nando de Magalhaes must have been a man of courage and valiant in his thoughts and for undertaking great things, although he was not of imposing presence, because he was small in stature and did not appear in himself to be much."

The contract with the king provided for the distribution of the profits of the voyage and required Magellan to limit his operations to "the dominions which belong to us and are ours in the Ocean Sea, within the limits of our demarcation." He was directed "not to discover or do anything within the demarcations and limits of the most serene King of Portugal." Magellan was given the title of cavalier, invested with the habit of St. James, and granted the hereditary government of all the islands he might conquer.

The expedition which was to bring the Philippines to the attention of the world sailed from Seville, September 20, 1519.9 While still on the eastern coast of South America the terrors and hardships already encountered led to a mutiny of the crew, but Magellan's courage and tact, together with the swift punishment of the leaders, finally gained him control.10 The strait which now bears the name of the intrepid navigator was discovered a year later. Thirty-eight days were consumed in threading its sinuosities and ninety-eight days more in crossing the lonely Pacific.

After stopping at an island where the natives were such skilful thieves that they stole the nails out of the side of one ship and the rudder from another, thus winning for the group the name of the Ladrones, the fleet reached the great Archipelago, which Magellan, in honor of the saint on whose day he arrived, called the Islands of Saint Lazarus, but which later were to be known as the Philippines. During the same month he visited the island of Homonlion, near Surigao, and the island of Limasagua. After

9B. & R., I, p. 250.

10 "Magellan, who could only hound his crew
Onward by threats of death, until they turned
In horror from the Threat that lay before.
Preferring to be hanged as mutineers

Rather than venture farther."

Alfred Noyes. Drake, An English Epic.

stopping at Leyte and a few small islands he finally reached the large island of Cebu.

The people were suspicious and assembled to oppose the landing of the strangers, but good relations were soon established and a treaty of friendship was ratified under the forms of the blood covenant. A chapel was constructed on the shore and mass was there duly celebrated for the first time in the Archipelago, which for so many generations thereafter was to remain loyal to the Church of Rome. We are told "that the royal family of Cebu," anxious to observe the manners and customs of the visitors, attended the celebration and were so much impressed by the sight that they sought baptism, became Christians and took the oath of allegiance to the king of Spain, and that their good example was followed "to a great extent by the nobles and people of Cebu." Thus was the Christian form of faith and the symbolic cross planted by the Spaniards in the Antipodes.

But Magellan, after accomplishing so much, was destined to lose his life in a petty skirmish with the enemies of his Cebuan friends. The great navigator, as a modern poet with excusable license says,

66

with Hell all around him, in the clutch
Of devils, died upon some savage isle,
By poisonous black inchantment."

It was on the small island of Mactan, which lies near by across the Cebu Strait, that he met his death. There visitors from the far-away land which now holds sovereignty over the Archipelago, and which then had but recently been discovered, may see a small monument11 which marks the spot where the great navigator is supposed to have fallen. A more imposing memorial to his memory stands on the south bank of the Pasig River within the city of Manila.

After the death of Magellan the natives began to be troublesome. His successor, Barbosa, and twenty-six of his men were murdered while attending a banquet given by their native hosts,

11 Also near by, an extensive manufacturing plant.

and the others, hearing the disturbance, sailed away, treacherously leaving a number of their comrades to a miserable fate. Only Captain El Caño succeeded in taking his ship, the Victoria, to the port from which three years before he had sailed.

El Caño was thus the first navigator actually to circumnavigate the globe, although the project was that of Magellan to whom the world has given credit. But El Caño was rewarded by knighthood, a life pension and the right to use on his escutcheon a globe bearing the motto, primus circumdedit me. A second expedition under the command of Loaisa and El Caño sailed in 1525 and visited Mindanao and the Moluccas, where it went to pieces, Loaisa and El Caño losing their lives.

Magellan's theory was justified by the facts. A western route to the Spice Islands had been discovered, and if the line of demarcation was to be extended around the globe they were clearly on the Spanish side.

