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case before the baby was visited; i. e., a baby born in November, 1912, was not visited until after November, 1913, in order that the first 12 months of life might have been completed. Births (numbering 53) to nonresident parents at the Mountainside Hospital and stillbirths (20) were excluded from the study.1

The mothers of the babies, located from the addresses on the birth certificates, were interviewed and questioned as to the care and home environment of the babies during the first year. The investigation was entirely democratic. All mothers who could be found, whether rich or poor, native or foreign, were visited. Notwithstanding the personal nature of the schedule questions only 8 mothers refused to give the information. From the 518 birth certificates, complete schedules relating to 402 babies were secured and are included in the statistics of this report. Information relating to 116 births could not be obtained for the following reasons: Seventy-three mothers had moved away from Montclair; 20 could not be located; 8 refused to give the information; 1 mother had died; 3 were ill; 1 baby was found to have been born outside of Montclair; 6 mothers were not visited; and in 4 cases the information was not used because it had not been obtained from the mother.

The infant mortality rate in this study is obtained by comparing the number of babies born alive in Montclair in 1912 and included in this study with the number of these same babies who died before they were a year old. The number of such deaths per 1,000 live births gives an exact infant mortality rate for the limited group considered. This method, which has been worked out for the infant mortality series of the Children's Bureau, differs from the usual method of computing the infant mortality rate. The usual method is to compare the live births in a given area during a single calendar year with the deaths under 1 year occurring during the same year, regardless of the possibility that some of the babies who died during the year may have been born in a different area and that not all who die under 12 months of age die in the calendar year of their birth.

1 The following summary of the number of stillbirths and the number per hundred live births from 1908 to 1912 has been prepared from the Annual Report of the Board of Health for 1912:

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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MONTCLAIR.

Location. Montclair lies 13 miles to the northwest of New York City, in Essex County, N. J., and is served by the Erie and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroads and by an interurban trolley. Located in a well-wooded, country-like section of New Jersey, it occupies a long rectangular area comprising 6.1 square miles and extending along the slope of the first range of the Orange Mountains. With an average altitude of 300 feet, it has become noted for its healthful climate.

History.-Montclair had its origin over two centuries ago in the little settlement "Cranetown," then an outlying plantation of Newark. The early settlers were English, who came to New Jersey from the colony of New Haven. In 1812 Bloomfield, including Cranetown, then known as West Bloomfield, was organized as a separate township. In 1860 the name of Montclair was substituted for West Bloomfield, and in 1868 Montclair, together with the Dutch settlement Speertown-the nucleus of Upper Montclair-was incorporated as a separate township. In 1894 Montclair became a town.1

Population. In 1910, according to the Federal census, Montclair had a population of 21,550, of which, after the native white group, the next largest factors were the Negroes (11.5 per cent) and the Italians (7 per cent) with an additional 2.8 per cent native-born of Italian parentage. The estimated population for 1912, the year which this infant mortality study covers, was approximately 24,000.2

Wealth.-Due partly to its healthful climate and attractive location and partly to the efforts which have been made to add to the natural beauty of the town, Montclair has become one of the most pleasing of the New York suburbs. Many New York business and professional men have recognized its desirability and have built there comfortable suburban homes. That Montclair is a town of exceptional wealth is shown by the comparison of the assessed valuation of property in towns of approximately the same sizei. e., 20,000 to 30,000 population. In 1912 it had an assessed property valuation of $40,319,062, which was considerably higher than that of any other New Jersey city or town of the same population group and higher than that of any city or town of the United States in the same group with the exception of Brookline, Mass., and Newport, R. I.3

1 Whittemore, History of Montclair, N. J.

* Annual Report of the Board of Health, 1913; estimate based on arithmetic method of U. S. Bureau of the Census for approximating population for intercensal years.

a U. S. Bureau of the Census Report on Assessed Valuation of Property and Amounts and Rates of Levy, 1860-1912.

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Industries.-Montclair is preeminently a town of homes. The residents have apparently discouraged the location of industrial enterprises. In 1912 an electrical establishment employing 12 persons and a coated-paper factory employing 200 persons constituted the only industrial establishments in the town.1

Liquor licenses.-Liquor licenses are granted in Montclair by a majority vote of the town council. In 1912 licenses were held by 8 inns and taverns and 3 wholesale houses.2

Hospitals.-Mountainside Hospital is supported by citizens of the following seven towns: Bloomfield, Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Falls, Glen Ridge, Montclair, and Verona. In 1912 there were admitted to the hospital 1,363 cases, of which 158 were maternity cases. One hundred and thirty-one infants were born and 5 infants died at the hospital during the same year.3

St. Vincent Nursery and Babies Hospital is maintained by the Sisters of Charity for babies under 2 years. During 1912 only 2 of the 112 inmates entered from Montclair.

