numbers that the Mon system used both the binary and quinary methods of expressing those numbers, a usage by no means singular, I have little hesitation in referring both the Vindyan and Kambojan terms to the single Mon-Anam system.

Although I can find nothing to warrant the opinion that the Vindyan and Kambojan languages might have obtained separate terms from East Africa, for I have no doubt that all their African terms were received through the Mon, it should be remarked that analogous words are current in some African vocabularies. The true explanation, I conceive, is, that the African terms in question are formed from the same binary definitive roots, ma, ba &c; ra, la, na &c. A Suahili dialect has manut, and to the westward forms similar to the Indian and Ultraindian occur, -mun, Bullom; mu, Kru; num, Akin; aum Amina.

Six.

The Vindyan terms, like some of the Ultraindian, appear to be Tibetan. Ind.-tur-ia, turu-ya, turui Kol.; turm, turume Gond. The Gond has an exceptional term sa-rong (sa is a prefix in 5 also, s-aij-an; yaij Toda) which appears to be simply ru of the Kol dialects nasalised But it may

be directly derived from the Naga form so-ru. In the Gawil form the ng becomes m. Ultr.-ka-rao Mon; the Bongju, Kasia, Burma, Singphu, Chong and Ka terms are all similar antique modifications of the Tibetan. The Ka trao is a derivative of the Mon. The Chong ka-dong is a nasalised form similar to the Gond sa-rong. In Bodo, Dhimal, Bongju and Naga, forms in t, d and r also occur.

The anomalous terms are tha-ful, tu-ful, ta-fad Nicobar; shauk Kyeng; sau' (abrupt accent for k) Anam. The Nicobar term may be composed of tha 5 (from thanin) and ful, fud, which should represent 1. A similar term for 1 does not exist in the Indian, Ultraindian or Asonesian province, save in the Egypto-African wotu, uotu, motu &c. but in the latter it is used for 10 (i. e. one tale). It is probable therefore that ful is a MonAnam binary term formed flexionally from pun, fun, 4. Tha may either be from the previous term on the repetitive principle, or it may be the Mon-Anam prefix. Shauk, sau' has a deceptive appearance of affinity with a wide spread African, Iranian, Causasian and N. Asian term, the final of which is generally t. African, shita, sita, seda &c.; Semitic shat, hat; Ugr, chut, hat; Iranian shash, sechs, six. But it is merely one of the numerous variations which the Tibetan root undergoes. The original may have been the sibilant thauk or thuk. The Rakhoing khrauk preserves the broad vowel.

Seven.

Mon, ka-bok; Ka, pah; Anam, bei. This term is a flexion of 2 (the word for 5 being omitted, as it is in most of the other formations). I have already mentioned that most of the Ultraindian and Himalayan languages adhere to the Mon-Anam quinary principle in forming the tera for 7, and that a large number of them indicate the commencement of the higher series of numbers, or those above 5, by the prefix (generally ta, ka). Lepcha preserves ka in all the terms from 6 to 10; and Kiranti, which, in its word for 2 (ha-sat), retains an ancient root which reappears in other languages in terms for 4 and 8 (i-sat Namsang Naga), has another archaic term in bhag-ya, 7, which is evidently the Mon bok. The Nicobar sat might appear to be Hindi, but as the Nancowry dialect has ha-kiat, which resembles the Lau form of the Chinese term (chiat),

sat is probably Chinese also. The Chinese root is very widely spread (Ugrian, Iranian, Atrican &c.)

Ind. i-ya, e-ia, i-air Kol; a-ya, a-ieah, Gond. (Some Kol dialects have taken Hindi terms). This is the Dravirian e (e-zha, e-l, ye-du &c.)

Eight.

Ind. iral, irl-ia Kol; ilhar, elar-ia, Gond. This term appears to be an archaic binary one, a flexion or reduplication of the Dravirian 2, ir, and to be related to that for 9 and 10, as in the Dravirian system.

In some of the Ultraindian and Himalayan languages the term for 8 is a similar flexion of the ancient Mon-Anam root in r for 2 or 4. It is found in the Yuma group and the Nicobars,-rai-kar Bonggu; rae Kuki; prah Kasia; awera, Car-Nicob.; Kiranti, re-ya; Murmi, Gu rung pre (comp 4, re, pli, &c.)