Portugal showed no disposition to relinquish any of her claims in the East, and Charles V was in greater need of ready money than of new islands. An attempt to settle the controversy by diplomacy was unsuccessful. Plenipotentiaries, accompanied by a full complement of astrologers, scientific experts and lawyers, met on a bridge over the River Caya, which formed the boundary line between Spain and Portugal. But nothing was accomplished. Neither the lawyers nor the experts could agree upon even a starting point for negotiations. The Junta of Badojis was a failure. A street boy jeered at the great men who were engaged in dividing the world. And, says Hakluyt, "what wise men seeth not that God by that childe laughed them to scorne and made them ridiculous and their partition in the eyes of the world."12

12 That the demarcation bulls were a reasonable and proper exercise of conceded power, see Harrisse's Dip. Hist. of Am., Chap. 5, p. 40.

"Men now smile when they read or hear of the attempt of Alexander the Sixth to divide the undiscovered world between Spain and Portugal, but what single act of any Pope in the history of the Church has exercised directly and indirectly a more momentous influence on human affairs than this last reminder of the by-gone world sovereignty of the Holy See?" Bourne, Essays in Hist. Criticism, p. 217.

The Portuguese and Spaniards were already fighting, but both monarchs desired peace, as their houses had recently been united by marriage, and in the end Spain, in consideration of the payment of three hundred and fifty thousand ducats, relinquished her claim to the Moluccas. This arrangement was assumed to be in the nature of a compromise, and it was provided that should the contemplated scientific determination of the line show that the disputed territory belonged to Portugal the money should be returned. It is needless to say that Portugal never saw the ducats again.

As long as Spain held her possessions on the western continent she regarded the Philippines as a part thereof. They, to her, were the Western Islands, and not until 1844 were they transferred to the Eastern Hemisphere and a day dropped from the calendar at Manila.13

The new Archipelago of St. Lazarus was not mentioned in the treaty, but as it lay well to the west of the Moluccas it was clearly renounced to Portugal. Nevertheless, Spain in 1542—against the protest of the Portuguese, who asserted, without any justification, that they were introducing Christianity into Mindanao— despatched another expedition from Mexico under the command of Lopez de Villalabos. This fleet was wrecked on the coast of Samar, and the Spanish returned to Spain by way of the Moluccas. Villalabos is remembered principally because he gave the name Filipinas to the islands in honor of the Prince of Asturias, known to history as the somber Philip II of Spain.

After this potent monarch came to the throne a new and better equipped expedition was prepared for the conquest and colonization of the Archipelago. Philip did not question the right of Portugal to the Moluccas under the treaty of Saragossa, but he determined to ignore the fact that the treaty applied also to the new islands which were to bear his name.

There was then at the court an Augustinian friar named Andres de Urdaneta, who was destined to win fame by his part in the early history of the Philippines. While yet a layman and 18 See Guillemard, Magellan, p. 227.

a sailor he visited the Moluccas as captain of one of the ships of the ill-fated expedition of Loaisa and acquired considerable general and scientific knowledge of the country. He had earnestly and persistently urged Charles to send another expedition to the Far West, but the emperor had grown weary of the world and was contemplating his abdication. Urdaneta, discouraged also, retired to Mexico and became an Augustinian monk. Philip placed him in charge of the missionaries who were to accompany the new expedition, but Urdaneta believed that the Philippines belonged to Portugal and protested against going there unless, as he told the king, "some legitimate and pious reason for the expedition should be assigned, such as the rescue of the sailors who had been lost on the islands on previous expeditions and the determination of the longitude of the demarcation line."

But Philip took the bolder course, and in the first despatch sent by him to Mexico relative to the expedition announced that it should not go to the Moluccas but "to the other islands which are in the same region as are the Philippines and others that were outside the said contract but within our demarcation, that are said to produce spices." With characteristic caution he wrote to the viceroy of New Spain1 directing him to provide “what seems best for the service of God, our Lord and ourselves, and with the least possible cost to our estate, for the recovery of the Western Islands toward the Moluccas."

The expedition was placed under the command of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who, with the title of Adelantado, was appointed governor and captain-general for life over all the islands that he might discover, occupy and colonize. Urdaneta, who believed that the king had been impressed by his pious representations and that the expedition was destined for New Guinea, accompanied the fleet as spiritual guide and general adviser. When on the high seas Legaspi opened the instructions which had been given him by the royal audiencia of Mexico he discovered that the objective point was the Philippines and not New Guinea. Urdaneta and the unhappy friars complained bitterly that they 14 September 24, 1559.