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stockholder is determined by the amount of stock or shares owned by him at the time the debt or liability was incurred; and such liability is not released by any subsequent transfer of stock. The term stockholder, as used in this section, applies not only to such persons as appear by the books of the corporation to be such, but also to every equitable owner of stock, although the same appears on the books in the name of another; and also to every person who has advanced the installments or purchase-money of stock in the name of a minor, so long as the latter remains a minor; and also to every guardian, or other trustee, who voluntarily invests any trust funds in the stock. Trust funds in the hands of a guardian, or trustee, are not liable under the provisions of this section, by reason of any such investment; nor must the person for whose benefit the investment is made be responsible in respect to the stock until he becomes competent and able to control the same; but the responsibility of the guardian or trustee making the investment continues until that period. Stock held as collateral security, or by a trustee, or in any other representative capacity, does not make the holder thereof a stockholder within the meaning of this section, except in the cases above mentioned, so as to charge him with any proportion of the debts or liabilities of the corporation; but the pledgor, or person or estate represented, is to be deemed the stockholder, as respects such liability. In a corporation having no capital stock, each member is individually and personally liable for an equal share of its debts and liabilities, and similar actions may be brought against him, either alone or jointly with other members, to enforce such liability as by this section may be brought against one or more stockholders, and similar judgments may be rendered. The liability of each stockholder of a corporation formed under the laws of any other state or territory of the United States, or of any foreign country, and doing business within this state, is the same as the liability of a stockholder of a corporation created under the constitution and laws of this state. 1905-396.

323. All corporations for profit must issue certificates for stock when fully paid up, signed by the president and secretary, and may provide, in their by-laws, for issuing certificates prior to full payment, under such restrictions and for such purposes as their bylaws may provide, but any certificate issued prior to full payment must show on its face what amount has been paid thereon. All certificates of stock issued by corporations authorized by their articles of incorporation to issue stocks of different classes, shall express upon their face the character of stock represented by said certificates. The said certificates shall also state the number of shares of stock of each class which said corporation is authorized to issue, and the said certificates shall also contain a statement of the nature and extent of the preference granted to the preferred stock. 1907-348.

324. Whenever the capital stock of any corporation is divided into shares, and certificates therefor are issued, such shares of stock, except as hereinafter provided, are personal property, and may be transferred by indorsement by signature of the proprietor, his agent, attorney, or legal representative, and the delivery of the certificate; but such transfer is not valid, except as to the parties thereto, until the same is so entered upon the books of the corporation as to show the names of the parties by whom and to whom transferred, the number of the certificate, the number or designation of the shares, and the date of the transfer; provided, however, that any corporation organized for, or engaged in the business of selling, distributing, supplying, or delivering water for irrigation purposes or for domestic use, may in its by-laws provide that water shall only be sold, distributed, supplied, or delivered to owners of its capital stock, and that such stock shall be appurtenant to certain lands when the same are described in the certificate issued therefor; and when such certificate shall be so issued, and a certified copy of such by-law recorded in the office of the county recorder in the county where such lands are situated, the shares of stock so located on any land shall only be transferred with said lands, and shall pass as an appurtenance thereto. Whenever any officer of any corporation shall refuse to make entries upon the books thereof, or to transfer stock therein, or to issue a certificate or certificates therefor to the transferee as provided by this and the next preceding section, such officer shall be subject to a penalty of four hundred dollars, to be recovered as liquidated damages, in an action brought against him by the person aggrieved. 1907-854.

325. Shares of stock in corporations standing on the books of the corporation in the name of a married woman may be transferred by her, her agent or attorney, without the signature of her husband, and in the same manner as if such married woman were a femme sole. All dividends payable upon any of such shares of stock may be paid to her, her agent or attorney, in the same manner as if she were unmarried; and any proxy or power given by her, touching any of such shares, is valid and binding, and neither it nor any receipt for dividends need be signed by her husband. 1905-397.