The other prevalent terms appear to have been adopted from the Chinese. The, Mon ka-cham, Ka and Anam tam, appears to be the Chino-Tibetan sum, tum, tham 3 (5, 3) on the same principle that 7 is 2 (5, 2) in many of the Ultraindian and Himalayan languages. The Burmese shit, si, Chong ka-ti, Kyeng shat, Singpho ma-tsat, Naga cheth, chet, thuth, chat, sat, sep, te, tha, Garo chet, probably involve a misapplication of the Chinese term for 7, ch'hit, ch'het, sit, thet, tshih. The Abor-Miri pu-nit-ko, Miri pinye, Daphla plag-nag are 4, 2. Binary terms for 8 appear to have formed the limit or highest number of the scale at one time, for they have been applied to 10 and even 100 [See Ten.]

Nine.

Mon, ka-chit; Ka, chin; Anam chin; Karen chi. This is the Chi nese 1, i. e. 1 short of 10, as in Dravirian and Mikir. The Chong kasar is peculiar. It is perhaps from the Chino-Tib. san 3.

Ind.-ar-ea, ar-e, ar-he, ar-aiah. Although ar is apparently a flexion of the ir of 8, which is 2, it is probable that it represents 1, as in the Dravi ian terms. In the Male or-t, 1, the Drav. on takes a vibratory form, and in Tuluva the common term for 9, om-bodo (i. e. 1, 10), takes or as a pref. (oram-bo).

Ten.

Ind.-gelea, gel Kol, gulea, gil, Gond. The Angami and MozomeAngami kerr, kurr resembles gel. Kerr is evidently a derivative from the Naga thelu, taru &c. The only analogous foreign form appears to be the Chukchi kulle, and both are connected with African terms for 1 (kulle, Sokko &c.) Hissi, 20, is evidently the Hindi bis, the commutation of the labials and the aspirate being easy and common.

In several of the Ultraindian languages the African root for 2 in r, which enters both into the Dravirian and Mon-Anam systems, re-appears in higher numbers, as in African languages, a consequence of the ultimate binary basis. Rae Bongzu rae, Kuki is 8, in Chong it is 10, in Lau and Kambojan it is 100 (roa, roe K., noi, hoe L) In other languages also it is used for 10. It appears in the Anam mare, Naga taru, tarah, thelu, kerr, kurr, and Kumi ho-re 10. With these compare the Burmese tar, taya, Karen taraya, Mikir phar 100. [The Nancowry lam 10, Ka dam, Anam tam, Mon klom, 100, appear to be formed from 5, nam, lam, ram, or from 8, tam, Anam, Ka.] As a connection between 8 and 10 or 100 exists in the case of rai, and is also remarked in the Tibetan and Chinese systems, the latter is probably the true

derivation. In the Namsang Naga, which uses the Chinese chi for 10, the ancient term is retained in 20 and the higher terms 20 ru¬kngi (10, 2). 30 runkram (10, 3). The ak is probably a connective like ha in the Khari tarahanet, 12, (10, 2). tarahasam, 13, (10, 3). In Khari and Angami ra occurs, following the lower number, Khari, 30, samrah, (3, 410), 40, lirah, (4. 10); Angami, 30, serr, (3, 10, in this dialect sam becoines she), 40 Ihida, 50 rhipengu (10, 5). Mozome-Angami, 30 surr, 40 hide, 50 ripangu. Ra also enters into the terms for 100 in some of the Naga dialects,―rakru Nagaung, rukrah khari, contracted to ka, kre in Angami and M. Angami. Some of the Yuma dialects also preserve in Bongju, 20 rubu-kar (10, 2, the term for 2 being Mon-Anam alo.) The Abor-Miri has no trace of this term, but in Dophla it maintains its place throughout, 10 rang, 11 rang-la-akin (10 and 1) &c., 20 rangchang. In Bodo, Dhimal and the Nipal languages I do not remark any trace of it. In Garo it occurs in the Mikir form for 20, rung. The Ariaised Gangetic languages possibly retain it in the numbers between 10 and 20, e. g. 11 ega-ra, 12 ba-ra (in which ba may be Mon-Anam*) 18 te-ra &c. With these comp. the Sanskrit eka-dashan, dwa-dashan, trayo-dashan.

In several of the Kumi dialects the Mon and Kasia sun, san, 5, reappears as 10,- Kaki, sun-ka, sum-ka; Car Nicobar, sum; Eongju swur-kar Kyau, tchuom; so Kumi, 100, tchun wai-re.

