References are to pages. United States v. Memphis & Little Rock R. Co. et al., 1217. United States v. Miller, 233. United States v. Milner, 234. United States v. Mitchell, 236. United States v. Morris, 696. United States v. Nelson, 940, 995. United States v. Palmer, 893, 1028. United States v. Patterson et al., 340, 915, 995. United States v. Anon., 1212, 1216. 236, 237, 240, 915. United States v. Coal Dealers' Ass'n of Cal., 911, 940, 941, 942, 943, 987, 991. United States v. Coolidge, 993. United States v. Coppersmith, 956. United States v. Crafton et al., 233. United States v. Cruikshank, 995, 1012. United States v. Debs, 329, 879, 915, 1215, 1216. United States v. De Grief, 233. 879, 905, 915, 918, 919, 923, 933. United States v. Elliott et al., 340, 403, 438. United States v. Fehrenback, 233. United States v. Gordon. 233. United States v. Reichert, 234. Trans-Missouri Freight Ass'n, 523, 652, 654, 790, 878, 883, 886, 890, 912, 913, 914, 915, 943, 944, 945, 956, 961, 966, 983, 992. United States v. Union P. R. Co., 893. United States v. Walsh, 233, 234. United States v. Watson, 233, 234. United States v. Wayne, 1214. United States v. Wooten, 219. United States v. Workingmen's Amal. Council of New Orleans, United States Chemical Co. v. Provi. V. Valentine v. Stewart, 545. Van Marter v. Babcock, 156, 232. Vernon v. Hallam, 776. Vulcan Powder Co. v. Hercules Pow- Watson v. Harlem & N. Y. Nav. Co., Wadesboro Cotton Mills Co. v. Burns, Webster v. Buss, 818, 825. 558. Wadsworth v. U. P. R. Co., 701. Walcott v. Heath, 77. Walker v. Cronin, 336, 358, 391, 405, 408, 410, 425, 445, 474, 1180, 1182, 1314, 1315, 1316. Walker v. Mottram, 777. Wallace v. Attorney-General, 764. Walsh et al. v. Dwight et al., 1101, Walton v. Devlin, 1211. Webster v. Williams, 845. Wegner Bros. v. Biering & Co., 1141. Welch v. Cutler, 97. Welch v. People, 1216. Welch et al. v. Phelps & Bigelow Wellesley's Case, 1212. Wells, Fargo & Co. v. Oregon Ry. Welton v. Missouri, 879, 909. Western News Co. v. Wilmarch, 1308. Western Union Tel. Co. v. B. & O. Tel. Co., 565. Wannel v. Chamber of the City of Western Union Tel. Co. v. Chicago London, 740. & P. R. Co., 565. Ward v. Byrne, 744, 749, 751, 753, 771, Western Union Tel. Co. v. Short, 707. 777, 782, 814, 831. Ward v. Farwell, 564. Ward v. Vosburgh, 108. Warfield v. Booth, 845. Warren v. Jones, 819. Warshauer v. Webb, 243. Washburne v. Dosch et al., 825. Washington & B. Turnpike Road v. State, 554. Western Woodenware Ass'n v. Starkie et al., 620, 832. Westfield Gas & Milling Co. v. Men denhall, 1260. West River Bridge Co. v. Dix, 25. West Virginia Transportation Co. v. Water Com'rs of Jersey v. Mayor, etc. Wheatley v. Baugh, 494. of City of Hudson, 1167. Waterhouse et al. v. Comer, 346. Wheaton v. Peters, 307. Wheeler v. Russell, 13, 70, 119. References are to pages. Whipple v. Hutchinson, 1214. White v. Southend Hotel Co., 838. Wolcott v. Heath, 83. Wolf, In re, 234. Wolff v. New Orleans, 25. Whitesides v. Hunt, 81, 89, 93, 106, Wood v. Bowron, 400. 108. Whitney v. Slayton, 580, 782, 825. Wood v. Ferguson, 553. Wood v. Jefferson Co. Bank, 1291. Whittenton Mills v. Upton, 555, 567, Woodworth v. State, 240. 584, 587. Wick China Co. v. Brown, 1210. Wooley v. Idle, 739. Wooster v. Kisch et al., 865. Worcester v. Truman, 1214. Wickens v. Evans, 191, 523, 803, 957. Work v. McKoy, 243. Wiggins v. Bisso, 1141. Wright v. Crabb, 69, 70, 109. Wiggins Ferry Co. v. O. & M. Ry. Wright v. Cudahy, 70. Co., 853. Wiggins Ferry Co. v. C. & A. R. Co., 523, 957. Wiley v. Baumgardner, 136, 855. Wildee v. McKee, 242. Willamette Woolen Mfg. Co. v. Bank of British Columbia, 871. Williams v. Carr, 109. Williams v. Mutual Gas Co., 1260. Williams v. Tiedemann, 77, 78, 92, 95, 106. Williams v. Williams, 815. Williamson v. Kokomo B. & L. F. Williar v. Irwin, 107. Willoughby v. Junction Railways, Wilmington R. Co. v. Reid, 25. Windham County Bank v. Kendall, 135. Wire Co. v. Murray, 