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3-18; Larenaudière, Mex. and Guat., 1; Buenrostro, Hist. Primer y Segund. Cong., Docs nos 52-5, 153-255; Peterson's Mil. Heroes, ii. 27; Septien y Villaseñor, Mem. Estad., 287-92; Amigo del Pueb., 1845, June-Dec., passim; Calderon's Life in Mex., ii. 126, 255; Mason's Pict. Life in Mex., ii. 171-7; Baranda, Decr. de Escuelas, 1-12; Puebla, Discurso; Requena, Defensa que hizo, 1-16; Gregory's Hist. Mex., 48-58; Otero, Obras, MS., iv. 129–96; Id., Orac. Civ., 1-21; Id., Ensayo Cuest. Polit., 63-4, 100-1, 118-36; Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., 176; Rangel, Esposic. hecha, 1-53; Id., Segunda Defensa, 1-8; Vallejo, Col. Doc. Mex., Print. i. no. 96, ii. nos 352, 472, MS., ii. 454, 471; Méx., Manif. y Convoc., 1-22; Méx., Continuac. Doc. Cesacion Ayunt., 1-16; Méx., Dict. Com. de Puntos Constit. sobre Amnistía, 1-8; Méx., Dict. Mayoría Com. sobre Amnistía, 1-20; Méx., Proyecto Constit.; Méx., Proyecto Constit. Mayoría, 1-119; Méx., Proyecto Constit. Minoría, 1-42; Méx., Proyecto Constit. Comis. Espec., 1-44; El Movimiento, Nov. 10, 1844; La Abeja, 1844, Oct.Nov., passim; Carbajal, Vindicac., 1-53; San Miguel, Repúb. Mex. Direct., 57-8, 71-176; Richthofen, Rep. Mex., 326-33; Guadalajara, Observ. Bases Org.; Id., Esposic. hecha, 1-18; Observ. Judic. Legisl., 549–51; Osborne's Guide W. Ind., 118-22; Castillo, Dicc. Hist., 136; Oaj., Init. Feb. 1845 sobre Reformas, 1-38; Méx., Piezas Justific., 55–6; Méx., Bol. Ley., 1863, 278–80; Méx., Decreto sobre Arreglo Trib., 1-16; Méx., Dict. Comis. Puntos Constit. Cám. Senad., 1-8; Manif. Gob. Provis. Yuc., 1-76; Green's Journal, 239, 450-87; Cutts' Cong. Cal. and N. Mex., 12-14; Jal., Esposic. que Dirige, 3-12; Id., Patriót. Iniciat., 1-34; Discurso Pronunc. por el Presid. Provis.; Memor. Hist., 1846, Jan. 1-2, Feb. 5; Baqueiro, Ensayo Yuc., i. 46-108, ii. 448-54, iii. 455-75, ap. 36-56, 64-70; El Constit., 1844, Jan.-April, passim; Yuc., Piezas Justific. Conducta Polit., 10-36; Manif. Gral. Alvarez, 32-41, 57-68, 136-58; Yuc., Inf. sobre Causas frec. Cambios Polit., 8-11, 56–65; Supl. Diar. Gob. Még., March 31, 1838, 74-83, 127-43, 197-219; Rosa, Discurso en la Alameda, 32-46; Salinas del Peñon Blanco; Paredes y Arrillaga, Contestac. que á la Circular, 3-22; Méx., Ayunt. Expos. Plaza Vol.; Estrada, Méx. y el Archiduque, 33-5; Tam., Reglam. Gob. Municip., 28-9; Observ. sobre Proyecto Bases Org., 1-16; Méx., Exposic. al Preside Provis., 1-16; Méx., Reglam. pa Gob. Junta Nac. Legisl., 1-20; Méx., Dict. sobre Convoc.; Gutierrez, Contest. al Libelo, 17-24; Pap. Var., xiv. pts 4, 5, 6, xvi. pt 12, xxvi. pts 6, 7, 8, 10, xxxix. pts 11, 13, 16, 20, xli. pt 19, xlii. pts 5, 8, xlix. pts 16, 17, liii. pt 6, lvii. pt 6, lxxvii. pt 2, lxxxii. pts 7, 8, 9, lxxxiii. pts 4, Î1, lxxxiv. pts 1, 2, 3, 6, lxxxv. pts 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, cvi. pt 8, cxxi. pt 1, cxxii. pt 2, cxxx. pt 1, cl. pt 1, 2, cliv. pt 1-10, 13, clv. pts 5, 12, 14, clvi. pts 1, 2, 3, 21, 22, clxv. pt 16, clxxi. pt 17, clxxii. pt 7, clxxiii. pts 19, 21, clxxv. pt 9, clxxxv. pt 3, cxciii. pts 7, 8, cxciv. pt 6; Escalera y Llana, Méx. Hist. Descript., 69-80; Museo Mex., ii. 39-40, iii. 438-40, iv. 400; Barbachano, Mem. Camp., 59–67; Boletin de Notic., Dec. 1844, Jan.-March 1845, passim; Coah., Inic. Reformas, 1-43; Doc. Relat. Junta Artesanos, MS., 1-17; Correo Nac., Dec. 2, 1847, Jan. 20, 1848; Villa-Amor, Biog. Gen. Sta Anna, 17-21; Dur., Inic. Reformas, 14; Rivero, Méx. en 1842, 74-136, 240-1, 307; Yuc., Exposic. del Gob.; Id., Tratado que Celebró, 1-18; Id., Mem., 1846, 4, annex no. 26; Id., Mem. Leida, 1845, pp. iii.-v.; Id., Manif. Gob. Provis., 1-76; Soc. Mex. Geog. Bol., iii. 455-69, 2a ép., iv. 746; Arrangoiz, Méj., ii. 250-69; Ancona, Hist. Yuc., iii. 326-81; Méx., Mem. Hacienda, 1870, 247, 255-6, 1037-41; Id., Mem. Guerra, 1841, 40-1; 1844, 4, 11-30, 54-9, 90; 1845, 1-5, annexes nos 1-14 and B; 1846, 10; Id., Mem. Justicia, 1844, 3-26, 61-9, annexes nos 1-7; 1845, 1-33, 63; Id., Mem. Relac., 1844, 1-86, annexes nos i. – cxxxii. 1-20; 1845, 1-128; 1846, annex A, pp. 48-66; 1847, 45-6, annexes, pp. 48-66; 1850, 10-34, annexes nos 1-10; Id., Minist. Relac. Exter., 1 1.; U. S. Govt, cong. 27, ses. 2, H. Ex. Doc. 269, vol. v.

