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be considered by the board, but it may reject any or all such nominations, and of its own motion appoint others.

3. To elect additional trustees; provided, the whole number elected shall never exceed thirty at any one time.

4. To declare vacant the seat of any trustee who shall absent himself from eight succeeding meetings of the board.

5. To receive and hold, by purchase, gift, devise, bequest, or grant, real or personal property for educational purposes connect with the corporation, or for the benefit of the institution.

6. To sell, mortgage, lease and otherwise use and dispose of the property of the corporation in such manner as they shall deem most conducive to the prosperity of the corporation.

7. To direct and prescribe the course of study and discipline to be observed in the college or seminary.

8. To appoint a president of the college or seminary, who shall hold his office during the pleasure of the trustees.

9. To appoint such professors, tutors, and other officers as they shall deem necessary, who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the trustees.

10. To grant such literary honors as are usually granted by any university, college, or seminary of learning in the United States and in testimony thereof to give suitable diplomas under their seal, and the signature of such officers of the corporation and the institution as they shall deem expedient.

11. To fix salaries of the president, professors, and other officers and employees of the college or seminary.

12. Subject to the consent and approval of the organization, society or church to which it is required by the articles of incorporation that said trustees shall belong, to make all by-laws and ordinances necessary and proper to carry into effect the preceding powers and necessary to advance the interests of the college or seminary; provided, that no by-laws or ordinances shall conflict with the constitution or laws of the United States, or of this state. 1913400.

651. Any educational corporation, or body claiming to be such, now existing, may, by a unanimous vote of those of its trustees present at a special meeting called for that purpose, and of which due notice shall be given to each trustee, convey all its property, rights, and franchises, to a corporation organized under this title. The fact that due notice of the meeting was given to each trustee shall be conclusively proven by the entries in the minutes of the corporation or body making the conveyance. Said minutes shall be certified to be correct by the president and secretary. 1885-134.

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652. Whenever any benevolent, religious or fraternal organization or society, having a grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head in the state of California, having two or more colleges or institutions of higher education under its

patronage, shall, for the purpose of greater efficiency and simplicity in the administration of its educational interests, desire to consolidate such institutions under one management, such organization or society shall be and is hereby authorized to consolidate such institutions under one management by complying with the following provisions:

Such grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head having authorized a consolidation of its institutions, a new corporation shall be formed. The board of trustees of the new corporation shall at first consist of the persons constituting the boards of trustees of the several institutions, respectively thus consolidating, and others; provided the number of trustees shall not exceed forty-five. The board of trustees shall be so classified that the term of office of one third of its number shall expire each year; the successors of such trustees, as their terms expire, shall be elected by such grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head, at its annual meeting.

The said board of trustees shall report annually to the grand lodge, conference, assembly or other legislative or representative head controlling it, the condition of affairs of such corporation, and the amount and manner of its receipts and expenditures.

After the two or more colleges or institutions of higher education under the patronage of any benevolent, religious or fraternal organization or society, having a grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head in the state of California shall have become consolidated as hereinabove directed or specified, the board of trustees of the new corporation, consisting at first of the persons constituting the boards of trustees of the several institutions, respectively thus consolidated, may be reduced in number after said board of trustees shall have transacted the business of said corporation for a period of five years after such consolidation. Said number shall be reduced by the grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head of said colleges or institutions of higher education in the following manner, viz.: At any annual session of such grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head, there shall be dropped from the number of trustees to be elected at that session of such grand lodge, assembly, conference or other legislative or representative head such a number of trustees as those present at such session shall determine, provided however, that at no time shall the number of trustees composing such board be less than fifteen. 1909-385.

653. The several boards of trustees of the institutions thus consolidated shall be and are hereby authorized and directed to transfer all property, real and personal, held by them, to the new corporation, as herein constituted, together with all powers, privileges, and authority conferred upon or enjoyed by them under their respective charters or acts of incorporation. The new corporation receiving such property shall assume all indebtedness and liabilities of such institutions as are thus consolidated, but shall not transfer such property from one location to another, except by an affirmative vote of not less than three fourths of the said board of trustees of the new corporation, nor divert specific grants, donations, or bequests from the purposes for which such grants, donations, or bequests were made. That after the boards of trustees have conveyed the property, real and personal, of the various institutions to the new corporation, as hereinabove provided, and the same has been accepted by the said new corporation, then the franchises held by the corporations thus consolidating shall cease, and the said corporations shall be thereby dissolved. 1895--40.

Section

653a. Purposes.

TITLE XIX.

Co-operative Business Corporations.

653a. Co-operative business corporations may be formed for doing any lawful business, and dividing a portion of their profits among persons other than their stockholders. Each of such corporations may, in its by-laws, in addition to the matters specified in section three hundred and three, provide the amount of profits which must be divided among persons other than its stockholders, and the manner in which and the persons among whom such division may be made. 1905-594.

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653b. Five or more persons may form a co-operative association for the transaction of any lawful business, whether for profit or not, or for the promotion of any educational, industrial, benevolent, social, or political purpose. Such association must not have any capital stock, but must issue membership certificates to each member. Such certificate cannot be assigned, so that the assignee can, by its transfer, become a member of the association, but, by a resolution of its board of directors, such certificate may be transferred, and the transferee made a member in lieu of the last former holder. 1905-595.

653c. In such association the rights and interests of all members are equal, and no member can have or acquire a greater interest therein than any other member has. At every election held pursuant to the by-laws each member must be entitled to cast one vote and no more. All persons above the age of eighteen years, regardless of sex, are eligible to membership, if otherwise qualified and elected as the by-laws may provide. The by-laws must provide for the amount of the indebtedness which such association may incur. And no member shall be responsible individually, or personally liable, for any of the debts or liabilities of the association in excess of his proportion of such indebtedness; but in case of the failure and insolvency of such association, may be required to pay any unpaid dues or installments which have, before such insolvency, become due from such member to the association, pursuant to its by-laws. 1905-595.

