13th line from top after khui insert

15th line from bottom after also insert

11th line f.om bottom for cha- ta read cha- tu, 4615th line from top af er-sin insert

99

17th line from top for Nyertshmsk read Nyertshink, 47, 12th lite from top after -ra-ng insert

7th line from bottom after Klaproth insert
3rd line from bottom for seem read seen,
last line after Ultrain lian) insert

458, 15th line from top after &c) insert

5.h line from bottom for Kyan read Kyau, 499, 10th line from top for Kyan read Kyau, 18th lie from top for 2 read 2n1,

19th line from top after kho insert

16th line from bottom after dialects insert
15th line from bottom after and insert
insert

&c.

13th line from bottom after Gurung, insert the

7th from bottom after &c. insert and for Da real Drav. 409, 6th line fro:n bottom after Scythic insert

3rd line from bottom for lar, ler, red lar, ler,

410, 5th line from top for -lu read -lu

4th line from bottom after more insert or less
3rd line from bottom after Chinese insert
last line after pron. ins rt

418, 2nd line from top after Dravirian insert
3rd line top for respect read respects
5th line from top after particles insert
6th line from top after forming insert
7th line from top after Chinese insert
8th line from top after European insert
9th line from top after Bhotian insert
11th line from top after languages insert
14th line from top after allied delete

after dialects insert of

422, 5th line from the bottom, for The read It is the

423, 18th line from the bottom for ni' read ni

424, 22nd line from the bottom for ne-ro-ka read ng-ro-ha

426, 14th line from the top after def. add g-, and after b- delete g427, 17th line from the bottom for Athapas, can, read Athapascan

430, 17th line from the bottom for puli read pu-li

5th line from the bottom after nyet, add was

432, 9th line from the bottom after all, add the

435, 6th line from the top for 31 read 25

436, 5th line from the top for affinitives r. ad affinities 438, 15th line from top for at read At

ETHNOLOGY OF THE INDO-PACIFIC ISLANDS.

By J. R. Logan.

CHAP. VI, ENQUIRIES INTO THE ETHNIC HISTORY AND RELATIONS OF THE TIBETO-BURMAN AND MON-ANAM FORMATIONS.

Sec. 5 (contd.). The Miscellaneous Glossarial Affinities of the Tibetan Dialects amongst themselves and with Chinese and Scythic.

Sec. 6. The glossarial connection between Ultraindo-Gangetic and Tibetan. Sec. 7. The forms and distribution of the Chino-Himalaic Numerals in China, Tibet, India and Ultraindia, considered as illustrative of the ancient relations and movements of the tribes of this Province, and of the secular changes in their glossaries.

NOTICE.

A renewed examination of each of the Gangetic and Ultraindian vocabularies by itself and of the relations amongst the different groups, which I have made since sections 5 and 6 were printed, has greatly extended my knowledge of the forms of the common roots and their transfer from dialect to dialect. The resultsincluding corrections and additions to these sections-will find a place in a later section.

After the first part of section 7 was printed, the great historical importance of the numerals induced me to reconsider them as exhaustively as I could, and to construct a full comparative table in accordance with my analysis. The previous remarks on the numerals both in this Section, (pp. 116 to 125) and in Secs. 6 (pp. 16 to 20) and 4, are now to be read subject to the corrections which will be found in the latter part of this Section (p. 126 to the end.) The chief of these is the transfer of the liquid in 4 and in some names for 5 and 8, from the dual to the unit series, and the establishment of the trinal character of the Chinese system up to 7.

February, 1857.

J. R. L.

APPENDIX TO CHAP. VI. OF PART II.

A.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE NUMERALS OF THE

MON-ANAM FORMATION.

One.

India,-moi, midh, miad, mia, mi, mea (Kol, Gond). Ultraindia,wei Kas; muo, maai, Mon; bo Karen; po Angami Naga; aima Singpho; moe Kamboja, Ka, Chong; mot, Anam. Malay Peninsula, -mui Besisi. Asonesia?—amui (2) Mairasi; labui. Bruner I. (2). Mui, moi, moe, is probably the oldest of these forms Africa,-Kicamba umue (Suah. mo-ja, S. Af. mu-sa, mo-chi &c.); Akuongo, ema; Cam. mo; Nuba wa-rum, wee-ra &c.; Rungo mo-ri, Benin bo. N. and M. Asian,―om, uem, Samoied.; emu, omin &c. Tungus.

Two.

Ind.,-bar-ia, Kol, bar-ea, Gond. Ultra-ar. Kasia; ba Mon; bar Ka, Chong; pia Kamb. (3 of Kol); hei, Anam, Mal. Pen., -be, Simang; mar, ha-mar, ma, Binua. N Asia,-mal-gok, Chukchi. E. and S. African,-biri &c.; W. Afr-fire &c, Akuanga, epa; Cam. ba; Karab. ebah; Rungo mba-ni; Calb. ma; Mok, iba; Bong. baba; Bin, be; Ib. aboar, abo.

Three.