CHAPTER XII.

POLITICAL COMMOTIONS.

1845-1847.

JOSÉ JOAQUIN DE HERRERA AS CONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENT-OPPOSITION TO HIS POLICY ON THE TEXAN QUESTION-PREPARATIONS FOR WARARCHBISHOP POSADA'S COURSE-PLAN OF SAN LUIS POTOSÍ-HERRERA DEPOSED-PAREDES AS PROVISIONAL PRESIDENT-DISSATISFACTION— REVOLUTION AT GUADALAJARA-PAREDES OVERTHROWN-SANTA ANNA RECALLED HE IS ELECTED PRESIDENT-GOMEZ FARÍAS AS VICE-PRESIDENT ASSUMES THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE-Santa Anna SUPERSEDES HIM.

THE provisional president and his cabinet favored the policy of settling the Texan and American questions by compromise; but they encountered violent opposition from the press, the people, and the army, all of whom clamored for war. Amid the confusion, it had been arranged that the presidential office should be filled by a president constitutionally chosen. Congress, on the 14th of September, 1845, counted the votes cast by the departments, and declared José Joaquin de Herrera elected; and on the 16th he was formally installed. In his inaugural address President Herrera promised to abstain from partisanship and to look after the army and finances. and finances. Of the Texan question he spoke vaguely.

