The 3d pron. is kho, khu, in Lhopa kho, Serpa khwo, Lepcha heu, Limbu khune, Magar hos, hock. The regular vowel is o, u and this alone distinguishes the root from the more prevalent form of the 2nd pron. which has e as its proper vowel. The only analogous pronouns in the adjacent languages are the Thochu kwan, and tha-cha and the Sokpa and Gyami tha.

All these varieties are Chinese. T'ha is current in Kwan-hwa; ki in Shanghai (also gi) and Chio-hu, and in the contracted form í it is common to Kwan-hwa, Shanghai, Tie-chiu and Hokkién; ku is Kwan-hwa and khui Kwang-tung. Ke, keu, keue [comp. Lepcha peu] are other varieties. The Bhotian khu, kho and the allied Tibeto-Ultraindian forms are most closely related to khui and this is consistent with the affinities of the numerals which are also in the full archaic Chinese forms best preserved in Kwang-tung and some of the other southern and central Chinese dialects. The dental with the slender vowel is a demonstrative in Shanghai ti," this" and Kwang-tung, deng" that.” “This” is che in Kwan-hwa, chi in Tie-chiu, chit, chia in Hok-kien and koi in Kwang-tung. Burman like Bhotian has a broad form thu, and Lau has it gutturalised khon as well as in the dental form tan, corresponding with the Changlo dan. The Chinese slender forms are found in Manyak thi, Gurung thi, Murmi the, Kinawari te, Lepcha he, Naga a-te, a-ti, Singpho khi. Thi occurs in Burman also but as a demonstrative "this." The same root is the prevalent Scythic 3rd pron. varying to s, h; ta, tam; han; son, zo; ten, teu, ze, se; sin, tida, di, kini &c. Mongolian has e-gun corresponding with khune of Limbu. The dental form is also N. E. Asian, cha-ta Yenis., tun-dal Yukahiri, tana, taan Aino-Kurilian, tana (Sanskrit tad) Namollo, tie, tugh Kamschatkan, tsyo, dsee Korea. Japanese has the guttural form kare.

The Bhotian root of the 2nd and 3rd pronouns may be considered as Chinese and Chino-Scythic. Its use for the 2nd pron. is not Chinese, but Scythic. Possibly it may have displaced the common Chino-Tibetan and Ultraindian root in the 2nd through the influence of Sokpa or another Scythic dialect. Its absence in all the Tibeto-Ultraindian dialects save Bhotian and the few Himalayan dialects that have been much affected by Bhotian, is in favour of its having always been confined to that dialect and of

its not being archaic even in it. The identity of the Sokpa and Newar pronouns is also consistent with its recent introduction. But the Bhotian form, its connection with the 3rd and the archaic Chinese character of the latter, make it probable that the west Tibetan system is archaically connected with Scythic as well as Chinese. The other evidences of an archaic connection with Scythic are too numerous to render the presence of a 2nd pron. analagous to the Scythic anomalous. That the connection between the 2nd and 3rd pronouns is Scythic will appear by comparing the Thochu kwa, kwe 2nd, kwan, tha-cha 3d; Bhot. khycd, khe 2nd, kho, ku 3rd; Lhopa chhu 2nd, kho 3rd; Lepcha hau 2d, heu 3rd; Serpa khyo 2d, khwo 3d; Limbu khe-ne 2nd, khu-ne 3rd; Kiranti kha-na (Newar chha) 2d, mo-ko 3rd; with the Mongolian chha 2nd, tha 3rd of Sokpa; the Turkish ghen, -ken,-gen (verbal) 2nd, kini 3rd of Yakuti, sin 2nd, kin, -sin-si, -i 3rd of Osmanli &c; with the Tungusian si 2nd (i, pl.), tche 3rd of Manchu, si, sin, s, 2nd, in, (pl. tin) 3rd of Nyertshmsk; with the Ugrian sina, sa, si, ton, tin, te, d, t, k, &c 2nd, han, nsa, sa, son, sya, tida, s, si, t, d, ka, ja 3rd; and with the Samoiede tan 2nd, tam, tap 3rd, pu-dar 2nd, pu-da 3rd, -t, -th, -d, -dh, -r, 2nd and 3rd.

