of directors must call a special meeting of the members residing in that district to consider the removal of the director; and by a vote of the majority of the members of that district, the director in question shall be removed from office. 1923.

65300. Marketing contract.The association and its members may make and execute marketing contracts, requiring the members to sell, for any period of time, not over fifteen years, all or any specified part of their agricultural products or specified commodities exclusively to or through the association, or any facilities to be created by the association. If they contract a sale to the association, it shall be conclusively held that title to the products passes absolutely and unreservedly, except for recorded liens, to the association upon delivery; or at any other specified time if expressly and definitely agreed in the said contract. The contract may provide that the association may sell or resell the products delivered by its members, with or without taking title thereto; and pay over to its members, the resale price, after deducting all necessary selling, overhead and other costs and expenses, including interest on preferred stock, not exceeding eight (8) per cent per annum, and reserves for retiring the stock, if any; and other proper reserves; and interest not exceeding eight (8) per cent per annum upon common stock. 1923.

653pp. Remedies for breach of contract. (a) The by-laws or the marketing contract may fix, as liquidated damages, specific sums to be paid by the member or stockholder to the association upon the breach by him of any provision of the marketing contract regarding the sale or delivery or withholding of products; and may further provide that the member will pay all costs, premiums for bonds, expenses and fees, in case any action is brought upon the contract by the association; and any such provisions shall be valid and enforceable in the courts of this state; and such clauses providing for liquidated damages shall be enforceable as such and shall not be regarded as penalties.

(b) In the event of any such breach or threatened breach of such marketing contract by a member, the association shall be entitled to an injunction to prevent the further breach of the contract and to a decree of specific performance thereof. Pending the adjudication of such an action and upon filing a verified complaint showing the breach or threatened breach, and upon filing a sufficient bond, the association shall be entitled to a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction against the member.

(c) In any action upon such marketing agreements, it shall be conclusively presumed that a landowner or landlord or lessor is able to control the delivery of products produced on his land by tenants or others, whose tenancy or possession or work on such land or the terms of whose tenancy or possession or labor thereon were created or changed after execution by the landowner or landlord or lessor, of such a marketing agreement; and in such actions, the foregoing remedies for non-delivery or breach shall lie and be enforceable against such landowner, landlord or lessor. 1923.

653qq. Purchasing business of other associations, persons, firms or corporations, payment, stock issued. Whenever an association, organized hereunder with preferred capital stock, shall purchase the stock or any property, or any interest in any property of any person, firm or corporation or association, it may discharge the obligations so incurred, wholly or in part, by exchanging for the acquired interest, shares of its preferred capital stock to an amount which at par value would equal the fair market value of the stock or interest so purchased, as determined by the board of directors. In

that case the transfer to the association of the stock or interest purchased shall be equivalent to payment in cash for the shares of stock issued. 1923.

653rr. Conflicting laws not to apply. Any provisions of law which are in conflict with this act shall not be construed as applying to the associations herein provided for.

Any exemptions under any and all existing laws applying to agricultural products in the possession or under the control of the individual producer, shall apply similarly and completely to such products delivered by its farmer members, in the possession or under the control of the association. 1923.

653ss. Limitation of the use of term "co-operative." No person, firm, corporation or association, hereafter organized or doing business in this state, shall be entitled to use the word "cooperative" as part of its corporate or other business name or title for producers' cooperative marketing activities, unless it has complied with the provisions of this act. 1923.

653tt. Interest in other corporations or associations. An association may organize, form, operate, own, control have an interest in, own stock of, or be a member of any other corporation or corpórations, with or without capital stock, and engaged in preserving, drying, processing, canning, packing, storing, handling, shipping, utilizing, manufacturing, marketing or selling of the agricultural products handled by the association, or the by-products thereof.

If such corporations are warehousing corporations, they may issue legal warehouse receipts to the association against the commodities delivered by it, or to any other person and such legal warehouse receipts shall be considered as adequate collateral to the extent of the usual and current value of the commodity represented thereby. In case such warehouse is licensed or licensed and bonded under the laws of this state or the United States, its warehouse receipt delivered to the association on commodities of the association or its members, or delivered by the association or its members, shall not be challenged or discriminated against because of ownership or control, wholly or in part, by the association. 1923.

