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2. If neither was in fault, the loss must be borne by him on whom it falls;

3.

If both were in fault, the loss is to be equally divided, unless it appears that there was a great disparity in fault, in which case the loss must be equitably apportioned;

4. If it cannot be ascertained where the fault lies, the loss must be equally divided.

Section

CHAPTER III.

Products of the Mind.

Section

980. How far subject of owner- 983. Effect of publication.

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980. The author of any product of the mind, whether it is an invention, or a composition in letters or art, or a design, with or without delineation, or other graphical representation, has an exclusive ownership therein, and in the representation or expression thereof, which continues so long as the product and the representations or expressions thereof made by him remain in his possession.

981. Unless otherwise agreed, a product of the mind in the production of which several persons are jointly concerned, is owned by them as follows:

1. If the product is single, in equal proportions;

2. If it is not single, in proportion to the contribution of each. 982. The owner of any product of the mind, or of any representation or expression thereof, may transfer his property in the same.

983. If the owner of a product of the mind intentionally makes it public, a copy or reproduction may be made public by any person, without responsibility to the owner, so far as the law of this state is concerned.

984. If the owner of a product of the mind does not make it public, any other person subsequently and originally producing the same thing has the same right therein as the prior author, which is exclusive to the same extent against all persons except the prior author, or those claiming under him.

985. Letters and other private communications in writing belong to the person to whom they are addressed and delivered; but they cannot be published against the will of the writer, except by authority of law.

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991. One who produces or deals in a particular thing, or conducts

a particular business, may appropriate to his exclusive use, as a trade-mark, any form, symbol, or name which has not been so appropriated by another, to designate the origin or ownership thereof; but he cannot exclusively appropriate any designation, or part of a designation, which relates only to the name, quality, or the description of the thing or business, or the place where the thing is produced, or the business is carried on. 1873–224.

992. The good-will of a business is the expectation of continued public patronage, but it does not include a right to use the name of any person from whom it was acquired.

993. The good-will of a business is property, transferable like any other, and the person transferring it may transfer with it the right of using the name under which the business is conducted. 1905-602.

994. Instruments essential to the title of real property, and which are not kept in a public office as a record, pursuant to law, belong to the person in whom, for the time being, such title may be vested, and pass with the title.

995. There shall be allowed on baled hops a tare at the rate of two per centum of the weight of the bale for the cloth and other material used in baling; that is, the tare shall be at the rate of two pounds per hundred on the weight of the bale. 1907-845.

PART IV.

ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY.

Title I. Modes in Which Property May Be Acquired.

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Section

X. Mining Claims, Tunnel Rights and Mill Sites.

TITLE I.

Modes in Which Property May Be Acquired.

Section

1000. Property acquired general- 1001. Acquisition of properrty by exercise of eminent domain.

ly.

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1001. Any person may, without further legislative action, acquire private property for any use specified in section twelve hundred and thirty-eight of the Code of Civil Procedure either by consent of the owner or by proceedings had under the provisions of title seven, part three, of the Code of Civil Procedure; and any person seeking to acquire property for any of the uses mentioned in such title is "an agent of the state," or a "person in charge of such use," within the meaning of those terms as used in such title. This section shall be in force from and after the fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two.

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1066. Occupancy for any period confers a title sufficient against all except the state and those who have title by prescription, accession, transfer, will or succession; provided, however, that the title conferred by such occupancy shall not be a sufficient interest in real property to enable the occupant or his privies to commence or maintain an action to quiet title under the provisions of section seven hundred thirty-eight of the Code of Civil Procedure of this state, unless such occupancy shall have ripened into title by prescription. 1915-933.

1007. Occupancy for the period prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure as sufficient to bar an action for the recovery of the property confers a title thereto, denominated a title by prescription, which is sufficient against all.

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1013. When a person affixes his property to the land of another, without an agreement permitting him to remove it, the thing affixed, except as provided in section ten hundred and nineteen, belongs to

the owner of the land, unless he chooses to require the former to remove it. 1873-224.