653d. Every association formed under this title must prepare articles of association, in writing stating: The name of the association, the purpose for which it is formed, the place where its principal business is to be transacted, the term for which it is to exist, not to exceed fifty years, the number of the directors thereof, and the names and residences of those selected for the first year, the amount which each member is to pay upon admission as membership fee, and that each member signing the articles has actually paid in such sum, and that the interest and right of each member therein is to be equal. Such articles of association must be subscribed by the original associates or members, and acknowledged by each before some person competent to take an acknowledgment of a deed in this state. Such articles so subscribed and acknowledged must be filed in the office of the secretary of state, who shall thereupon issue his certificate in the form, and having the effect prescribed in said section two hundred ninety-six; provided, however, that no corporation shall be authorized to transact any business until it shall have filed in the office of the county clerk of the county in which its principal business is to be transacted, a copy of its articles of incorporation certified by the secretary of state. 1921-176.

653e. Every association formed under this title must, within forty days after it so becomes an association, adopt a code of by-laws for the government and management of the association, not inconsistent with this title. A majority of all the associates is necessary to the adoption of such by-laws, and the same must be written in a book, and subscribed by the members adopting the same, and the same cannot be amended or modified except by the vote of a majority of all the members, after notice of the proposed amendment, given as the by-laws may provide. Such association may, by its by-laws, provide for the time, place, and manner of calling and conducting its meetings; the number of directors, the time of their election, their term of office, the mode and manner of their removal, the mode and manner of filling vacancies in the board caused by death, resignation, removal, or otherwise, and the power and authority of such directors, and how many thereof are necessary to the exercise of the powers of such directors, which must be at least a majority; the compensation of any of the directors, or of any officer; the number of the officers, if any, other than the directors, and their term of office; the mode of removal, and the method of filling a vacancy; the mode and manner of conducting business; the mode and manner of conducting elections, and may provide for voting by ballots forwarded by mail or otherwise, provided the method secures the secrecy of the ballot; the mode and manner of succession of membership, and the qualifications for membership, and on what conditions, and when membership must cease, and the mode and manner of expulsion of a member, subject to the right of an expelled member to have the board of directors appraise his interest in the association in either money, property, or labor, as the directors may deem best, and to have the money, property, or labor so awarded him paid, or delivered, or performed within forty days after expulsion; the amount of membership fee, and the dues. installments, or labor which each member must be required to pay or perform, if any, and the manner of collection or enforcement, and for forfeiting or selling of membership interest for non-payment or non-performance; the method time, and manner of permitting the withdrawal of a member, if at all, and how his interest must be ascertained, either in money or property, and within what time the same must be paid or delivered to such member; the mode and manner of ascertaining the interest of a member at his death, if his legal representatives or none of them desire to succeed to the membership, and whether the same must be paid to his legal representatives in money, or property,

or labor, and within what time the same must be paid, or delivered, or performed; such other things as may be proper to carry out the purpose for which the association was formed. The by-laws must provide for the time and manner in which profits must be divided among the members, and what proportion of the profits, if any, must be added to the common property or funds of the association. But the by-laws may provide that the directors may suspend or pass the payment of any such profit, or installment of earnings, at their discretion. The by-laws and all amendments must be recorded in a book and kept in the office of the association, and a copy certified by the directors, must be filed in the office of the county clerk where the principal business is transacted. 1905-596.

653f. The property of such association is subject to attachment and execution for its lawful debts. The interest of a member in such association, if sold upon execution, or any judicial or governmental order whatever, cannot authorize the purchaser to have any right, except to succeed, as a member in the association, with the consent of the directors, to the rights of the member whose interest is thus sold. If the directors choose to pay or settle the matter after such sale, they may either cancel the membership, and add the interest thus sold to the assets or common property of the association, or reissue the share or right to a new member upon proper payment therefor, as the directors may determine. 1905-597.

653g. The purpose of the business may be altered, changed, modified, enlarged, or diminished by a vote of two thirds of all the members, at a special election to be called for such purpose, of which notice must be given the same as the by-laws provide for the election of directors. 1905-597.

653h. Every association formed under this title has power of succession by its associate name for fifty years; in such name to sue and be sued in any court; to make and use a common seal, and alter the same at pleasure; to receive by gift, devise, or purchase, hold, and convey real and personal property, as the purposes of the association may require; to appoint such subordinate agents or officers as the business may require; to admit associates or members, and to sell or forfeit their interest in the association for default of installments, or dues, or work, or labor required, as provided by the by-laws; to enter into any and all lawful contracts or obligations essential to the transaction of its affairs, for the purpose for which it was formed, and to borrow money, and issue all such notes, bills, or evidences of indebtedness or mortgage as its by-laws may provide for; to trade, barter, buy, sell, exchange, and to do all other things proper to be done for the purpose of carrying into effect the objects for which the association is formed. 1905-597.

653ha. In all cases where neither the constitution nor by-laws of an unincorporated society, organization or association fixes the manner of calling meetings of such unincorporated society, organization or association, or where the officer or officers, or person or persons whose duty it is under the said constitution or by-laws to call a meeting thereof fails, neglects and refuses to call such meeting, a meeting thereof may be called by twelve members thereof in the manner following: By signing a call for such meeting, in which call the time and place of such meeting shall be stated, and giving two weeks' notice of such meeting by publication of such call in some newspaper of general circulation published in the county or city and county where the last preceding meeting of such society, organization or association was held, or if no such newspaper is published

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