killed and wounded, among the former being his secretary, Lieutenant-colonel Bonilla, and many of his best officers. The number of casualties in both armies is said to have been no less than at El Gallinero.59 Santa Anna remained master of the field; the enemy retreated and took up positions at the San Juan hill, the ex-convent of San Javier, the Hospicio and garita de Tlascala, Quintanar occupying the Santo Domingo

4, 5, 6, 7. Hospitals and Asylums.

8. Academy of Fine Arts.

9. Presidio.

10, 11. Theatres.

12, 13. Bull-rings.

14. Barrack.
15, 16. Parks.
17. Main Plaza.

mill. Other partial engagements followed, with disastrous results to the government troops. Meantime Gomez Pedraza, who had defended Puebla against an attack in which the enemy had actually possessed himself of some houses of the suburbs, made preparations for future eventualities.

Details of the Posadas battle in Suarez y Navarro, Hist. Méx., 346.

The government also met with reverses in other parts of the country; and indeed, it may be said that its control of affairs was now at an end. I give briefly in a note the occurrences in the several states.60 General Muzquiz' government now was obeyed only by Oajaca and Chihuahua. Under the circumstances, Bustamante saw the uselessness of further attempts to capture Puebla, and opened negotiations with his opponents. General Cortazar accordingly sought an interview with Gomez Pedraza and Santa Anna in the morning of December 8th, at which it was agreed to enter first into an armistice, till both houses of congress should take action on the plan for peace proposed to Bustamante by Gomez Pedraza and Santa Anna. It was also stipulated that in the event of the congress rejecting the plan, Bustamante's army should take it into consideration. Meantime Bustamante's forces were to be quartered in Huejocingo and Santa Anna's in Puebla. I epitomize in a note the said plan of pacification.

62

61

60 Ciudad Victoria in Tamaulipas, Colima, Toluca, the whole south, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Sonora and Sinaloa, followed one another in acknowledging willingly or under coercion that Gomez Pedraza was the rightful president. Suarez, y Navarro, Hist. Méx., 332, 349–54; Zamacois, Hist. Mej., xi. 923-5; Pinart, Col. Doc., no. 255. In Campeche, Yucatan, on the 16th of Sept. the people shook off the yoke under which for the last three years they had been held by Carbajal. Tabasco and Chiapas also pronounced against their authorities and concluded to disregard Bustamante's administration. Bustamante, Voz de la Patria, MS., vii. 191-3, 243-50. In the south generals Bravo and Álvarez had made an arrangement to hold their respective comandancias, discontinuing hostilities and acting in concert for the general welfare. Id., 267-9.

6 It was signed Dec. 11th, the commissioners being Gen. Gaona and Gen. Arista, for Bustamante, and Gen. Anaya and Col. Jarero for the other parties. Arrillaga, Recop., 1832-3, 258-61; Suarez y Navarro, Hist. Méx., 358-9; Bus tamante, Voz de la Patria, MS., vii. 273-8; Zamacois, Hist. Méj., xi. 927-8. 62 The preamble expressly says the object of the plan is to reestablish a truly national and federal government. 1st. Absolute cessation of hostilities. 2d. All elections of members to general congress, state legislatures, and territorial diputaciones from Sept. 1, 1828, to date, to hold good. No more to be said about legitimacy or the reverse. 3d. New elections to be held at once for members of congress, legislatures, etc., to bring about an entire renovation so that the republic may return to the federal régime. 4th. New legislatures to be installed on or before Feb. 15, 1833; for this time, each shall, on the 1st of March, 1833, choose two senators, and vote for the president and vice-president of the republic. The actas, senators, and deputies of congress must be at the national capital on the 20th of March. 5th. Congress shall be installed March 25th, and the next day declare who have been duly

The armistice and plan being in due time laid before the houses of congress, both refused to sanction them, in view of which action Bustamante, pursuant to stipulation, resolved to act independently of the government. Whereupon he held a conference with Santa Anna, Gomez Pedraza, and other chief officers of both armies, at which it was concluded to appoint commissioners to draw up a treaty establishing peace, and stipulating other points of importance. 65 The commissioners met accordingly at the hacienda of Zavaleta, and framed a treaty, embodying the terms of the plan de pacificacion and other points, to the satisfaction of the contracting parties, which was signed and ratified on the 23d of December. The sixth article of the convention recognized Gomez Pedraza as president till April 1, 1833, the date on which his term would expire according to his

elected president and vice-president. 6th. During elections no comandante general shall reside, nor troops in the pay of the national treasury shall be quartered, in any state or territorial capital. 7th. The decree of Oct. 7th on extraordinary powers, and the dire law of Sept. 27, 1823, to be revoked. 8th. Gomez Pedraza shall be recognized and obeyed as the rightful president till the 1st of April, 1833. 9th. A general and full amnesty shall be decreed by the future congress for all political offences from and after Feb. 1, 1828. 10th. Santa Anna, as commander of the forces seceded from the government, and Gomez Pedraza formally propose this plan. Dated on the puente de México, Dec. 9, 1832. Suarez y Navarro, Hist. Méx., 359-60; Zamacois, Hist. Mėj.,

xi. 928-31.

