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Admirablement,

Merveilleusement,

Presque,

Quasi,

Absolument,

Passablement,

Médiocrement,

quite. A peine, hardly, scarce, scarcely.

strangely. A regret,

reluctantly.

admirably. A contre-cœur, against the grain.

wonderfully. A contre-gré, against one's will, or

almost.

mind.

heartily.

very willingly.

(familiar) ditto. De bon cœur,
absolutely. De bonne volonté,
tolerably. De gaité

de cœur,

Combien de fois, how many times, De plein gré,

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on purpose, for the sake of mischief.

of one's own ac

cord.

to my mind.

forcibly, by force.

A couvert, under a cover, or shelter.

openly.

indifferently.

how often.

De bon gré,

once.

A mon gré, &c.

twice.

De force,

Par force, S

A découvert,

Au naturel,

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ADVERBS OF QUALITY AND
MANNER.

to the life.

Bien,

Mal,

badly, wrong. Fort bien, very well, or very right. Fort mal, very badly, very ill, very

wrong.

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on the right side. the right way. Du mauvais sens, the wrong way, or the wrong side.

A l'envers, the wrong side outwards.
De tous sens,

De tous les sens, every way.
deservedly, justly,

wisely. A bon droit,

Galamment, in a gallant manner. Avec raison,

Prudemment,

Civilement,

justly.

prettily. A tort,

prudently. Sans raison,

civilly. A la rigueur,

rightly.

wrongfully. with a cause. without a cause.

strictly.

for fun.

giddily.

A l'étourdie,

A l'envi, in emulation of one ano- A l'improviste,

ther.

unawares.

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Sans penser,

Sans s'y attendre,

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De sang froid, in cool blood.
Exprès, on purpose, for the purpose.
A dessein, designedly, purposely. Inopinément,
Par malice, maliciously, mischiev- A l'amiable,

ously.

En ami,

De propos délibéré, on set purpose, A fleur d'eau, intentionally.

Tout de bon, in good earnest. A l'étuvée,

Sérieusement,

Pour rire,

Pour badiner,
En riant,
En badinant,

De son chef,

De sa tête,

Etourdiment,

seriously. En paix,

in a joke. Paisiblement,
in a jest. En repos,

of his or her own
head, mind, or

accord.

heedlessly. Avec soin,

A vide,

A sec,
Sans façon,

between wind and

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De travers,

the wrong way, awry.

De biais,

slopingly.

De niveau,

even with.

carefully.

Sottement,

Témérairement,

in a silly manner. Exactement,
rashly. Grossièrement,

exactly.

rudely.

A la légère,

lightly. D'une manière grossière,

unman

A la hâte, hastily, in a hurry.

nerly.

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Précipitamment, with precipitation. Fort et ferme,

inadvertently. A pied,

by oversight. A cheval,

stoutly.

bluntly. En diligence,

in haste.

on foot.

Par méprise,

through a mistake. A califourchon,

Au hasard,

at random. En carrosse,

at a venture. A la mode,

on horseback. astraddle. in a coach. in a boat.

after the fashion.

Par hasard, by chance, accidentally. En bateau,

A l'aventure,

A tout hasard, let the worst come A la française,

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after the French

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ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION.

Oui,

Oui-dà,

yes.

ay, ay marry

Oui vraiment,

sincerely. necessarily.

Oui en vérité, S
Certes,

yes, indeed.

sure, to be sure, as

Assurément,
Certainement,
En vérité,

suredly.

A la vérité,

De toutes les manières, all ways.
A tous égards, to all intents and

purposes.

certainly. indeed.

to be sure.

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Further remarks on the use of le, la, les, Syntax, pp. 1-3.

Although we use le, la, les, with a name of dignity; yet, when addressing the person, we leave the article out.

Général, je vous demande pardon. Caporal, faites votre devoir.

When calling out to any one in a familiar way, again we use the article.

Eh! la femme! Eh! l'homme au poisson!

With proper names, we may use the article in the plural; it then implies characters of the same kind, as:

Les Alexandre et les César, ne valent pas les Cicéron ni les Newton.

LE, USED,

(In a general sense.)

LE, OMITTED,

(Adverbially.)

C'est avec le chêne que l'on con- Il agit avec franchise, avec probité. struit les vaisseaux.

Ni l'or, ni les grandeurs, ne nous Nous n'avons ni argent, ni crédit. rendent heureux.

Ni l'or que vous m'avez donné, &c.

Entre l'honneur et l'intéret il ne faut pas balancer.

Entre amis; entre hommes.

Sans l'argent, il n'y auroit ni tant Je suis sans ami, sans crédit. de vertus ni tant de vices.

Sans l'argent que vous m'avez

donné, &c.

DE AND DU CONTRASTED.

It may be observed here, that de (only), between two nouns, makes, as it were, an adjective of the second noun, and, therefore, that the real and chief object in the mind is pointed out by the first noun, and qualified by the second; as, in un appartement de roi, the chief object is an apartment, the beauty of which is worthy of a king; whereas, in l'appartement du roi, roi is pointed out by the article as an individual who is the owner, and which individual serves also to distinguish that apartment from others. Hence, substantives which are compounded with de are generally preceded by the indefinite article un, and those which are joined with du, &c. are preceded by the definite article le.

Here follow a few sentences, exemplifying both cases:

Elle a un air d'affectation qui me Evitez l'air de l'affectation.

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Il a besoin de livres.

Les vins de France. Les ports
d'Angleterre.

Du poisson de mer.
Une mémoire de faits.

Un ouvrage d'esprit.

CE.

Il a besoin des livres que vous lui avez promis.

Les avantages de la France. Les
richesses de l'Angleterre.

Du poisson de la mer du Nord.
La mémoire des faits est la plus
brillante.

Le travail de l'esprit.

This pronoun is the root of all demonstrative pronouns. Its chief use, when joined with être (c'est), is to point to the most important or emphatic word or words in the sentence; which emphatic word ought immediately to follow c'est.* You walk to London to-morrow,

C'est vous qui allez demain à Londres.

You walk to London to-morrow,

C'est à pied que vous allez demain à Londres.

You walk to London to-morrow,

C'est à Londres que vous allez demain.

You walk to London to-morrow,

C'est demain que vous allez à London.

The same rule will take place with regard to the Inter

rogative:

Do you walk to London to-morrow?
Est-ce que vous allez demain à Londres?

Do you walk to London to-morrow?

Est-ce vous qui allez demain à Londres?

Do

you walk to London to-morrow?

Est-ce à pied que vous allez demain à Londres?

Do you walk to London to-morrow?
Est-ce à Londres que vous allez demain ?

Do you walk to London to-morrow?

Est-ce demain que vous allez à Londres?

By the following examples of remarks, explanations, and even exclamations, the learner will see what force c'est † gives

to the sentence.

*Syntax, No. 154; also from No. 351 to 357, inclusive.

+ With c'est we use que before a substantive, and que de before a verb.

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