with scarp galleries loop-holed for musketry. All the other flanks are to be provided with scarp galleries loop-holed for musketry; but five of them are not yet built. No money, except for slight repairs, has been expended upon this work since 1872, and its condition is now essentially the same as it was shown to be in the annual report for that year, excepting that some minor repairs have been made, and tight board fences, seven feet high and flush with the face of the scarp walls, have been constructed at and over those points where the scarp wall is unfinished and so low as to admit of easy access to the interior of the work from the ditch. The work has no armament, and no preparations for any except the flank casemates on front 4. It has no garrison, and has been transferred to the Engineer Department for repairs, under instructions from the General of the Army, concurred in by the Secretary of War. The Board of Engineers for Fortifications recommend that this work be left as it is for the present. No appropriation was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. Fort Montgomery, outlet to Lake Champlain, New York, in charge of Col. Henry W. Benham, Corps of Engineers.-This casemated work, commenced in 1841, occupies a strategic point of great importance, and commands the entrance to Lake Champlain from the Richelieu or Saint John River. The casemates of this work were reported as having been always damp and unfit for quarters. Operations, therefore, during the past fiscal year were mainly conducted with a view of repairing these defects as far as they could be discovered and as the available means allotted from the general appropriation for the preservation and repair of fortifications would permit. In excavating to the arches it was found that the asphalt covering DEFENSES OF THE NORTHERN FRONTIER-Continued. was much more injured than anticipated, and that this was partly due to a separation of the scarp wall from the arches, it is believed from the effects of frost, leaving, often, spaces of an inch or more in width for the water to pass to the casemates below. Many of these cracks were directly under the gun-platforms and difficult to get at; and the ground being still frozen hard during the latter part of April, the excavating of the earth cover could only be proceeded with slowly. Even as late as the end of May the vertical conductors were one mass of ice, as reported, and so were also the blind drains in the valleys of the arches; and, of course, the water, instead of being readily carried off by the means provided, would remain stationary over the arches, and eventually find its way through defects in the asphalt covering to the masonry underneath; an evil which will be difficult to remedy in that severe climate, as the common asphalt covering now in use has failed to make the casemates waterproof. Besides these repairs-principally made on bastions A, D, and E, and on curtains I, II, III, and V-depressions in the terre-plein have been filled to prevent the settling of water in such spots; but the water flowing over the coping of the parade wall, a gutter there, as at Fort Hamilton, might much aid in keeping this part of the masonry dry. The brick arches of the embrasures of the second tier and the breastheight wall have been repaired and repointed, as have also the under sides of the arches of bastion D. On curtain III the slopes of the breast-height wall have been resodded, and the wooden covers of the barbette magazine and the thresholds of the casemate doors renewed. Necessary repairs have also been made to the bridge in the causeway. To complete the modifications or repairs of this work as at present planned and approved, the following sums are required, viz: For strengthening casemate arches, curtains I and V. Total No appropriation having been made, no work was done at this fortification during the last fiscal year beyond its protection, preservation, and repair, as far as was possible with the general appropriation made for this purpose, and no other work is contemplated during the current fiscal year for the same reason. Appropriation asked for next fiscal year.... DEFENSES OF THE PENOBSCOT. $12,000 00 18,000 00 30,000 00 30,000 00 Fort Knox, Bucksport, Penobscot River, Maine, in charge of Lieut. ColC. E. Blunt, Corps of Engineers.-This work, situated at the narrows of the Penobscot River, furnishes a defense for the city of Bangor, 18 miles above, and other towns bordering the river, and renders it available as a secure harbor of refuge for the shipping of the extensive eastern coast. The work, which was commenced in 1843, consists of a casemated main work and exterior earthen batteries, both requiring extensive modifica tions. It remains in an unchanged condition, no operations having been carried on during the fiscal year except for the necessary care and preservation of the property. No appropriation was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. DEFENSES OF THE KENNEBEC. Fort Popham, Kennebec River, Maine, in charge of Lieut. Col. C. E. Blunt, Corps of Engineers.-This casemated work, commenced in 1857, defends the entrance, through the mouth of the Kennebec River, to the rich valley of this river, the cities of Bath and Augusta, and the United States arsenal at the latter place. The work, which requires extensive modifications, remains in an unfinished condition, no operations having been carried on during the fiscal year, except for the necessary care and preservation of the property. No appropriation was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1883. No appropriation asked for next fiscal year. DEFENSES OF PORTLAND. Fort Gorges, Portland Harbor, Maine, in charge of Lieut. Col. C. E. Blunt, Corps of Engineers.-This casemated work, commenced in 1857, is one of the series of forts designed to defend the harbor, and channels leading into the harbor, of the important strategic position occupied by the city of Portland. Its construction was suspended for want of funds in 1876, and the work is in an incomplete condition. The long suspension of operations causing deterioration, the working plant must be renewed when work is resumed. No appropriation having been made, no work was done at this fortification during the last fiscal year beyond its protection, preservation, and repair, as far as was possible with the general appropriation made for this purpose, and no other work is contemplated during the current fiscal year for the same reason. Appropriation asked for next fiscal year... $12,000 00 Fort Preble, Portland Harbor, Maine, in charge of Lieut. Col. C. E. Blunt, Corps of Engineers.-This work occupies such a position that three-fourths of its guns command the two principal channels entering the harbor of Portland. The original work on this site was built in 1808. The new earthen batteries with parados and traverse magazines, which have been partially executed, are in an incomplete condition and suffering from exposure. The condition of the work is unchanged from the close of the last fiscal year. The derricks and other working machinery have so deteriorated during the long suspension that considerable expense must be incurred in their renewal. No appropriation having been made, no work was done at this fortification during the last fiscal year beyond its protection, preservation, and repair, as far as was possible with the general appropriation made for this purpose, and no other work is contemplated during the current fiscal year for the same reason. Appropriation asked for next fiscal year.. $35,000 00 Fort Scammel, Portland Harbor, Maine, in charge of Lieut. Col. C. E. Blunt, Corps of Engineers.-This work, commenced in 1841, occupies a very important position in the harbor, and commands four of the channels leading into it. It is an inclosed work with detached masonry bastions and heavy earthen batteries. Plans for its modification and for additional earthen batteries have been prepared by the Board of Engineers for Fortifications and ap |