1 The relations of the U. S. with Mexico on the Texan and other questions are fully treated elsewhere.

Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oajaca, Guanajuato, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Durango, Chihuahua, Querétaro, and Yucatan voted for him. Dublan and Lozano, Leg. Mex., v. 35-6; Méx., Col. Ley. y Dec., 1844-6, 285; Bustamante, Mem. Hist. Mex., MS., iii. 20-2; Id., No Bernal Diaz, 48; Rivera, Hist. Jalapa, iii. 705. The other candidates had been Manuel Gomez Pedraza and Juan N. Almonte. 3 Herrera, Discurso ante el Cong., 1–24.

HERRERA'S ADMINISTRATION.

289

José Joaquin de Herrera was born in Jalapa in 1792, and entered the Spanish army as a cadet of the Corona regiment in 1809. He was among the first to second Iturbide's plan de Iguala, entered Mexico with the trigarante army, and was then commissioned a brigadier. Herrera aided the downfall of the emperor, and in March 1824 became secretary of war under President Victoria, proving himself a good republican and an honorable man, a character which he sustained to the end of his life. It was his uprightness that gave him a political standing, his talents being only mediocre.

Herrera thought that now was the best time to bring about the settlement of the Texan question, and save his country from a sanguinary, compromising, and ruinous war. But the press kept up its clamor, and the opposition qualified as perfidy and treason all attempts to maintain peace with the American usurpers, war being deemed the only recourse to save the national honor. The administration, under that pressure, had then, though regretfully, to adopt the war policy, which at once unified the opinion that had been formed in July; many who had formerly favored compromise being now for war. Hence the erroneous impression of the friends of the government that the division on the Texan question had ended.

The departmental assemblies tendered all their resources, and private citizens vied with one another in pecuniary contributions and offers of service. Local authorities organized the militia, and prominent officers asked to be employed against the Americans.

Soon after Herrera's election, and before his inauguration, the members of the cabinet, namely, Cuevas,

He was in the battles of Aculco, Guanajuato, and Puente de Calderon, during the revolutionary war, which won him a medal of honor. After an active service, he was, in Nov. 1814, promoted to captain. In 1816 he signally defeated the insurgents, under Mariscal Ávila at San Pedro, capturing all their artillery and other war material. He continued serving the crown till Oct. 1820, when as a lieut-col he applied for and obtained his retirement. He then settled in Perote, and opened an apothecary's shop.

HIST. MEX., VOL. V. 19

Riva Palacio, García Conde, and La Rosa, resigned their offices, as if fearful of the situation in which they had placed themselves. The following were then called to succeed them: Manual de la Peña y Peña, secretary of relations; Bernardo Couto, of justice; Pedro Fernandez del Castillo, of the treasury; and Pedro María Anaya, of war.5 These ministers had to face the old evils, and also to meet much opposition by reason of supposed lukewarmness on the war question.

Several officers of the first division, stationed in Querétaro and San Luis Potosí, refused to obey the orders sent them to advance upon the frontier, and mutinied. General Paredes asked leave to visit Mexico, where he could verbally arrange the plan for the campaign in Texas; but it was not granted, as he was suspected of an intent to revolt against the government, as Álvarez had done in Guerrero."

The army was discontented, owing to reforms the executive had desired to introduce, though he had abandoned his project in order to induce it to march with alacrity to the frontier. Paredes was finally summoned to Mexico, and ordered to surrender his command to Filisola, but his officers opposed the change of commanders, and Paredes then detained the force that under Gaona was on the way to Saltillo.

A plan was now favored by the friends of the government to call on the clergy to contribute to the support of the national honor with a loan of fifteen million dollars. It was seconded by both houses of congress, and it seemed as if the hour of trial for the church had come. It was saved this time, however,

Couto was succeeded Oct. 20th by Demetrio Montes de Oca. Rivera, Hist Jalapa, iii. 720.

6 Alleging that they had not received the necessary supplies for a campaign. Bustamante, Mem. Hist. Mex., MS., ii. 216, iii. 8–10.*

He prevented the departure of an expedition for California, and liberated

Gen. Rangel, who had been ordered as a prisoner to Acapulco.

* Bustamante has it that it was by Paredes' own suggestion; and even sur mises that Texan gold influenced the movement. Mem. Hist. Mex., MS., ii.