Social agencies. The social agencies of Montclair are organized in a council of philanthropy to promote cooperation and prevent duplication of effort. The following agencies are registered with the Council of Philanthropy and send representatives to the monthly meetings: Altruist Society.

Board of Education.

Board of Health.

Children's Home Association.

Committee of the Federation of Women's Organizations.

Day Nursery.

Daughters of American Revolution.

Fresh Air and Convalescent Home.

Homeopathic Society.

Montclair Civic Association.

Mountainside Hospital.

New England Society.

Tuberculosis Prevention and Relief Association.

Poor master.

Sons of American Revolution.

The Altruist Society corresponds to the charity-organization societies of other communities. It acts as a sort of clearing house and maintains at its headquarters a card index in which are registered all cases receiving help from any of the agencies represented in the Council of Philanthropy.

1 Industrial Directory of New Jersey, compiled and published by the New Jersey Bureau of Statistics,
1912.

2 Annual Report of Town Council, Montclair, N. J., 1912.
Annual report of Mountainside Hospital, 1912.

ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY, MONTCLAIR, 1912. Although the group of babies found in a city the size of Montclair is necessarily small, and there are manifest limitations to an analysis of the information concerning the 402 births and 34 infant deaths included in the Montclair inquiry, it is interesting to find that the data collected in this study agree in general with the findings of the more comprehensive inquiries into infant mortality which have been made in this and foreign countries.

INFANT MORTALITY RATE.

The results of the study in Montclair show that of the 402 babies. included in the investigation 34 died before they were 1 year old, giving an infant mortality rate for this selected group of 1912 babies of 84.6 per 1,000 live births. This rate is slightly less than the rate (89) for the same year computed according to the usual method 1 and published in the board of health report for that year. The average rate for the five years from 1909 to 1913, computed according to the usual method, was 84.8, which was but slightly lower than the rate (89) for 1912. In 1913 the rate dropped to 64.

Because of this country's inadequate system of birth registration it is impossible to show the infant mortality of any one city as compared with that of other cities throughout the United States. The following table, however, shows the infant mortality rates for 1912 in cities of approximately the size of Montclair (i. e., 20,000 to 30,000 population) within the so-called area of birth registration: 2

Live births, deaths under 1 year, and infant mortality rate in 1912 for cities and towns of 20,000 to 30,000 population (1910) within the area of birth registration.

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1 For explanation of usual method of computing infant mortality rate, see page 8. 2 Comprising the New England States, Pennsylvania, and Michigan, New York City, and Washington, D. C.

3 From State report.

4 Figures for New Hampshire by correspondence,as State report not yet available.

Industries.-Montclair is preeminently a town of homes. The residents have apparently discouraged the location of industrial enterprises. In 1912 an electrical establishment employing 12 persons and a coated-paper factory employing 200 persons constituted the only industrial establishments in the town.1

Liquor licenses.-Liquor licenses are granted in Montclair by a majority vote of the town council. In 1912 licenses were held by 8 inns and taverns and 3 wholesale houses.2

Hospitals.-Mountainside Hospital is supported by citizens of the following seven towns: Bloomfield, Caldwell, Cedar Grove, Essex Falls, Glen Ridge, Montclair, and Verona. In 1912 there were admitted to the hospital 1,363 cases, of which 158 were maternity cases. One hundred and thirty-one infants were born and 5 infants died at the hospital during the same year.3

St. Vincent Nursery and Babies Hospital is maintained by the Sisters of Charity for babies under 2 years. During 1912 only 2 of the 112 inmates entered from Montclair.

Social agencies.-The social agencies of Montclair are organized in a council of philanthropy to promote cooperation and prevent duplication of effort. The following agencies are registered with the Council of Philanthropy and send representatives to the monthly meetings: Altruist Society.

Board of Education.

Board of Health.

Children's Home Association.

Committee of the Federation of Women's Organizations.

Day Nursery.

Daughters of American Revolution.

Fresh Air and Convalescent Home.

Homeopathic Society.

Montclair Civic Association.

Mountainside Hospital.

New England Society.

Tuberculosis Prevention and Relief Association.

Poor master.

Sons of American Revolution.

The Altruist Society corresponds to the charity-organization societies of other communities. It acts as a sort of clearing house and maintains at its headquarters a card index in which are registered all cases receiving help from any of the agencies represented in the Council of Philanthropy.

1 Industrial Directory of New Jersey, compiled and published by the New Jersey Bureau of Statistics,

1912.

2 Annual Report of Town Council, Montclair, N. J., 1912.

3 Annual report of Mountainside Hospital, 1912.

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