The same root is common as a demonstrative, relative, interrogative and locative in the Chinese and Tibeto-Ultraindian vocabularies. "This," tsz, che Kwan-hwa, ti Shanghai, chi Tie-chiu, chit, chia Hok-kien, koi Kwangtung; cha Thochu, chi-di Gyar., thu Many., wo-chu Takpa, de, di, re Bhot. &c, kon Limbu, chun Murmi, tho Newar, chun yo Gurung. "That," ki Kwan. hwa, i, ku Shanghai, deng Kwang-tung, tha Thochu, wo-tho Takp. (wa Hok-kien, pi Kwan-hwa), gua-thu Many., de, re Bhot. &c, khen Limbu. "Who," shui, shu, sa, si sui, chi chui, ti tiang &c Chinese. "Which?" su Thoch., Gyar., Hor., Many., Takp., gang, khangi, ka-di Bhot. &c, kha, ko Kir., kha Murm., gu, su Newar, su Gurung, kos Magar. "What?" thu Gyar., si Takp. achin Horp., chi Bhot., khang, kan Bhot., shu, chhu, ta, the, di, de, tigi, hi Himalayan. The guttural forms are BhotoHimalayan (Bhotian, Limbu, Kiranti, Murmi, Magar). Forms in u are found in Manyak, Gyarung, and Horpa, as well as in BhotoHimalayan. The slender forms in e, i, it will be remarked, are also current in Bhotian.

The plural postf. -chag has the form -dag with substantives. In Lhopa it is contracted to -cha, and in spoken Tibetan varied to -jo or -njo. It would probably be more correct to consider the final -g as the common Tibetan final augment, corresponding frequently with the softer -ng, n, r of other languages of the alliance, but it may be the guttural Scythic pl. def. as in the Horpa ri-gi. The root cha, da, jo is the widely prevalent Scythico-Tibetan plural particle. Comp. the Scythic forms in t, k, g, d, e, z, ch, r, n, 1, all variations of t (ante vol. viii, p. 204), and corresponding with the Chinese tu, su, shu, chu, chung, chai, tang, teng, tse, with the Manyak -du-r, -ju, Bodo -chu-r, Burman -do, -to, Serpa ra-ng, Garo -ra-ng da-ng, Horpa ri-gi, Magar ri-k, Bengali di-g, Tiberkhad a-tu-ng, Kinawari ta-m, ta (in tam-she, ta-she, from the Chinese double pl. tang-tse). The vowel of the spoken Tibetan corresponds with the Manyak du, ju, Limbu yu, Bodo chu, Mongolian od, Chinese tu, Burm. to, do. The written form may be referable to the Chinese tang, like the Kinawari and Changlo tam, but it is also Mongolian -da (Buriate) and Manchu ta.

The poss. -ki, gi, kyi, hi, yi is the common Gangetic, Ultraindian and N. Indian guttural found also in Chinese, tih or teik, che, te, ku, ko, kei, koi, keu, ge, e. It occurs in the adjacent Tibetan dialect of Thochu, k.

2. Horpa.

Mr Hodgson informs us that the Hor-pa occupy the western half of Northern Tibet, "and also a deal of Little Bucharia and of Songaria, where they are denominated Kao-tse by the Chinese and Ighurs (as would seem) by themselves." "In southern Tibet there are numerous scattered Hor-pas and Sok-pas as there are many scattered Bod-pas in northern Tibet." (p. p. 122,123). Further on he remarks that on the evidence of his vocabularies the Sokpo of the Tibetans are the Olet or Kalmak Mongolians of Remusat and Klaproth "whilst their confréres the Horpa are almost as evidently Turkish, the Turkish affinity of the latter being inferred, not only from the vocables, but from the complex structure of Horpa verbs and from the quasi Arian physiognomy of the samples he has seem of the Horpa race." Professor Müller has remarked that by its pronouns and numerals, it is Bhotiya (i. e. Tibeto-Ultraindian) and he has accordingly ranged it provisional

ly as the most western branch of the Trans-Himalayan dialects of that family. Both pronouns and numerals undoubtedly belong to the derivative Chino-Tibetan system, but they have some peculiarities when compared with the other known Tibetan languages. The 1st pron. nga is the Gyarung and Bhotian form of the Chinese.

The 2nd, ni, is not Bhotian and it differs from the Gyarung nan, na, and Manyak no in its possessing the more prevalent of the Chinese forms (ni Kwan-hwa &c, found also in Gyami). This form is comparatively rare in the Tibeto-Ultraindian dialects. Takpa i, Dhimal ni, Deoria Chutia a-ni. The e, of Namsang Naga and Burman is probably a variation of i.

