roots, as an alliance of assimilated vocabularies. In dialects of common descent the proportion of words that preserve their identity in root and meaning gradually decreases, while the proportion of those roots that have acquired a peculiar conventional meaning gradually increases. But in the life of languages a root that has wholy lost its primary signification and gained a different one, is equivalent to a new word. Hence in cognate dialects that are separated, alien vocabularies are constantly growing up, and they may at last come to be as distinct from each other as it is possible for human tongues to be. So that whether speech began with one language or with many, the kind and degree of divergency and resemblance between all the vocabularies of the world would, in the lapse of time, be the same. It is probable that all existing vocabularies are etymologically identical, and even that they have all been woven from a few primitive roots designating the most familiar objects, qualities and sensations, but it is true at the same time that the identity of the roots with few exceptions is not a living one even in the same language. It is on the capacity of the same root to receive almost endless changes in meaning and form, and thus to become in reality the progenitor of a succession of new generations of roots, that the growth of language depends. It hence becomes possible for the human mind and tongue to create a language from a few primary cries. These sounds, partly exclamatory and partly imitative, gradually undergo infinite variation and composition, and each modification becomes a new substantive sound or root, in the linguistic progress of the family, the tribe and the circle of tribes.

The following are illustrations from Semitico-Libyan. The sibilant, varying to the dental, is used for Head in several Zimbian languages kitoa, kizoa, mutua, mtu &c. and in Fanti ¿tyil (pl. ityie); for Eye in the same family with a different pref. disu, lisu, litu &c. and in Berber thith; for Face in Kosah with a third pref. ubuso; for Hair in simple or duplicated forms and with the labial final in Gara shof, Mahrah shob, Saumali temo, Bishari tamo, Agau sifa, sisifa, tsabka, tsebega; for Beard with similar forms in Zimbian dzevu, devu, debu &c.; for Hair without the labial postf. in several East Zimbian vocabularies misisi, matiti &c.; for Mouth with the labial final in Arabic thum, Hottentot tub, Felup batum,

Shangalla suma, and without the final in Mandingo du; for Tongue in Bishari medabo and Hottentot tama; for Lip in Serakoli shume. The same series is found in words for Finger isba, asabi &c. Semitic, tyaba Fanti, sat Amharic, tsat Agau, and Foot tsab, chafu, chami, chapi &c. Gafat, Gonga, Agau. The simple and duplicated root is also Ear ti, tu, ta, du, &c., Hand id, ad, tot, tata &c. and Foot ti, se, sa &c.

In the corresponding Caucasian series we find for Head dudi, ti, tchum, sab; for Eye te; for Hair toma; for Mouth suma, sumun; for Tongue sibi, zahbi; for Finger titi; for Hand tota; and for Foot shepe, zhape, shape.

In the Scythic series we have besides the simple root the dupli cated forms shosha Ugrian Face; usu Mong., sus, ses, shosh &c. Turkish Hair; shus, tos Ugrian Mouth; tish &c. Turkish Tooth; and forms with a labial final soma Hung., shem Ugrian Head; sham, shem &c. Ugr., sima, saiwa, &c. Sam. Eye; asim Turk. Hair; shum Fin Mouth; tipe, Sam., tiwu Ost. Tooth; udam, oda, hute &c. Sam., te Jap. Hand.

The Indo-European series has stoma Greek Mouth; suban Pers., shiba Afgh. Tongue; sub Sclav. Tooth.

The sibilant or dental with a liquid final is Tooth in Semitic sin &c.; Ear in Semitic zin, zan, zun; Lip in Fulah, Sereres tony, godon; and Ear in Darf. telo and Mandingo tulu; Hand in Malagasy tanana; and Foot in Galla tana, Woloff tank, Saumali adin and Bagnon guidine.

Caucasian has sir Head, taalo Hand, tul-we Finger, tle Foot, sila, zul-we &c. Tooth, tzindi Nose.

Indo-European has for Head sir, Tooth zan, dant &c., Tongue zange &c.

Scythic has for Head, dil, dul &c., Tooth til, del, Face syn, syrai, zura &c., Eye sin, sil &c.; Ear shen, shun Tung., Hand dol, tol Finger tul, tyl, dal &c.

Dravirian has for Head senni, tale &c., for Hand tol, for Foot adi, orri, adu-gu.