On the plea of unconstitutionality, Mex. Manif. Diput., 20-3, the congress declined to reconsider Pedraza's resignation in 1828, alleging that it could not revise the act of the congress of 1829. Dispos. Var., ii. 87; Dublan and Lozano, Leg. Mex., ii. 470-4.

64 Zamacois blames him for his disobedience to constituted authority; highly commending the action of congress he adds, though attributing to Bustamante the humane purpose of averting further bloodshed, that he hereby stained his brilliant record. Hist. Méj., xi. 933.

Antonio Gaona, Mariano Arista, and Lino Alcorta represented Bustamante; Juan Pablo Anaya, Gabriel Valencia, and Ignacio Basadre acted for

Santa Anna.

66 Since then it has been known as the Plan or Convenio de Zavaleta, from the hacienda where it was made, and embraces 13 articles. The whole document may be found in Registro Oficial, 1832, Dec. 31, ix. no. 122; Arrillaga, Recop., 1833, April-May, 214-27; Dublan and Lozano, Leg. Mex., ii. 522-6. The validity of that arrangement has been impugned as unconstitutional. It was carried out nevertheless. Peña y Peña, Voto Fund., 6-36; Santa María, Expos.-Protext., in Pap. Var., cxlvi. pt 8; Bustamante, Voz de la Patria, MS., vii. 278–82, ends saying, 'Tal es la carta de esclavitud que firmó D. Anastasio Bustamante de una Nacion que le habia colmado de honores.'

election in 1828.

He took the oath of office in Puebla on the 26th of December, 1832.67

Meantime in the city of Mexico the garrison, headed by General José Joaquin Herrera, pronounced on the 27th of December, recognizing President Gomez Pedraza. Acting President Muzquiz and his ministers thereupon returned to private life, without being able to observe the formality of resigning, congress having already dissolved itself.68

67 The bishop received him under the pallium. The government council, presided over by the governor of Puebla, acted in lieu of the national representatives. La Cruz, v. 635; Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, iii. 125-7; Suarez y Navarro, Hist. Méx., 365.

68 Congress decreed its dissolution on the 28th. It had on the 21st issued a manifesto congratulatory of its own course, which it had concluded to carry out to the end. Suarez y Navarro, Hist. Méx., 366-7; Bustamante, Voz de la Patria, MS., vii. 299–302.

CHAPTER VI.

THE FEDERAL SYSTEM AND ITS OVERTHROW.

1832-1836.

AIMINISTRATION of Gomez PedRAZA-HIS SUBSequent Career, Character, AND DEATH-BIOGRAPHY OF GOMEZ FARÍAS-HIS POLITICAL PRINCIPLES AND ADMINISTRATION-DISTURBANCES IN MICHOACAN-SANTA ANNA'S PARADOXICAL ACTION-ARISTA'S REVOLT AND ITS SUPPRESSION-FIRST MOVEMENTS IN FAVOR OF CENTRALISM-POLITICAL DEFEAT OF FARÍASSANTA ANNA'S BIOGRAPHY AND CHARACTER-DOWNFALL OF THE FEDERAL SYSTEM-SANTA ANNA DICTATOR-POLITICAL PARTIES AND CONTESTSTHE NEW CONGRESS-CENTRALISM INAUGURATED THE NEW CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-DISSATISFACTION-ATTEMPTS TO REESTABLISH FEDERALISM.

1

PRESIDENT GOMEZ PEDRAZA in his inaugural address at Puebla reviewed the events of the late revolution, expressing his appreciation of the services rendered by Santa Anna, and making a harangue to Bustamante's army, in which he commended their valor and patriotism. The cabinet was appointed on the 24th and 26th of December, 1832: Bernardo Gonzalez Angulo, minister of relations; Joaquin Parrés, and in his absence Cirilo Gomez Anaya, of war; Miguel Ramos Arizpe, of justice and ecclesiastical affairs; Valentin Gomez Farías, of the treasury.

Manuel Gomez Pedraza was born in Querétaro2 about 1788. During the war of independence he served in the royal army, and the capture of Morelos is in a great measure attributed to his advice. As a

The speeches appeared in the newspaper La Aurora, 1832, Dec. 27, supl. According to information from his relatives. Others make Soto la Marina his birthplace. Rivera, Gob. de Méx., ii. 164.