1014. Where, from natural causes, land forms by imperceptible degrees upon the bank of a river or stream, navigable or not navigable, either by accumulation of material or by the recession of the stream, such land belongs to the owner of the bank, subject to any existing right of way over the bank.

1015. If a river or stream, navigable or not navigable, carries away, by sudden violence, a considerable and distinguishable part of a bank, and bears it to the opposite bank, or to another part of the same bank, the owner of the part carried away may reclaim it within a year after the owner of the land to which it has been united takes possession thereof.

1016. Islands and accumulations of land, formed in the beds of streams which are.navigable, belong to the state, if there is no title or prescription to the contrary.

1017. An island, or an accumulation of land, formed in a stream which is not navigable, belongs to the owner of the shore on that side where the island or accumulation is formed; or, if not formed on one side only, to the owners of the shore on the two sides, divided by an imaginary line drawn through the middle of the river.

1018. If a stream, navigable or not navigable, in forming itself a new arm, divides itself and surrounds land belonging to the owner of the shore, and thereby forms an island, the island belongs to such

owner.

1019. A tenant may remove from the demised premises, any time during the continuance of his term, anything affixed thereto for purposes of trade, manufacture, ornament, or domestic use, if the removal can be effected without injury to the premises, unless the thing has, by the manner in which it is affixed, become an integral part of the premises. 1873-224.

Section

CHAPTER II.

Accession to Personal Property.

Section

1025. Accession by uniting sev- 1030. Materials of several owners.

eral things.

1026. Principal part, what.

1027. Same.

1031. Willful trespassers.

1032. Owner may elect between thing and its value.

1028. Uniting material and work- 1033. Wrongdoers liable in dam

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1025. When things belonging to different owners have been united so as to form a single thing, and cannot be separated without injury, the whole belongs to the owner of the thing which forms the principal part; who must, however, reimburse the value of the residue to the other owner, or surrender the whole to him.

1026. That part is to be deemed the principal to which the other

has been united only for the use, ornament, or completion of the former, unless the latter is the more valuable, and has been united without the knowledge of its owner, who may, in the latter case, require it to be separated and returned to him, although some injury should result to the thing to which it has been united.

1027. If neither part can be considered the principal, within the rule prescribed by the last section, the more valuable, or, if the values are nearly equal, the more considerable in bulk, is to be deemed the principal part.

1028. If one makes a thing from materials belonging to another, the latter may claim the thing on reimbursing the value of the workmanship, unless the value of the workmanship exceeds the value of the materials, in which case the thing belongs to the maker, on reimbursing the value of the materials.

1029. Where one has made use of materials which in part belong to him and in part to another, in order to form a thing of a new description, without having destroyed any of the materials, but in such a way that they cannot be separated without inconvenience, the thing formed is common to both proprietors; in proportion, as respects the one, of the materials belonging to him, and as respects the other, of the materials belonging to him and the price of his workmanship.

1030. When a thing has been formed by the admixture of several materials of different owners, and neither can be considered the principal substance, an owner without whose consent the admixture was made may require a separation, if the materials can be separated without inconvenience. If they cannot be thus separated, the owners acquire the thing in common, in proportion to the quantity, quality, and value of their materials; but if the materials of one were far superior to those of the others, both in quantity and value, he may claim the thing on reimbursing to the others the value of their materials.

1031. The foregoing sections of this article are not applicable to cases in which one willfully uses the materials of another without his consent; but, in such cases, the product belongs to the owner of the material, if its identity can be traced.

1032. In all cases where one whose material has been used without his knowledge, in order to form a product of a different description, can claim an interest in such product, he has an option to demand either restitution of his material in kind, in the same quantity, weight, measure, and quality, or the value thereof; or where he is entitled to the product, the value thereof in place of the product.

1033. One who wrongfully employs materials belonging to another is liable to him in damages, as well as under the foregoing provisions of this chapter.

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