In the liquid series we find in Semitico-African for Head alo, our, or, eri, ru; for Eye ain, aire, il, iri, &c.; for Hair alu, iru, riri, ili, &c.; for Mouth lah, nua, enu; for Tooth reir, hauri; for Tongue arah; for Ear ilai, iroi, ru, noa,; for Finger ala, nun &c.; for Hand nan, nen; for Foot noa.

These simple and double forms correspond with the Caucasian na, la, ala Face; ena, nina, nin Tongue; ain, in, lai, lar &c. Ear; and rori Foot;-with the Indo-European rin Nose; ohr, ur Ear; -with the Ugrian ol, er, olo, ulu, ruh Head; nore, nanu Face; nun, lele, ilet &c. Eye; lelu, ein &c. Beard; ul, lul, an, nal &c. Mouth; urul Lip; orr, nyr, any &c. Nose; illa Ear; al, ol, ola, ili, nala, &c. Hand; lyl, lal, ora, ngoi, hga &c. Foot.

The liquid with a labial final is found in Darfur for Eye nume; in Zimbian for Mouth lumu, romo; in Galla and Kosah for Lip lufluf, lebi; in Malagasy for Tooth nify; for Tongue in Danakil aruba, Saumali arub, Galla arubni; Woloff lamin and Bagnon kaleb; for Eye in Bagnon guinif, Sereres nof, Woloff nop, Serakoli ai-ndofo, Hott. "naum.

The corresponding series is almost absent in Caucasian, IndoEuropean and Scythic which prefer liquid finals for liquid roots. Caucasian has nap, napa Face, nem Tongue, lemba, limha, lumbha Ear. Scythic has wa-nim, ny-rim Face; namo Mouth.

The liquid with a sibilant final is Head in Semitic eresh, ras, rosh, rus; Tongue in Semitic lashim, lishin, lisan, halishi Hausa, melas Amh. Tigre, arat Galla.

Similar forms occur in Caucasian for Hair, ras;-in Indo-European for Mouth, rot, ert; and Nose nas, noss, ris;--and in Scythic for Head resz, arsem, nash; Face rosa, rozha, ortza; Hair yorsi, ersi, nosu &c.; Eye anysha, elisa, ilet.

In Dravirian the principal series are the labial and guttural. The labial forms for Head mudd, mande, are North Indian, mud, mun, Scythic and African, mudah Saumali, mata Saum. Galla. Those for Hair mir, mayir, are Caucasian. Those for Mouth vayi, bayi &c. are Scythic, but with the meanings Head paya, fei &c. Face pai, Tooth pai. Those for Tooth palla, pallu are Ugrian, pane &c., but the same form is common in Ugrian and Caucasian with other meanings, Ear &c. Those for Nose, muku, have the Scythic root pu, bu, but in Scythic the guttural final is absent. Those for Finger veral, birlu, are Caucasian, palik (the slender form ver, bir, being common with other meanings in Cauc.); IndoEuropean perst Sclav.; Scythic parne, borne Ugr., bar-mek Turk. (the slender form pil, bel &c. being used for Foot, Ear &c); and Semitico-African pirure Suah., baram Woloff, faratschi Hausa.

(The forms bir, bar, par occur as the root in words for Hand.)

The Kol terms for Head and Hair bu, ub &c. are Scythic (pa, bui &c. Fin. Ugr. Head; up, ob &c. Ugr. Sam. Hair); and Libyan ap Eg., amo Saum. Head, emu Avekwom, umbo Mudjnna Hair.

In the guttural series ku Head is Scythic,-og Ugr., oike Fin.; kuzha, kuda Hair is Caucasian; kan Eye is Chinese aud Turkish; kuli Tooth is the Scythie kul, gol, kur, &c. &c. Head, Beard (kulye Yenis.), mouth (kur. go Ugr.) Ear (kul, gul, kor &c.), Tongue, Hand, in the slender form ker (also Scythic) it is Tooth in Caucasian; kadu, kivi, kimi &c. Ear is Scythic, ku, kuma, kyrna &c. ; and Indo-European ugo Sclav.; kai, kayi Hand is Scythic, kal, kasi, kesi &c., Cauc. kuer &c. and Libyan eka, kuna &c; kazh, kal Foot (the same root) is Scythic, kasa Yenis., kul Mong &c., Caucasian kash, kassi, &c. and Libyan kula, gar &c..