326. When the shares of stock in a corporation are owned by parties residing out of the state, the president, secretary, or directors of the corporation, before entering any transfer of the shares on its books, or issuing a certificate therefor to the transferee, may require from the attorney or agent of the non-resident owner, or from the person claiming under the transfer, an affidavit or other evidence that the non-resident owner was alive at the date of the transfer, and if such affidavit or other satisfactory evidence be not furnished, may require from the attorney, agent, or claimant, a bond of indemnity, with two sureties, satisfactory to the officers of the corporation; or, if not so satisfactory, then one approved by a judge of the superior court of the county in which the principal office of the corporation is situated, conditioned to protect the corporation against any liability to the legal representatives of the owner of the shares in case of his or her death before the transfer; and if such affidavit or other evidence or bond be not furnished when required as herein provided, neither the corporation nor any officer thereof shall be liable for refusing to enter the transfer on the books of the corporation. 1883-4.

327. Any contract or contracts, verbal or written, hereafter made, whereby it is sought directly or indirectly to relieve any director or trustee of any corporation or joint-stock association from an

liability imposed by section three, of article twelve, of the constitution of California, are hereby declared to be and shall be null and void. 1880-9.

328. Whenever a certificate of stock or of shares in a corporation organized under the laws of this state has been lost, destroyed or wrongfully withheld, the owner thereof may bring an action against such corporation in the superior court of the county in which is located its principal place of business, for the purpose of obtaining a new or duplicate certificate. If by the books of the corporation the stock stands in the name of a person other than the plaintiff, or if by such books it appears that some other person claims or has some right, title, or interest in, or lien upon, such stock, all such persons must be made parties defendant with the corporation. Summons must be issued and served as in other civil actions, and in addition thereto, the court must direct its clerk to issue and cause to be published, at least once a week for four successive weeks, in some newspaper published in the county, a notice setting forth the pendency of the action, the names of the parties thereto, the court in which it is pending, the name of the corporation issuing the stock, the number of the certificate and the number of the shares, the name of the person mentioned as stockholder in the certificate, and notifying all persons claiming said shares, or any of them, or any interest or lien therein or thereupon, to be and appear before the court at a time and place to be designated in the notice not less. than thirty days from the first publication thereof, then and there to show cause why a new certificate should not be directed to be issued to the plaintiff, and to set forth their rights in or claim to such shares. If any one appears and answers or intervenes in the action, it must proceed to trial as in other civil cases, and the court must enter judgment as from the facts established may be proper; but if no one appears within the time designated in such notice, nor within the time allowed by law after the service of such summons, the court must hear such evidence as may be offered in support of the allegations of the complaint, and make and file its decision thereon, and thereupon may enter its judgment canceling the lost, destroyed or wrongfully withheld certificate and directing the corporation, upon payment to it of all costs incurred by it in the premises and without costs against the corporation, to issue After the issuing of to the plaintiff a new or duplicate certificate.

a new certificate by the corporation pursuant to any judgment in such action, no action can ever be maintained by any person against the corporation in reference to said lost or destroyed certificate or the shares represented thereby, and thereafter any such action is forever barred as against the corporation. 1905-500.

329. Whenever a bond or bonds of a corporation organized under the laws of this state or of any other state. or any territory of the United States has or have been lost or destroyed in this state by fire, earthquake, or other calamity, the owner thereof may bring an action against such corporation and the trustee or mortgagee of such bonded indebtedness in the superior court of the county in which such bond or bonds were lost or destroyed, or in which owner resides, or in which is located the principal place of business of such corporation for the purpose of obtaining a new or duplicate bond or bonds. If said bond or bonds stand in the name of, or are registered in the name of a person other than the plaintiff, or if it appears by the books of the corporation that any other person claims or has some right, title, interest in, or lien upon such bond bonds, all such persons must be made parties defendant with the Summons must be corporation and the trustee and mortgagee.