Ind.,-op-ia, p-ia Kol. Gond. Ult.-pui, pai, Mon; peh, Ka, Chong; bai Kamb., ba Anam. Mal. Pen.,-wiup, Sim.; am-pi, am-pe, ampet, Binua

I can find no decided foreign affinities. The term (pui, Mon, wui-p Simang) appears to be a flexion of mui 1. The Binua form appears to have been modified to accord with the Malay_am-pat. 4, the Binua terms above 3 being Malay, In the extreme NE of Asia and the adjacent Polar American languages of the same formation, pi is an element in 2, pi-gayut, Chukchi, Eskimo. It does not occur in N. American formations.

There is a distinct term for 3, having a very limited range,-lai Kassia; lui, Car Nicobar; luha Nankowry. Unless the Namsang van-ram, Mulung and Tablung lem, are connected with this word, it has no other direct affinities that are very obvious. The following terms may be related to it-Kassia han-dai, kon-dai 2 (? 6,3; ku is 6 in Kuki, Karen &c, but here it may be merely the Kassia prefix ka,-d and r being frequently preceded by n in Kassia); rai, 8, Bongju, roe Kuki [See EIGHT]. There is another, and, as it appears to me, more probable explanation of this form. If the basis of the Mon-Anam system was strictly binary, and pui, wui, is simply mui, 1, a little disguised, the Nicobar lui may be the original form of the Kasia lai, and, like pui, a mere variation of mui.

Four.

Ind.-pon-ia, u-pun-ia, u-pn-ia Kol; o-pun-ia, u-phun'Gond. Ultr, -pon, Mon; pon, Chong; puan, Ka; buan, boan, Kamb.; bun Anam; fuan, feun, fen, Nicobar. ( lemang, Simang).

This numeral is very remarkable. It is a modification, found in Asonesia, of the Atrico-Malagasi term which, in another form, has spread

ETHNOLOGY OF THE INDO-PACIFIC ISLANDS:

so widely over Asonesia. Mid.-Africa (Hausa, Galla, Saumali, &c.) fudu, fulu, ofur; Malagasi efar, efad &c. Asonesia,-an-fa, Nias; anfar, Keh; kai-phar, Tanne; fan, fang, Caroline; far-tat Marian; owang Pelew; hani, New Guinea The more common Asonesian form is the dental pat, am-pat &c. The root is Egyptian and Iranian (ftu, four, chat-var, fuso &c.) It is simply a variation of the similar root for 2 (i. e. the dual of 2, as in other binary systems). The Ultraindian and Indian forms cannot be derived from the Iranian chat-var. They are evidently connected with the ancient Asonesian form prevalent in Mieronesia and derived from Malagasi. Taken with the fact that the terms for 1, 2, (and 3, if a mere flexion of 1) are also African, they afford some proof that the same long enduring western civilization which carried Malagasi and E. African words to Asonesia, at one time embraced Ultraindia in its influence.

Five.

san, Kasia; pa-sun, Mon; thanin, tuni, Nicobar; chang, Ka. The Lau ha appears to be a modified contraction of san, tha. The Kuki sunha, Bongju tswur-kar, Car. Nicobar sum, 10, is probably the same term. It is African, being found in the same formation to which the Malagasi owes so much, and from which the previous Vindyan terms may also have been derived,-Galla, Saumali, shan, zan. That it is an ancient Mid-African root, belonging to a diffusive civilization, is evinced by the progress it has made to the Westward and Southward Binin, tang, Papah al-tong. Cam. ma-tan (this language has also the Vindyan and Ultraindian 1, 2), Calbra son-ni; Rungo otani (Comp. the Nicobar forms); S. Airican sanu, tanu, &c. The same root is also Samoie le, Tungusian and Aleutian (sam, tong, chang, san, sun) an Asiatic distribution which shews that its diffusion in Asia and Africa was anterior not only to that of the Iranian, Semitic and Caucasian, but to that of the prevalent Scythic, numeral systems. Radically the word signifies "hand". It is found with this sense in Dravirian as in many other languages.

In the Menam basin a second term is preserved, pram, Chong, Kamb; nam, lam, Anam. The root appears to be ram, lam, nam, and p to be a prefix, as in Mon. The Nankowry lam, 10, is the same term. The Vindyan term is mor-ia, moua-ya, mone, mo-ya, Kol; mun-ia, muna-e Gond, which may be an inversion of the Kambojan and Anam, or vice versa If the Mon term had been Tibeto-Burman, there would have been grounds for identifying the Vindyan and Kambojan Vocables and considering them as representing the original Mon. But as the Mon term is native or African, this explanation appears to be inadmissable. If the Vindyan term has displaced an older one of Mon origin, it may have been derived from the Tibeto-Burman pungu, phungu, Naga; bonga, Garo; phong Mikir &c.

The Kambojan and Anam term is not only found in the Nancowry lam, 5, but in Daphla rang, 10, Mon, klom, 100 (Ka dam, Anam tam) and in shorter forms, ra &c., in the Naga dialects, Garo, Mikir, Bongju, Kuki, Kambojan, and Lau, with the power of 10, 100, 20 &c. All these forms appear to be referable to the binary nomenclature, which some of the terms for "eight" prove to have co-existed with the quinary. Ram, 5, is probably an abbreviation of ra-ma, that is ra 4 (or 2 dual) and ma, 1. In the same way the Vindyan 5, muna &c., may be a flexion of pun, 4. From the evidence afforded by some of the higher