438. Wisconsin v. Pelican Ins. Co., 998. Wright v. Milwaukee Electric Ry. etc. Co., 1237. Wright v. Rider, 546, 565, 733, 803, 857. Wylie v. Baumgardner et al., 820, 822, 855. Wylie v. National Wall Paper Co., 1319. Y. Yarbrough, Ex parte, 1168. Yerkes v. Salomon, 82, 95, 111. Young v. Hichens, 445. Young v. Webster City, etc. R. Co., 1245. Young et al. v. Timmins et al., 745, 762, 777. Young, Ex parte, 59, 62, 93, 95. Z. Zabrieski v. Cleveland, etc. R. Cò., 871. THE LAW OF COMBINATIONS. PART I. MONOPOLIES. CHAPTER 1. IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. § 1-3. Monopolies defined. 9. Incidents of monopolies. 10, 11. Statute of James I. and English law. 12-14. American comment. 15. Common law and American law. 16. Federal constitution and patents. 17. Powers of state legislatures and municipalities 18. Powers of municipalities strictly limited. 19. Rule governing construction of grants of exclusive privileges. 20. Exclusive right to lay gas-pipes in streets. 21. Right to regulate use of franchise. 22. Exclusive right to maintain water-works. 23. Exclusive rights concerning highways and bridges. 24. A valid grant of exclusive privileges cannot be impaired by subsequent legislation. 25. Conflict among the authorities. 26. Some general propositions. 27. The essence of monopoly. 28. The law syllogistically stated. 29. Elements essential to a monopoly. 30-32. Indiscriminate use of term "monopoly." 33. Few monopolies in true sense of term. 34. Tendency toward greater freedom of contract. 35. Certain reactionary decisions. § 1. Definition of monopoly.- A monopoly is a license or privilege allowed by the sovereign for the sole buying and selling, making, working, or using of anything whatsoever; whereby the subject in general is restrained from that liberty of manufacturing or trading which he had before.1 § 2. Lord Coke's definition is, "an institution by the king, by his grant, commission, or otherwise, to any persons or corporations, of or for the sole buying, selling, making, working or using of every thing, whereby any persons or corporations are sought to be restrained of any freedom or liberty they had before, or hindered in their lawful trade." 2 § 3. In Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown the following definition is found: "A monopoly is an allowance by the king to a particular person or persons of the sole buying, selling, making, working, or using of any thing, whereby the subject in general is restrained from the freedom of manufacturing or trading which he had before. Monopoly differs from ingrossing only in this, that monopoly is by patent from the king, and ingrossing by the act of the subject between party and party."3 § 4. History of monopolies. The growth of public opinion regarding monopolies, as illustrated by edicts, statutes and decisions, is not only of interest, but is essential to a correct understanding of the law concerning combinations at the present day. In the year A. D. 483, the Emperor Zeno issued to the Praetorian Prefect of Constantinople the following edict: "We command that no one may presume to exercise a monopoly of any kind of clothing, or of fish, or of any other thing serving for food, or for any other use, whatever its nature may be, either of his own authority, or under a rescript of an emperor already procured, or that may hereafter be procured, or under an imperial decree, or under a rescript signed by Our Majesty; nor may any persons combine or agree in unlawful meetings, that different kinds of merchandise may not be sold at a less price than they may have agreed upon among themselves. Workmen and contractors for buildings, and all who practice 14 Bl. Com. 159. 23 Coke's Inst. 181. See Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 607 (1837), Story, J. See also Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 102 (1872). 3 Hawkins' Pleas of the Crown, vol. 1, p. 624. |