complete system of sewers has been introduced, and the sewage is discharged into the Atlantic ocean. This method of disposal is not satisfactory, as at times the odors from the sewer outlet give rise to complaints. The streets and public grounds of the city are well kept. The last report of the board of health shows that there are 199 hotels and boarding houses in the city, having 6,608 sleeping rooms. The cellars and basements of the hotels are well kept. A thorough house-to-house inspection is made of all the residences, hotels and business places in the city, and unsanitary conditions when found are at once remedied. Refuse and excreta are removed from the borough under a satisfactory system and deposited upon a farm several miles from the city. The police and fire protection of the city is satisfactory. The reports of the local board of health of Asbury Park show that the health administration of the city has reached a high degree of efficiency. It is possible at any time for a person desiring to locate in Asbury Park for the summer, and, having the rental of any certain dwelling in view, to obtain detailed information in regard to the sanitary condition of the premises by writing to the local board of health. Permanent records are kept of each dwelling in the city, and these are corrected by frequent inspections. This method of house-to-house inspection is more thoroughly conducted in Asbury Park than in any other city in the State. Within the last few years improvements have been made in the collection of garbage and refuse, and steps are now being taken to secure the erection of a permanent isolation hospital.

Atlantic Highlands.—Atlantic Highlands is a borough located on the south side of Raritan bay. The population in winter is 1,700 and in summer from five to six thousand. The water supply of the borough is obtained from artesian wells and is satisfactory, although deposits of iron are complained of by some of the residents. Sewers have been constructed in the borough, and the outlet is under the dock into the bay. Streets and public grounds are well kept. There are three hotels in the borough The lighting is obtained by electricity and gas. There are no fire-escapes on the hotels. Garbage and refuse are collected in covered wagons and taken to farms three miles out of the borough limits. Night-soil is dealt with in the same manner. Several complaints have been received by the local board in reference to the method of collection of night-soil. The local board of health has passed ordinances and systematic inspection is carried on. There has been no typhoid fever reported in the borough during the year, but several cases of malaria have occurred. Belmar.-The winter population of this borough is 902. The public watersupply is obtained from four artesian wells, and about 100,000 gallons are pumped daily in the summer season. The number of dwellings conneccted with public water-mains is 260. The total length of the sewer system is eight miles, and 288 dwellings are connected with the sewer. The outfall of the sewers is into the ocean. Ashes are removed by private contract, and the removal of garbage is by private arrangement. There is no house-to-house inspection and the local board of health takes action only in cases where complaints are made.

Bradley Beach.-Bradley Beach is located on the shore of the Atlantic ocean, south of Ocean Grove. The population is 982. The water-supply is obtained from wells. There is no public system of drainage. The health organization of the borough is imperfect, and no effort is made in regard to house-to-house inspection, and no action is taken unless complaints are received or when cases of contagious disease occur.

Long Branch.-Long Branch is located upon the Atlantic Ocean, in Monmouth county. It has a winter population of over 7,000 and the summer population is increased to 15,000. The water-supply is obtained from the Tintern Manor Water Company, and surface water is filtered before it is furnished to consumers. A sewer plant has been erected within the city limits, and the sewage effluent is allowed to flow directly into the ocean. Streets and public grounds are well kept. There are forty hotels and boarding-houses in Long Branch, but there is no regular inspection of hotels. The city is lighted by electricity and gas. The collection of garbage and refuse is in the hands of a private company, licensed by the city council. Collection is made in wooden and iron carts. A cremating plant is under construction. There are a large number of privy vaults in the city, and the material from them is removed in iron carts to a point without the city limits. Garbage and refuse heretofore has been placed upon a field northwest of the city, but in future all materials of this character will be burned. There are thirty policemen employed in the city and the fire department is well equipped. The board of health, up to the present time, has been active, but at the time of inspection we were informed that no meeting had been held in five weeks. The city lacks systematic house-to-house inspection, and the local board of health, instead of ascertaining conditions which might be detrimental to the health of the inhabitants, waits until complaint is made before any action is taken.

Ocean Grove.-Ocean Grove is located south of Asbury Park The locality is governed by the Ocean Grove Camp Meeting Association. The winter population is small, but during the camp meeting season the population is estimated to be about 30,000. The public water-supply is obtained from a series of artesian wells located west of the town. The sewage is discharged directly into

the ocean. Streets and public grounds are fairly well kept. There is a large number of hotels and boarding-houses, but no record is kept of these by the local board of health and no systematic inspection is carried on. Refuse and excreta is taken out of the city limits and dumped upon farms. The public health administration is not entirely satisfactory.