In Dravirian the liquid series is only represented by the Tamil eyiru Tooth (yir, yor, Head Ugr., yir-si Hair Ugr., yul Mouth Ugr., yel-uth Ear, Kamsch.); the Telugu yelu Finger; the Telugu noru Mouth (a common Scythic form, nal Mouth Sam., onnor Tongue Yukahiri, nol Nose Ugr., nore Face Ugr. &c); the Kurgi orama and Gond robong Hair (which resemble the African forms with a labial final); and the common term for Tongue naku. The root na is used for Tongue both in Scythic and Caucasian languages, but not with the guttural postf. Similar forms occur with other applications, nago Ugr., nyako Fin Face, nuyak Chukchi Hair, enku Koriak, onyok-to, nig-sha Tungus. Nose; lege, hanka, andika Andi Ear (comp. the Telugu nadike). Semitico-African has allok Tongue Felup, uluk Ear Kensy, uilge Ear Tumali, Koldagi, iluk Tooth Saumali, Galla.*

The series, as a whole, is Scythic, with a few special affinities to Caucasian.

Having lately received a copy of Lieutenant Leech's Brahui vocabulary I add a more complete list of the names of the parts of the body than I previously had access to. Head katumb; if ka be prefixual (comp. kalakh cheek) it is Georgian tchum head, towa hair. Hair pish-kou; besh Misjejian. Beard rish; ras Hair Lesgian, yirsi &c. Ugr. Eye khan; Drav. Face mon; Hindi &e., mande head Kurgi. Lip ba; Japanese fa. Nose ba-mus; Drav. muku, Japanese fa-na, Lesgian mushush. Tongue duvi; davo Bishari; tub, thum, du, mouth, SemiticoAfrican, davada cheek Telugu. Ear, khaff; Drav. (kavi Toda &c.). Hand, du (the some root as in duvi tongue); tota Misjejian, tot Coptic, uda Samoiede. Foot nath; Lesgian nats Finger. This vocabulary appears to be equally archaic with the Dravirian and Australian, to have the same primitive relation to the Scythic, and to have some specific Caucasian and Caucaso-Libyan affinities.

HEAD, HAIR.

The terms for head and hair being much interchanged in general glossology I place them together.

Eleven vocables are found in the Dravirian languages,-senni, tali, mudi, mir or mayir, kuzh or kud, orama, chuti, ventruka, ku, buho and ub.

Of these, two are of Tibeto-Ultraindian origin. They are confined to the languages bordering on the Ganges. All the others are archaic, and all have Scythic, chiefly Ugrian, affinities. The chain of affinity is various,-Ugrian, Iranian, North Indian, Australian and Asoncsian; Ugrian, Caucasian; Yeniscian; Ugrian; Ugrian, Sindhi, Tatar, (Malagasy, Asonesian); Caucasian (Koriak, Sanskrit) &c.

Ku, "head", is found only in Uraon and Male, where it appears to be of comparatively modern Ultraindian derivation, (Naga). The root is Tibetan, Ugrian, &c. The Asonesian varieties, like the N. Dravirian, are Tibetan through Ultraindian.

The Kol term buho, bu, "head", may also be of Tibeto-Ultraindian derivation, but as another variety of the root, used for "hair", is archaic and as the aspirate of buho appears to have been transmitted as a guttural to Asonesia, where the term is very common, there is some doubt as to this. Probably the form buko or buho was an early Draviro-Gangetic variety of the Tibeto-Ultraindian pu, which was carried to the islands by the Gangetico-Polynesian

current.

All the other terms are archaic. Mudi "head" is Hindi and Australian on the one side, and Scythic on the other. The full form, slightly modified, remains in the nasalised Gangetic puring (Dhimal). Other varieties are common to Australian, Papuanesian and Malayu-Polynesian languages with Irano-Indian and Ugrian. The root must have prevailed in all these forms in the Iranian province, not only in its Sanskritic but in the older DraviroAustralian and still older proto-Scythic or proto-Dravirian eras. The various Asonesian terms show that the root was the most common in the North Dravirian or Gangetic province. In the south similar forms are only found in Toda and Kurgi, and in Malayalam, the last using this vocable for "hair." The Toda and Kurgi forms appear to be equally archaic with the Australian, which exhibit a si