been his contemporaries in the university of Oxford. In 1765 a congregation was settled by bishop Gambold, at Coothill, in Ireland. Soon after he had joined the brethren, he published a treatise, written while he was at Stanton Harcourt, and which proves his steady attachment to the church of England, entirely consistent with his connexion with, and ministry in, the church of the brethren. The title of it is, "A short summary of Christian Doctrine, in the way of question and answer; the answers being all made in the sound and venerable words of the Commonprayer-book of the church of England. To which are added, some extracts out of the Homilies. Collected for the service of a few persons, members of the established church; but imagined not to be unuseful to others." We know not the exact date of this treatise; but a second edition of it was printed in 1767, 12mo. Mr. Gambold also published in 1751, 8vo, "Maxims and Theological Ideas and Sentences, collected out of several dissertations and discourses of count Zinzendorf, from 1738 till 1747." His

Hymns for the use of the Brethren" were printed in 1748, 1749, and 1752; some Hymns, and a small hymnbook for the children belonging to the brethren's congregations, were printed entirely by Mr. Gambold's own hand in Lindsey house at Chelsea. A letter from Mr. Gambold to Mr. Spangenberg, June 4, 1750, containing a concise and well-written character of the count of Zinzendorf, was inserted in Mr. James Hutton's "Essay towards giving some just ideas of the personal character of count Zinzendorf, the present advocate and ordinary of the brethren's churches," 1755, 8vo. In 1752 he was editor of “Sixteen Discourses on the Second Article of the Creed, preached at Berlin by the ordinary of the Brethren," 12mo. In June 1753 appeared "The ordinary of the Brethren's churches his short and peremptory remarks on the way and manner wherein he has been hitherto treated in controversies, &c. Translated from the High Dutch, with a preface, by John Gambold, minister of the chapel in Fetterlane." In the same year he published, "Twenty-one discourses, or dissertations, upon the Augsburg Confession, which is also the Brethren's Confession of Faith; delivered by the ordinary of the Brethren's churches before the seminary. To which is prefixed a synodical writing relating to the subject. Translated from the High Dutch, by F. Ökeley, A. B." In 1754 be was editor of "A mo

dest Plea for the Church of the Brethren," &c, 8vo; with a preface by himself. In the same year, in conjunction with Mr. Hutton, secretary to the brethren, he also drew up "The representation of the committee of the English congregation in union with the Moravian church," addressed to the archbishop of York; and also "The plain case of the representatives of the people known by the name of the Unitas Fratrum, from the year 1727 till these times, with regard to their conduct in this country under misrepresentation." And in 1755 he assisted in the publication of "A letter from a minister of the Moravian branch of the Unitas Fratrum, together with some additional notes by the English editor, to the author of the Moravians compared and detected;" and also of "An exposition, or true state of the matters objected in England to the people known by the name of Unitas Fratrum; by the ordinary of the brethren; the notes and additions by the editor." In 1756 he preached at Fetter-lane chapel, and printed afterwards, a sermon upon a public fast and humiliation, setting forth the reasonableness and extent of religious reverence.' He was not only a good scholar, but a man of great parts, and of singular mechanical ingenuity. It was late in both their lives before the learned Bowyer was acquainted with his merits; but he no sooner knew them, than he was happy in his acquaintance, and very frequently applied to him as an occasional assistant in correcting the press; in which capacity Mr. Gambold superintended (among many other valuable publications) the beautiful and very accurate edition of lord chancellor Bacon's works in 1765; and in 1767 he was professedly the editor, and took an active part in the translation from the High Dutch, of "The History of Greenland;" containing a "descrip tion of the country and its inhabitants; and particularly a relation of the mission carried on for above these thirty years by the Unitas Fratrum at New Herrnhut and Lichtenfels in that country, by David Crantz; illustrated with maps and other copper-plates: printed for the brethren's society for the furtherance of the Gospel among the Heathen," 2 vols. 8vo. In the autumn of 1768 he retired to his native country, where he died, at Haverford West, universally respected, Sept. 13, 1771.)

GANDY (JAMES), an able artist, although little known, was born in 1619, and instructed by Vandyck; and his

Nichols's Bowyer.

works are a sufficient proof of the signal improvement he received from the precepts and example of that great master. The cause of his being so totally unknown was, his being brought into Ireland by the old duke of Ormond, and retained in his service. And as Ireland was at that time in a very unsettled condition, the merit and the memory of this master would have been entirely unnoticed, if some of his performances, which still subsist, had not preserved him from oblivion. There are at this time in Ire

land many portraits, painted by him, of noblemen and persons of fortune, which are very little inferior to Vandyck, either for expression, colouring, or dignity; and several of his copies after Vandyck, which were in the Ormond collection at Kilkenny, were sold for original paintings of Vandyck. Mr. Gandy died in 1689.1