In most of the Naga dialects 20 appears to have partially retained a Mon-Anam character. The terms are ma-chi, ma-tsu, tha, isa, cha, nakhi, me-ku, ma-ku, in which, cha, tha &c. are the Tibetan “ten.” In Namsang cha is also used for 100, cla-the. In the terms for 20, ma must stand for "two," that is, it is the Mon-Anam na, ba &c, 2. This is confirmed by the Mon ba-chi, Chong bar-se, Ka bar-chit, all signitying """wo-ten." The Kambojan ma-pai is a similar term, but the use of ai for 10 is anomalous in it be the Kamb, bai, 3. It may be connected with rai, bai, Mon-Anam flexions of 2, but it is more likely to be a form of "one,” Kasia wei. It is very remarkable that the same term appears to be preserved in the Murni 10, chwai (one-ten), and in the thence derived Sunwar 100, swai-ka (hundred-one) Iu Kumi it occurs in tchun wai-re, 100, in which tehun and re both represent 10; from 40 to 90, wi is used for 10, and it is probably a contaction of wai, In some of the Murmi numbers o-kol is used for 2 or "score." It is evidently connected with the Naga and Mon-Anam ma-ku, ba-chi &c. It may be interred from this that the Jepcha and Lhopa kha, khe, "score" are tragments of similar terms, the 1ostfix for "eu" having come to represent twenty," like the corresJonding cha &c in some of the Naga dialects. The anomalous sau, 20, of the north Lau dialects (Lau, Ahom &c.) is probably a variation of thes me Nga form. The purer Siamese retains the Chinese term re sip (2, 0).

In four of the Naga dialects the term for 10 is ban, pan, which is pro bably from banga, pangu &e. (Kumi pang, Mikir plong).† The Kasia

*Bopp derives ba from the Arian dwa, and ra, re, fom the Arian dasha, deka (Comp Gram $319). The con raction of dasha into di is not improbable, and the converson of da into r would be easy.

It may be connected with th Chinese wan or ban, "ten thousand", originally th ghest simple term of their system, and which the Manchus have appro priated to 1,000 zwuun,

shi pon appends the same word to the Chines› shi. The Limbu thi.bog appears to be directly derived from the Kasia erm. In both systeins bon &c., represents 10 in the higher numbers, 20 Kasia ar phon (2, 10), Limb ni bong; 30 K. lai pon, L. sum bong. Kasia continues to use pon in the terms above 30, but Limbu discards it and adopts gip which is the Kiranti kip. 10, the Mikir variety of the Chinese chip. Kumi has also apong in 20 and the bi̟her numbers.

B.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF MISCELLANEOUS WORDS OF THE

MON-ANAM FORMATION.

In the following list of Mon-Anam words I include all that are found in the Ultraindian languages that remain prepositional. But a considerable number are Chinese more than Uitraiudian, and many do not belong to any glossarial formation that has pre dominated in Ultraindia. Several have also been derived by the Mon-Anam tro.n the Tibeto-Ultrain lian vocabularies. On the other hand, many words, widely diffuse l in the N. Ultraindian and Gangetic languages, that do not appear in this list, probably belonged originally to the repositional formation, and have been lost in the progress of those changes to which all glossaries are subject.

1. Air.

a. An hoi ("wind" jo); Kol hoio, hove, hoyol.

Ar. hawa; Mong abur; Tib. ahur ("win"), Abor asar, "wind"; Benali swar; Burin. hong si w. Af.-Danak. haha, hahaito &c. w:, Dalla soueta w., Malagasi isoute, isonte w.; Malg.-Asones. angine, auge, angin, hangi. &c. w. Ason. -Kyan ba-hoie, Pol. sau (ematic, Malag. ). b. Kamb. akas; Manipuri masu, masi, ma -hia, în trtiti, nung-sit; Sunw. pha-se, Milch. hash. (Root probably as, ush, hash, si, su. si, shi, thi se &c.)

Jap, kase; Fin gaiso, aiseb; Persian, Turk. yosi, awasy; Ug. wesses; Mong. Tib, asur, (Abor asar); Samoid. masi, bursi, barshi &c. w. The Ultraindo-Himalayan root is evidently as, sa, &c. and id ›ntical with a., but in some of the above Mid-Asiau terins si &c. may be merely the def. postfixed to other wide spread roots. It oc curs in numerous other Asiatic and African terms, com ined with formatives or with other roots. It appears to be ra lically identical with the preceeding term, (a.). In the Kambojan form, the vowel of the pret. has been euphonically transposed, ak-as for ka-as or ka-sa. Ason.Wugi asa', Ende, Solor as. Pol. sau, (Bajo srua, Pagai rusa.)

C. Mon kya, kia (also "wind"); Nag. tikhe; Goud koeyo w. [? Kol hoyo]. Comp. Drav.

Mong. kei w. (See Drav.).

d. Mon, bloei; (An. "Sky").

