INTERNAL TRADE-OR COMMERCE BETWEEN The wheat flour inspected in Baltimore for three years, was as follows: Inspected in 1824 THE SEVERAL STATES. &c. Among the committees raised in the convention was that, on motion of Mr Mallary, "to report on the state of trade between different parts of the United States with each other, as far as it is concerned in the different productions of this country," and instructed, on the motion of Mr Bartlett, to ascertain and make Exported to foreign places 1824 296,796 a statement of facts, in relation to the effect of domestic manufactures upon the navigation and commercial interests of the country generally " 1825 1826 barrels. 522 770 509 736 1,628,852 941,572 328,500 3)613,072 Annual exports, coastwise 204,357 In the almost total absence of official papers relat ing to the momentous concerns embraced in the in- Consumption, 300 barrels per day quiry and instruction, the zealous and intelligent committee, of which Mr. Mallary was chairman, could do no more than hastily collect, or receive, some isolated statistical facts bearing upon the subjects submitted, and present them-rather with the view of exciting attention to the internal trade of the United States. than of exhibiting a regular or digested statement of items; and the report, with the few materials which had been furnished, were referred, en masse, to the committee on the address, to be used as they should think proper. Thus Mr. Mallary's important sugges tion has led us into an extensive collection of facts and well supported opinions; and caused no small expenditure of time, labor and patience, that its ob ject might be accomplished, so far as it was practi cable for us to do it The consumption is put down as the general, and, indeed, concurrent opinion of the principal dealers, and they cannot be materially mistaken. Of the whole quantity exported coastwise, a very small proportion is sent southwardly. We have no data to ascertain the quantity of Io-" dian corn which annually obtains the same direction, except in the actual consumption at some of the manufacturing establishments, and large supplies of this article are derived from Virginia. At Newburyport, Mass. up to the 28th July, in the present year, 100,000 bls. of flour and 20,000 bushs. of corn were received from the south; and at Somersworth. (village) N H. 1,931 barrels of flour and 6,059 bushels of Indian corn, of southern product, were consumed in the last current year. From many like facts made known to us, the committee think it may be assumed, that, while more than 350.000 barrels of flour are anoually exported eastwardly from the Chesapeake, there is also exported about 800 000 bushels of corn. The flour imported into Boston was as follows: 1825 1826 Alexandris, &e an amount one third greater than, the whole export to the British West Indies, when the trade was unrestricted. This committee believes that no part of the duty assigned them is so important, and certainly not so difficult, as the preparation of the facts disclosed, and collection of others relative to the commerce between the states--that any thing like a tolerably correct view of its importance may be suggested to the public; but they do not shrink from an attempt to do that in which it will be honorable even to fail for however imperfect the statements must necessarily be, many truths will be brought out and preserved. 261,113 bbls of both which about 130,000 and set thousands to thinking who never yet have re 254,822 Sbbls. were sent abroad. flected upon our incalculably valuable home trade, Of these imports 119.920 barrels were from Baltiand its vast superiority over the foreign commerce of more, and 91,000 from Virginia, chiefly received from the country The people have made a common mistake Alexandria, in 1826: the remainder from Philade!on these subjects. Those of Baltimore had only a faint phia and New York. It is supposed that nearly idea, indeed, of the value of the trade of the Chesapeake 200,000 barrels of Virginia flour are annually exportBay, until its waters were covered by the enemy dur-ed to the New England states, through Baltimore, ing the late war: they then began to calculate its importance by feeling the want of it: and now, stand ing on "Federal Hill," one may almost at any time count from 50 to 150 vessels under sail, bay craft and coasters, wafting the products of our rich interior or supplies from the valley of the Susquehannah, to every point, or laden with fuel or provisions or other articles seeking a market with us. We