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excluding Sultan Abu Shehed we have thus 47 years for each descent from father to son. By assuming that Mahomedanism was introduced in the reign of Rajah Besar Mudah, whose title, not given by the Annalist, might have been Mahomed, we may add two kings to the period of 235 years and thus obtain 33 years for each reign, a period though long more likely to be correct than the other.

6. There is considerable confusion in the account of Sultan Mahmud's reign, the Prince under whose rule Malacca was taken by the Portuguese. By the Malayan Annals it appears that Sultan Mahmud abdicated in favour of his son Ahmed before the arrival of the Europeans, but that he returned to power and conducted the defence of Malacca. After the capture of his capital he and his son Ahmed after flying in different directions went together to Pahang and thence Mahmud went to Bentan where he settled himself, while Ahmed went to Bukit Batu where he died. It does not appear from the Annals that Ahmed survived his father; indeed that prince's enjoyment of power was confined to Malacca, apparently to the short period his father remained absent from the seat of government during his abdication. The kingdom of Johore was founded by Mahmud after the destruction of Bentan by Mascarenhas in 1526. There can be no doubt of the name of the founder, as he is identified by Portuguese writers as the same Mahmud who governed Malacca when the Portuguese arrived. It is not improbable that on his death he was succeeded by his son by Tun Fatima, by name Alaoodin Rayait Shah, which would be in 1529, so that Ahmed's name ought more properly to be omitted from the Johore list. The three first kings in the Johore list are to be found in the Malacca table..

Mr Crawford, Vol. II. p. 489, makes Ahmed ascend the throne of Johore in 1513 (Johore was not then founded), and in the next page he has Mahomed the ex-king of Malacca blockading Malacca. The best explanation of the confusion is that above attempted, that Ahmed died during his father's lifetime, and never sat on the throne of Johore, and that on or before his death his father Mahmud resumed the reigns of government.

NOTE TO ILLUSTRATE THE TABLE of JohorE LATER KINGS.

The origin of the connexion of the Bugghese with the South of

the Malayan Peninsula is involved in obscurity. There is little to be found on the subject in any of the English writings. From Dutch accounts it would appear that about the commencement of last century, (Mr Newbold says 1719), Johore was overrun by Menangkabows from Siak. The Bugghese who had long carried on a profitable trading intercourse with Johore and had acquired considerable influence in the Government of that empire, found their influence greatly diminished by the presence of the intruders and determined to take steps for the removal of the difficulty. In 1726 Klana Jaya Putra, accompanied by two of his relatives Dayang Palu and Dayang Pranee, came over to Rhio where he collected a force for the expulsion of the Menangkabows. The Sultan of Johore, Abdul Jalil, had been killed at the mouth of the Pahang river by the Siak chief Rajah Ketchil, who proclaimed himself king of Johore. The Bugghese attacked the usurper and finally succeeded in expelling him and in retaking the whole of Johore. After this success Jaya Putra did not himself demand royal power, but, with his followers, restored the government to Suliman, the eldest son of the late Abdul Jalil. In reward for his valuable services Jaya Putra was appointed to the hereditary office of Rajah Muda of Rhio, an office not before known in the Malacca or Johore empire; and the island of Rhio, the great place of resort of his countrymen for trade, was made over to his own rule, as a vassal of Johore; but, as to internal management, inde pendant. He also received in marriage the hand of Tuanku Aioo, a near relative of the late Sultan.

The present Tumonggong at Singapore is descended from Rajah Fatima Daiang Pranee, the issue of this union, who married Tuanku Tengah, the sister of Sultan Suliman, and had a daughter, named Rajah Mah Moonah, who, in turn, married the then Tumonggong, and by him had two children, Daiang Chela and Daiang Ketchil. The latter was the grandfather of the present Tumonggong of Singapore, who is thus of Bugghese blood.

Daiang Palu, brother of Klana Jaya Putra, received the hand of a sister of Sultan Suliman, and by her had a son named Tuanku Putri, who, in turn, married his cousin, Tuanku Jaleel, daughter of Sultan Suliman. The issue of this marriage was Mahamed who died in 1809, leaving two sons by wives of inferior birth.

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One of those sons, named Houssain, afterwards became Sultan of Singapore, under the auspices of the English, and made over the Island of Singapore to Sir Stamford Raffles. The other was Abdulrahman, the friend of the Dutch; and named by them Sultan of Lingga. Sultan Houssain left four legitimate children, by his Sultana Purboo, the eldest, named Ali, is the present representative of the family, but is without title or power. Sultan Abdulrahman of Linga left a son, named Mahamed, who died in 1841, when his son the present Sultan of Linga, succeeded to his honours.

Daiang Palu, in addition to the above named issue by royal marriage, had also two sons Rajah Salleh and Rajah Hadjee and two daughters by a wife of inferior birth. One of these sons, Salleh, was sent to the Bugghese Colony at Salangore, and afterwards became Rajah of that place. He was succeeded, at Salangore, by his son Rajah Ibrahim, the father of Mahomed, the present Rajah of Salangore.

Klana Jaja Putra, on his decease, was succeeded at Rhio by Daiang Pranee, his nephew, better known as Daiang Cambodian, or the Murhum Jangoot. He, in turn, was succeeded by his cousin, Rajah Hadjee, the same who attacked Malacca in 1782, and brother of the Rajah of Salangore, who was succeeded by his grand nephew Rajah Alli. On Rajah Alli's death his cousin Rajah Jaffar, son of Rajah Hadjee, succeeded. Abdulrahman, the late Rajah Moodah, succeeded Jaffar, and on his death his brother Rajah Alli became Rajah Moodah, which dignity he now enjoys. This account, which will appear more clearly in the accompanying tabular form, shows the strong Bugghese connexion which has existed for the last century with Johore, leaving a pure Bugghese King of Salangore, and a Rajah Moodah at Rhio, half blood in the Sultanat, and half blood in the family of the Tumonggong.

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