Ason. (See Drav.)

ansk. vata, Beng. batas, Europ. ventus &c, Hind. bad, Bod. bar, Gar. bal; Ug. wire, wot, wat, Sam bar.shi &c.; Korea paran, pha aug Kamch, epulud &c. (Manipuri phanra &c.). Af-Sech. maro. Ason ("wind") Binua barua, Meri beruai, Celebes puire, pori, New Guin, wo. rei, Aust. porowu, mailo, boran, wiri-nguma, padro; Sabinb. badi, Kag, padak (Drav. c., a )

e. Lau lom, Garo lam par (See T. U. lung &c.; Drav, b.)

2. Ant.

a. A kin, K19, ka dakin, Singp. gagin.

(? Singhal kumbi); Ason-Taraw. kino, Ach. kíno, Sumba kama.ula, Kis. ugaina, Timor kova.

6 Laa mɔt, mut, puak; Kamb. sar-muit; Mon sa-mot, kha-mwot; Dhin nha mui, Kol mai, mue; New imo; Male pok; Ur. poi (Lau.) (? Singh makuro); Ason.—Mal, Indon. samut (Mon), Binua pas, ipus. 3. Arrow.

a. An ten, Ki tong, Manip. than, the; Nag. latchan, la ang. lusang, han; Siam luk-son, Mik. thol, Kuyan thar, Kun, tai; Limbu tong, Lepch. chong.

Yenesei tem, tom &; Tungus. sir-dan, Sam. changa, Mong, somu, cho. mn, sumun; Chin, ten cuì, Sam. tise; Beng, Hind. tir (Manip tel). [The roots in k are probably identical with those in t, ch, s. Chinchi an,

dian, &; Lan kong; Sindh. kan (arrow); Asam kanr, (arr); Drav kanei, (arr.); Mɔn knya, kon, tanga). The same root is used for "bow" in many languages,— Lau tanu, thanu, Ka tongab, Kamb. ting, Mon tanga, tangah krang, Singp. ndan, Pali tanu, Singh. donni, Beng. Hind dhanuk.] Ason-Bis. odong, odiong, Bin. Mal, & damak, dama, Bin lamak 1, (but this form may be connected with the Semitic rama), Jav. kandewa (bow), The Malagasi pana, lana &c. has kept its ground in most of the N.has Polynesian vocabularies.

b. Mon lay, leon, Kamb. piruen (See T. U.)

Ason. Pagai rorou.

C. Kas, ka knam (prob. a-kam from kan, with the initial nasalised).

4. Bird.

a. An, chim, Mon sin ngat, kachim, Kas. ka sim; Gond (Gawi') sim ; Silong sisom; Nie, ihom (? Kol, chene, Kir. chongwa, Sunw. chiva, Bodo don-ben) [See T. U]

Ch. chio, chiau; Mong. sibechn, shobon, shobo &c. Sam. tcshunds. chiacha, Korik atschel, Aino tschipkar, Arm. trshun, Sansk, porchi, Af-Saumali shim-bir, Galla sin bira &c. Ason-Binua chin; (? Mad acham).

b. Kamb. sat; (prob. T. U. sa &c, with a Kamb. consonantal final.) C. Liu nok, nuk, naut, Burm. nghak, nget, Kapwi nghet, Murmi naga, Urao orak. In Abor Miri it is preserved in rok pi uird-egg”, boh word being Vindyan.

E. Cauc. angko, anko, anako, woenucho, aka-onoch, anakwi; Sansk. beyanggo, bihanga; Malaya &c anggas, angkas], 4f-luko, Galla ("fowl)". Ason.-Niha-Pol. (common), manuk, minu, inanako Cape, woenuko] &, N. Austral. aluk, lukaluk, &c. ( ? Galla ). The great prevalence of this term in the Indo-Pacific vocabularies and the prefix ma, render i probable that it existe 1 in the Naga Manipuri and allied dialects before it was displaced by the Tibetan vo, sa &c.

[It is not probable that a root for "bird" is peculiar on the Aso European Continent to the E. Caucasian group on the one side, and to Lau and a few other adjacent languages on the other. Is it evidently connected with the almost universal root for "dock" Tangus. niki Mong. nagason, nogò su, Turk. urak (Urao, orak " bird") urdek, artok &., Pashtu ordek, Ug. batta, wase, wasig, &c. (t, s for d, r, n); E. Afr. bitak; Ind. -barak, baouk &c.; Arab bato; Span. patos Indones, itek, ite, ítik, iti &c. (Gond, itte, “bird "); Engl, duck &c. &.1