Seabright.-Seabright is a borough located on a portion of the peninsula which lies between Shrewsbury river and the Atlantic ocean. The population is about 200 in winter and 1,700 in summer. This does not include a large number of summer residents who reside in Shrewsbury township, and which is directly west of the borough of Seabright. The water-supply is obtained from the Long Branch water company. The borough is sewered and the sewage is discharged into the Shrewsbury river. The streets and public grounds are well kept. There are three hotels in the borough. The height of the ground water level is such that cellars cannot be dug to the usual depth. The servants in the hotels sleep in the upper rooms and the apartments for help are well kept. The borough is lighted by electricity and gas. Garbage and refuse is collected by the arrangement of individual lot owners, and there is a necessity for additional supervision in this direction, as some complaints have been received in reference to it. There are two policemen employed. The local board of health is disorganized and there has been no meeting in two months. No regular house-to-house inspection is carried on, and the local board of health does nothing unless a complaint is received, but under such circumstances an inspection is made.

Spring Lake.—The population of this borough is 526. The summer population is about 5,000. The public water-supply is obtained from artesian wells. Sewage is discharged into the ocean, and complaints have been received on account of the nuisance caused thereby. Streets and public grounds are well kept. There is no house-to-house inspection and no supervision of hotels and boarding-houses. Refuse and excreta are carted without the city limits. The public health administration is not entirely satisfactory, as there is a lack of systematic inspection, and no effort is made to prevent conditions detrimental to health unless a complaint is made to the local board of health.

New Jersey Sanitary Association.

The twenty-sixth annual meeting of the New Jersey Sanitary Asociation was held in the Laurel House, Lakewood, Friday and Saturday, December 7th and 8th, 1900. The attendance was fully up to the average and the interest exhibited by the members was unremitting during each of the three sessions.

The annual announcement contains the following statement: The New Jersey Sanitary Association is composed of professors and teachers in our colleges and schools, municipal officers, health officers, lawyers, physicians, clergymen, civil engineers, sanitary engineers, architects, plumbers and other citizens of our State interested in sanitation as related to our homes, our schools and our municipalities.

Any citizen may become a member of the State association on application to the secretary or any member of the executive council on the day of meeting. The membership fee is two dollars per year, payable in advance.

The objects of the annual meeting are the presentation of facts, the comparison of views and the discussion of the methods relating to the prevention of sickness and the promotion of health. The association, also, through the annual meeting, seeks to impress upon the public the importance of securing wise and preventing harmful sanitary legislation and also to aid the State and local boards of health in their efforts to secure better administration of our health laws for the good of our citizens and the healthfulness and prosperity of our State.

By an arrangement between this association and the State Board of Health, a part of the annual meeting is devoted to such special subjects as relate to the work of local boards of health. Every local board should have present at the annual meetings its assessor, physician, inspector or some other active member. The information secured for the benefit of each locality far more than compensates for the slight expense.

Among the papers1 read at this meeting were the following: 1 Proceedings N. J. San. Assn., 1900.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN HYGIENE.

BY JOHN L. LEAL, M.D., PATERSON.

A great deal of attention has been given during the past few years to this subject as applied to those engaged in public health work. The interest in it and its present agitation is doubtless due to (1) the rapid advancement of the science of hygiene and the more exact knowledge of its principles, laws and operations; (2) the existence of a number of hygienists who have had much practical experience by reason of long tenure of office in connection with public health work, or who hold positions in educational institutions in which hygiene is taught, or who, by reason of personal or humanitarian interest alone, have assisted, through the results of their practical work and laboratory experiments, in the advancements of the science; (3) the conviction of intelligent hygienists that the tendency and custom has been to entrust the application of the principles and details of hygiene to those not fitted by education or training for the task; (4) the knowledge that adequate facilities are not afforded for acquiring the necessary education and training; (5) the increasing general knowledge of the principles of hygiene on the part of the public and their demand for all the protection possible from the intelligent and thorough application of those principles.

The above being true, it would seem that it ought not to be difficult, or at least impossible, to attain this most important improvement and advance in providing the requisite education. Indeed, the time is ripe to take some decided step in this matter which is of such vital importance. The success of such a step would depend to a great extent upon the attitude of the various institutions of learning, whose co-operation it would be necessary to secure as the chief agency for imparting the required theoretical knowledge and, to some extent at least, the practical training. The present indications are that these institutions would answer such a demand if made upon them. The more progressive universities, colleges and technical schools seem to fully recognize the necessities of the case, to give to the matter their full sympathy and to be willing to extend their aid when once the exact form that aid is to take has been finally decided. The majorities of the boards