The 3rd pron. vja, vjya (in pl. vji) is peculiar. It appears to be a variety of the Scythic sibilant (and dental) 3rd pron. (comp. Ugr. sya, Sam. di, &c) corresponding with the Magyar ja.

The plural postfixes are -ni (Thochu, Sokpa &c, supra p.); and -rigi or rigya, the first element of which is either a native variation of ri or the Manchu -ri, while the second is the widely prevalent -ki &c (Chinese, Scythic &c). Manchu has a similar pl. -jer-gi. The possessive is formed by an elongation of the vowel of the root, ngaa, nii, vjaa, an idiom the same as the Newar locative ("in,” "on") and analogous to the Bhotian and Garo repetition of the final sound of vocables when used assertively.

The prefixual v of the 3rd pronoun is an example of a usage which is found in other words and is distinctively Tibeto-Ultraindian of the curt Bhotian type.

3. Thochu.

The Thochu pronouns are:

1st chi, ka; 2nd kwa, kwe; 3rd kwan, tha-cha.

Ka (1st)-probably a variation of the common Tibetan ngais found in Dhimal and in the oblique form of Lepcha. The change from ng to k also takes place in Naga, -ak for ang. Similar guttural forms are found in Milchanang, Tiberkhad, Naga, Khyeng, Kyan, Silong and Lau.

Chi (1st)-recurring in the Newar ji—is a remarkable term as it has no direct or apparent affinity with the Bhotian nga, na, the Chinese ngo &c and is still more remote from the Scythic labial. But it is highly improbable that it is a distinct root. The ch

appears to be merely a variation of k, for in the plural and dual forms chu-k-lar, chi-ki, che-un the k is absent altogether. In the possessives there is a similar alternation of the two forms, ka-k-chi "mine" chi-k-uk "our's". These variations give us chu, chi and che, or gutturalising them and adding the current guttural form, ka, ku, ki, ke, analogous to the Ultraindian series, ka, ku, ki, ti, gi, geo, he, and to the Chinese ngai, ngoi, ngu, ngei. The vowel of the 2nd pronoun like the 1st varies from a to e in Thochu. The root occurs in the form ti in Mulung and Tablung, and the guttural forms also take i in Tiberkhad, Milch., Khyeng, Kyan and Silong. Joboko Naga has ke. Some of these forms are plural, and probably the primary i, e, form was plural* 2nd kwa, kwe, "thou" is similar to the Bhotian khyod, khe (in Himalayan dialects khe, ke, ki, kha &c.)

The first of the words given for the 3rd pronoun, kwan, appears to involve the root of the 2nd pron. with final n. In Bhotian as in several other formations the same definitive is a common element in the 2nd and 3rd pronouns, Bhot. written 2 khyod, 3rd kho spoken, 2nd khe, 3rd khu, Serpa 2nd khyo, 3rd khwo. In the last form the vowel has the amplified Thochu form of kwa, kwan. Tha-cha "he" &c is composed of two vocables or forms of the same root. Tha is Sokpa, Gyami and other Chinese dialects and in the slender form the Chinese. In the forms ta, da, it is also Scythic, Manyak &c, thoi Dhim., ate he &c Naga, (thi Burman "this," also Murmi, Gurung, Bhot. demonstrative cha is but another form of the same definitive). It occurs as a variation of the prefix ka, ta, in Ultraindian vocabularies.

Thochu has three plural postfixes, which occur both separately and conjoined as in some Scythic pronominal systems -ni (Sokpa, Horpa -ni, Manchu -ri, Horpa ri-gi, Ostiak, Yeniseian, Yukahiri, n, Ultraindo-Gangetic ni, in, li, &c. Da, ir, n &c); ki, ko, ku, k; and -lar. Ki, ik, is Chinese and Scythic (Chin. ki, Hungarian -ek, Turkish, N. E. Asian.) It recurs in Sunwar -ki. In the Kasia definitive ka sing., ki pl. the i by itself is plural, as in Scythic. Kol has ko, Gond k, g &c. Lar is Turkish lar, ler, Mongol nar, ner, Kol nar. Kwe-ni-ko, kwa-ni-k lar "ye" are examples of the single, double and treble plurals. Lar has obviously been the latest See the preceding remarks on the Bhotian 1st pron.