GRAD Buhr [Copyrighted at Stationers' Hall.] LONDON .PRINTED BY WOODFALL AND KINDER, 70 TO 76, LONG ACRE, W.C. PREFACE. THE original intention of the compiler of this work was to make arrangements for re-editing Crawfurd's valuable Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Archipelago. It was, however, found that to do this in conformity with the plan adopted would be, for various reasons, impracticable, and the following pages deal only with that portion of Malaya lying within the sphere of British influence. The volume contains about 3,000 headings. The Straits Settlements and Protected Native States are treated of at considerable length, while notices, more or less brief, are given of every town, village, river, &c., appearing in published maps, as also of many others hitherto undescribed. The various aboriginal tribes, the products of the jungle, native manners and customs, the natural history of the Peninsula and many other subjects of interest, are described or explained. Somewhat less than 140 articles are quoted, rewritten, or brought up to date, from Crawfurd's Dictionary, Messrs. Bradbury and Agnew having kindly given permission to that effect. Works of Travel by many authors, the Journal of the Indian Archipelago, and the Journal of the Straits Branch R. A. S., have been freely drawn upon. Particular acknowledgments are due to the Hons. W. E. Maxwell, c.M.G., A. M. Skinner, C.M.G., F. A. Swettenham, c.M.G., H. A. O'Brien, and D. F. A. Hervey, c.M.G., to Major J. F. A. MacNair, c.M.G., Dr. T. Irvine Rowell, C.M.G., Mr. W. A. Pickering, C.M.G., Mr. C. W. Kynnersley, Mr. E. W. Birch, Mr. L. Wray, Mr. H. L. Noronha, Mr. G. Rappa, and the late Messrs. Davison, J. D. Vaughan, and N. Cantley. Very special thanks are due to Mr. A. G. ANGIER for numerous statistical additions and corrections, as well as for many suggestions which have materially improved the value of the work. They are scarcely less due to many others who have done much to increase our knowledge of Malayan matters, while many details have been derived from the columns of the Singapore and Penang newspapers, and will be found duly acknowledged. When practicable, special permission was obtained to utilize the information thus afforded; but it is believed that in most other cases the authority quoted is given. Enough original matter will, nevertheless, be found to prevent any supposition that the work is a mere reprint of previously accessible material. A few articles have been inserted-notably those referring to the Independent |