653uu. Contracts and agreements with other associations. Any association may, upon resolution adopted by its board of directors, enter into all necessary and proper contracts and agreements and make all necessary and proper stipulations, agreements, and contracts and arrangements with any other co-operative or other corporation, association or associations, formed in this or in any other state, for the co-operative and more economical carrying on of its business or any part or parts thereof. Any two or more associations may, by agreement between them, unite in employing and using or may separately employ and use the same personnel, methods, means and agencies for carrying on and conducting their respective businesses. 1923.

653vv. Associations heretofore organized may adopt the provisions of this act. Any corporation or associations, organized under previously existing statutes, may, by a majority vote of its stockholders or members, be brought under the provisions of this act by limiting its membership and adopting the other restrictions as provided herein and shall amend its articles of incorporation to conform to the provisions of this title. It shall make out a statement signed and sworn to by its directors to the effect that the corporation or association has, by majority vote of its stockholders or members,

decided to accept the benefits and be bound by the provisions of this act and has authorized all changes accordingly in its articles of incorporation said statement shall be attached to the amended articles of incorporation.

(a) Any association or corporation which shall adopt the provisions of this act shall be entitled to the remedies herein provided for to prevent the breach of contract on the part of any member or stockholder thereof. who has heretofore signed a contract with such association or corporation, in reference to the sale of delivery or withholding of the products of such member or stockholder the same as if it had been originally organized hereunder. 1923.

653ww. Associations are not in restraint of trade. Any association organized hereunder shall be deemed not to be a conspiracy nor a combination in restraint of trade nor an illegal monopoly; nor an attempt to lessen competition or to fix prices arbitrarily or to create a combination or pool in violation of any law of this state; and the marketing contracts and agreements between the association and its members and any agreements authorized in this act shall be considered not to be illegal nor in restraint of trade nor contrary to the provisions of any statute enacted against pooling or combinations. 1923.

653xx. Application of general corporation laws. The provisions of the general corporation laws of this state and all powers and rights thereunder, shall apply to the associations organized hereunder, except where such provisions are in conflict with or inconsistent with the express provisions of this act.

Section 2. Constitutionality of act. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this act. The legislature hereby declares that it would have passed this act, and each section, subsection, sentence, clause and phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, sentences, clauses or phrases be declared unconstitutional. 1923.

DIVISION SECOND.

PROPERTY IN GENERAL.

Part I.

II.

REAL OR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY.

III.

PERSONAL OR MOVABLE PROPERTY.
IV. ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY.

655. In what property may exist. 660. Fixtures.

654. The ownership of a thing is the right of one or more persons to possess and use it to the exclusion of others. In this code, the thing of which there may be ownership is called property.

655. There may be ownership of all inanimate things which are capable of appropriation or of manual delivery; of all domestic animals; of all obligations; of such products of labor or skill as the composition of an author, the good-will of a business, trade-marks and signs, and of rights created or granted by statute.

656. Animals wild by nature are the subjects of ownership, while living, only when on the land of the person claiming them, or when tamed, or taken and held in possession, or disabled and immediately pursued.

657. Property is either:

1. Real or immovable; or,

2. Personal or movable.

658. Real or immovable property consists of:

1. Land;

2. That which is affixed to land;

3. That which is incidental or appurtenant to land; 4. That which is immovable by law.

659. Land is the solid material of the earth, whatever may be the ingredients of which it is composed, whether soil, rock, or other substance.

660. A thing is deemed to be affixed to land when it is attached to it by roots, as in the case of trees, vines, or shrubs; or imbedded in it, as in the case of walls; or permanently resting upon it, as in the case of buildings; or permanently attached to what is thus permanent, as by means of cement, plaster, nails, bolts, or screws.

661. Sluice-boxes, flumes, hose, pipes, railway tracks, cars, blacksmith-shops, mills, and all other machinery or tools used in working or developing a mine, are to be deemed affixed to the mine.

662. A thing is deemed to be incidental or appurtenant to land when it is by right used with the land for its benefit, as in the case of a way, or watercourse, or of a passage for light, air, or heat from or across the land of another.

663. Every kind of property that is not real is personal.

669. All property has an owner, whether that owner is the state, and the property public, or the owner an individual, and the property private. The state may also hold property as a private proprietor.

670. The state is the owner of all land below tide-water, and below ordinary high-water mark, bordering upon tide-water within the state; of all land below the water of a navigable lake or stream; of all property lawfully appropriated by it to its own use; of all property dedicated to the state; and of all property of which there is no other owner. 1873-217.

671. Any person, whether citizen or alien, may take, hold, and dispose of property, real or personal, within this state. 1873–218.