or

issued and served as in other civil actions and in addition thereto the court must direct its clerk to issue and cause to be published at least once a week, for four successive weeks, in some newspaper published in the county a notice setting forth the pendency of the action, the names of the parties thereto, the court in which it is pending, the name of the corporation which has issued the bond or bonds, the number of said bond or bonds, if any, and the amount thereof, and the person in whose name the same stands or is registered, and notifying all persons claiming said bond or bonds, or any of them or any interest or lien therein or thereupon, to be and appear before the court at a time and place to be designated in the notice, not less than thirty days from the first publication thereof, then and there to show cause why a new bond or bonds should not be directed to be issued to the plaintiff and to set forth their rights in, or claims to such bond or bonds. If any one appears and answers or intervenes in the action it must proceed to trial as in other civil cases and the court must enter judgment as from the facts established may be proper; but if no one appears within the time designated in said notice, nor within the time allowed by law after the service of such summons, the court must hear such evidence as may be offered in support of the allegations of the complaint and make and file its decision thereon, and thereupon may enter its judgment canceling the lost or destroyed bond or bonds and directing such corporation, upon payment to it of all costs incurred by it in the premises, and upon payment to it of the money required and necessary to reissue new bond or bonds and without costs against the corporation or other defendant, mortgagee or trustee; to issue to the plaintiff a new or duplicate bond or bonds upon the said plaintiff giving proper indemnity to the said corporation and the said mortgagee or trustee. 1907-116.

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331. The directors of any corporation formed or existing under the laws of this state, after one fourth of its capital stock has been subscribed, may, for the purpose of paying expenses, conducting business, or paying debts, levy and collect assessments upon the subscribed capital stock thereof, in the manner and form and to the extent provided herein. 1873-206.

331a. Whenever shares of the capital stock of any corporation stands in the name of a trustee with the names of the beneficiaries of the trust disclosed thereon, or whenever the corporation has notice that any of its shares of stock is held in trust, and has a list

of the names of the beneficiaries of such trust, even though the certificate representing said shares is issued in the name of the trustee individually, and without any notice thereon of such trust, the person holding such stock as trustee shall not be personally liable for assessments made or levied by the corporation upon such stock, but such personal liability for stock assessments shall only be upon and against the beneficial owners of such stock beneficiaries of the trust of which such stock may constitute a part. 1919-356.

or the

332. No one assessment must exceed ten per cent of the amount of the capital stock named in the articles of incorporation, except in the cases in this section otherwise provided for, as follows:

1. If the whole capital of a corporation has not been paid up, and the corporation is unable to meet its liabilities or to satisfy the claims of its creditors, the assessment may be for the full amount unpaid upon the capital stock; or if a less amount is sufficient, then it may be for such a percentage as will raise that amount;

2. The directors of railroad corporations may assess the capital stock in installments of not more than ten per cent per month, unless in the articles of incorporation it is otherwise provided;

3. The directors of fire or marine insurance corporations may assess such a percentage of the capital stock as they deem proper.

333. No assessment must be levied while any portion of a previous one remains unpaid, unless:

1. The power of the corporation has been exercised in accordance with the provisions of this article for the purpose of collecting such previous assessment;

or

2. The collection of the previous assessment has been ined;

3. The assessment falls within the provisions of either the first, second, or third subdivision of section 332.

334. Every order levying an assessment must specify the amount thereof, when, to whom, and where payable; fix a day, subsequent to the full term of publication of the assessment notice, on which the unpaid assessments shall be delinquent, not less than thirty nor more than sixty days from the time of making the order levying the assessment; and a day for the sale of delinquent stock, not less than fifteen nor more than sixty days from the day the stock is declared delinquent.

335. Upon the making of the order, the secretary shall cause to be published a notice thereof, in the following form:

(Name of corporation in full. Location of principal place of business.) Notice is hereby given, that at a meeting of the directors, held on the (date), an assessment of (amount) per share was levied upon the capital stock of the corporation, payable (when, to whom, and where). Any stock upon which this assessment shall remain unpaid on the (day fixed) will be delinquent and advertised for sale at public auction, and, unless payment is made before, will be sold on the (day appointed) to pay the delinquent assessment, together with costs of advertising and expenses of sale. (Signature of secretary with location of office.)

336. The notice must be personally served upon each stockholder, or, in lieu of personal service, must be sent through the mail, addressed to each stockholder at his place of residence, if known,

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