are exten sively, and with reasonable accuracy, informed concerning our foreign trade, and the legislative discretion of the nation is directed by the tabies furnished by the treasury department; but we know less of our own domestic affairs than of those of Great Britain France or Germany, wherein the wisdom of rulers is displayed in regarding things at home. But we hope a change in this respect, and that the American people will hereafter be better informed of their own means and resources to preserve their independence. We shall not be able to offer much other than de sultory facts and calculations, without present possibility of arranging them methodically, that aggregates may always appear, and also be compelled to give them without much regularity of classifica tion-but out of these partial and imperfect statement, something like a general idea, we hope, may be formed of the importance of the subjects before us; and we shall carefully avoid exaggeration, being resolved that our mistakes, or misapprehensions, shall rather tend to diminish than increase the apparent amount of the commerce which exists between the several states composing the republic. From July 1826 to July 1827, Rhode Island imported 127,150 barrels of flour, nearly all which passed direct to the manufactories. In the last year, 15 000 barrels from the mills at Troy, N. Y were sent to the borders of Vermont, &c. with other quantities brought down the canal In the same year 36,000 barrels, were shipped at Albany direct for the New England. states The inland and coastwise trade in flour pas sing from New York eastward, is very large Thi article from different places, is received at, perhaps every one of the numerous ports of the New England states, and spread along the whole coast from East port, in Maine, to Fairfield, in Connecticut. In 1825 it was believed that 1.000,000 dollars wer lost on the flour exported to Chili and Peru, and othe places bordering on the Pacific Many cargoes di not pay the freight. The whole quantity exported the year was 813,906 bbis.-of which 242,568 to Sout America, the greater part first to Rio Janeiro, and market. Judging by the imports at Boston, Prov dence, Newburyport, and the inland trade from Ne York, we have reached the conclusion that the pr sent rate of consumption of gour, received from oth states, is not less than 800,000 barrels a year in t New England states, with about 2,000,000 bushels corn, and other bread stuffs. A very intelligent go tleman, speaking on this subject, observed "The consumption of flour in Massachusetts I' increased as 20 to 1, in six years, and is continually ported across the mountains, and large supplies of increasing, and is now about 280,000 barrels a glass are thus conveyed from Pittsburg, &c. via Baltiyear. Instead of rye and Indian bread, which more and Philadelphia,even to the N. England market! was formerly almost exclusively used, wheat is now There were, last year, about one hundred sail of thought of even by the poorer classes as indispen- brigs and schooners plying between our ports on lake sable to their comfort, as well as more economical-Erie and the other upper lakes, with seven steam believing they can buy their bread stuffs by laboring boats. The tonnage will be increased 50 per cent. in manufactories, cheaper, than by illing land for it." in the present year, and be doubled before the expiExports of flour 1826. Swedish West Indies ration of 1829; and trebled or quadrupled when the 10,751 bbls.great Ohio canal shall be finished. Many will soon be required for the navigation of lake Michigan.All this business, except what was carried on by four or five little vessels, has grown up since the termination of the late war, in 1815. There are also many vessels on lakes Ontario and Champlain. 17,032 133,619 129 233 18,357 27,083 71.260 48,993 16,857 34.451 175,094 12,654 22,221 17,187 15,185 To the dominions of any other power, less than 10,000 barrels. Whole export 857 820 barrels, valued at $4,121.466. Nothing can shew the present and greatly increasing value of the trade between the states more satisfactorily than these general remarks and results; but we shall add many particulars, that the mind of every one may more easily grasp at the magnitude of the subject. And, when we consider the numerous royages that are made by the vessels employed in our coasting trade, its vastly superior importance over the foreign must strike every reflecting individual. The internal trade, in its repeated voyages, transports very many times more