GANGANELLI (JOHN VINCENT ANTONY), who was elevated to the popedom by the name of Clement XIV. was the son of a physician, and born in 1705. He was educated at Rimini, near his birth-place, and at the age of eighteen entered into the Franciscan order at Urbino. After finishing his studies at various seminaries, he was appointed in 1740 to be professor of divinity in the college of St. Bonaventure, at Rome. In this situation he gained the good opinion of pope Benedict XIV. who gave him the place of counsellor of the holy office; and in 1759 Clement XIII. made him a cardinal. It is said that in all his intercourse with his brethren and at their public assemblies, he endeavoured to lower their tone, and to persuade them that it was almost too late to oppose the will of the sovereigns of Europe by a display of ecclesiastical power. This could not be very acceptable to the cardinals, who persisted in their opinion of the power of the reigning pontiff, and encouraged him in his disputes with France and other kingdoms. On the death of Clement XIII. Ganganelli was elected in his room in May 1769, chiefly by the influence of the courts of France and Spain, who now urged him to suppress the order of Jesuits, and although he did not enter on that measure without much deliberation, it was at last carried, and forms the principal event of his pontificate. He signed the brief for this purpose on July 21, 1773, and it is said, with considerable reluctance. The consequence to papal power was no doubt

'Pilkington.

great, but it appeared after all to be but one link in the great chain of causes which must relieve the world entirely from its influence. Ganganelli did not long survive this event, dying Sept. 22, 1773. After his death, a life of him was published by Caraccioli, replete with anecdotes illustrative of his amiable character and liberal sentiments; but we know not how to give credit to a writer who soon afterwards published some volumes of "Letters" by Ganganelli, which, it is now universally acknowledged, were forgeries.'

GARAMOND (CLAUDE), a French engraver and letter-founder, was a native of Paris, and began to distinguish himself about 1510; when he founded his printing types, clear from all remains of the gothic, or, as it is usually called, the black letter. He brought them to so great a degree of perfection, that he can neither be denied the glory of having surpassed whatever had been done in this way before, nor that of not being excelled by any of his successors in this useful mechanic art. His types were prodigiously multiplied, as well by the great number of matrices which he engraved of every size, as by the letters which were founded from these, so that all parts of Europe were supplied with them; and as often as they were used by foreigners, they took care, by way of recommending their works, to distinguish them by his name, both in Italy, Germany, England, and even in Holland; particucularly the small Roman, by way of excellence, was known among the printers in all these countries, by the name of Garamond's small Roman. He likewise, by the special command of Francis I. founded three species of Greek types for the use of Robert Stephens, who printed with them all his beautiful editions, both of the New Testament, and several Greek authors. Garamond died in 1561; and all his fine types came into the hands of Fournier the elder, an eminent letter-founder at Paris.

GARASSE (FRANCIS), a French Jesuit, and the author of the enmity between the Jesuits and the Jansenists, in the church of Rome, was born at Angoulême in 1585, and having laid a good foundation of grammar-learning, entered of the Jesuits' college in 1600. It was the special care of those fathers, to admit none into their society but youths of genius; and Garasse was not wanting in good

natural parts, nor did he neglect to improve them by reading and study; of which he gave an admirable proof in his book of elegies on the death of Henry IV. and in a poem in heroic verse, addressed to Louis XIII. upon his inauguration, in the name of the college at Poictiers. The titles of these two pieces are, 1. "Elegiarum de funesta morte Heurici magni liber singularis," Pictavii, 1611, 4to. 2. "Sacra Rhemensia Carmina Heroica nomine Collegii Pictavensis oblata Ludov. XIII. Regi Christianissimo in sua inauguratione," ibid. The two following pieces are also ascribed to him: 1. "De la Resemblance de la lumiere du Soleil & de la Justice," Bourdeaux, 1612, 2. "Les champs Elysiens pour la Reception du Roy Louis XIII. lors qu'il entroit a Bourdeaux à l'occasion de son Marriage.'

As he had a great deal of spirit and imagination, and a strong voice, he became a popular preacher in the chief cities of France. He acquitted himself in the pulpit with uncommon vivacity, and had a peculiar turn for the wit then in vogue, which, being enforced by a suitable delivery, made deep impressions upon his audience. But he was not content with the honour he thus did to his order, His ambition led him to aim at being more extensively serviceable by his writings. With that spirit, while yet in his noviciate, he published in 1614 a defence of the Jesuits against three of their adversaries at once. This piece he entitled "The Horoscope of Anti-Coton, together with the life, death, burial, and apotheosis of his two cousingermans Marteliere and Hardeviliere." The treatise appeared under a feigned name, and was drawn up in the ironical style, but too much vitiated by buffoonery; and, in the same name and style, be printed in 1615,

Calvinistic Elixir, or Reformed Philosopher's Stone, first dug up by Calvin at Geneva, and afterwards polished by Isaac Casaubon at London, with the testamentary codex of Anti-Coton, lately found upon Charenton-bridge." The first of these is entitled " Andreæ Schioppii Casparis fratris horoscopus," &c. Antwerp, 1614, 4to. The second "Andrea Schioppii Casparis fratris Elixir Calvinisticum," &c. ibid. 1651, 8vo. In the first he attacked the three following pieces; 1. "L'Anticoton, ou refutation de la Lettre declaratoire du Pere Coton," 1610, 8vo. "Playdoye du Pierre de la Martiliere Avocat en Parlement pour le Recteur de l'Université de Paris contre les Je