tons of goods than the foreign, which will undoubtedly appear because of the vast amount of articles required for the home supply over the foreign demand. The following table shews the growth of our invaluable coasting trade. falling off in registered tonnage employed in the foThere was a great apparent reign trade, in 1818-six years before the passage of the tariff bill, but there has been an increase of nearly 100,000 tons since that time. In 1800, the enrolled and licensed tonnage was only 281,622 tons; in 1805, 391.025 tons; in 1810, 440,512 tons. bles are not yet made up later than 1825. The preThe official tasent probable amount is more than 800,000 enrolled and licensed tons. A comparative view of registered, enrolled and licensed tonnage of the U States, from 1815 to 1825, inclusive. YEAR. Registered Enrolled and Total tonnage. licensed ton- of each dis nage. TONS AND 95THS. trict. From what has been already stated, it must appear that the bread stuffs of the farmers of the middle and western states, have their chief market in the eastern districts of our country. Flour and corn are trans ported even into the interior of Maine, New Hamp shire, Massachusetts and Connecticut, and large quantities reach Vermont. Our belief as before expressed, is, that not less than 800,000 barrels of flour and 2,000,000 bushels of corn are exported eastward from the grain growing states, to supply the new demands for food caused by the industry exerted in various manufactures in New England, and which the latter would be unable to purchase unless paid for in goods. Many stage-owners and innkeepers of the interior, feed the horses kept by them upon southern corn These imports of flour and corn, may be valued at 5,000.000 dollars, and employ vessels to transport 130,000 tons annually, on which a freight is earned, yielding subsistence to many sea faring persons and others interested in navigation, ship building and its numerous subordinate branches. The whole foreign export of last year was 857.820 barrels of flour and 505,381 bushels of Indian corn, together valued at 4,506.421-or half a million less in value to the agriculturalists of the grain-growing states than their own unvalued and almost unknown eastern market; so much have they kept their eyes ixed upon foreign trade, that they over-looked that rade which is at home, though greater than the other! 985,535 bbls. of flour, 44,057 beef and pork, 31,175 alt-1,500,000 bushels of grain, chiefly wheat, 17,905 eans and peas, 761 tons of clover seed, 120 of wool, 11 cheese, 1,126 butter and lard, 159 hops, 143 furs,145 boxes of glass-1,608,030 gals. domestic spirits, ere among the articles which passed inward on the . York canals during the last year. The whole numer of boats and rafts was 18,950-of tons, inward, 12,368! The tolls paid amounted to $771,780 10 cts. We have no late statements of the amount of the ade on the Ohio, Mississippi, &c. but in 1823, not ss than 300,000 barrels of flour, 75,000 do whis y, 50,000 do. of pork, 12,000 hhds of tobacco, 000 hhds, and boxes of bacon, 100,000 kegs of d, &c &c. valued at 3.590,000 dollars, passed the lls of the Ohio descending; iron and many articles nufactured, were not included in the amount.hat is the annual value of the descending trade of lect rightly, the lists were generally examined and *We call it "apparent," because that, if we recolthe western waters at this time? Yet vast quanti-corrected in that year, and the worn out, lost, or of produce and of manufactured articles are trans-missing vessels deducted. 1815 854,294 74 1816 800,759 63 513,833 04 1,368,127 78 1,372,218 53 1817 1,399,911 41 1818 1,225,184 20 1819 612,930 44 647,821 17 1,260,751 61 1820 619,047 53 661,11S 66 1,280.166 24 1821 619,896 40 679,062 30 1,298,958 70 1822 628,150 41 696,548 71 1,324,699 17 1823 639,920 76 596,644 87 1,336,565 68 1824 669,972 60 1,389,163 02 1825 719,190 37 1,423,111 77 700,787 08 the [about] two hundred steam boats that ply up- NILE S' REGISTER-NOVEMBER 3, 1827-HARRISBURG CONVENTION. 151 The tonnage of Boston and Baltimore are more likely to be affected by the growth of manufactures, The first is the than any other of our chief ports centre of the greatest manufacturing district, the second of a great grain-growing one Registered. Enrolled, &c. 1823 Boston 1825 66 97,960 103,741 1823 Baltimore 45,810 1825 45,369 49,127 Total 143 329 152,868 71.424 92 050 25 614 58,853 83,196 Each city shews a handsome increase in two years. The increase is going on yet more rapidly. I is probable that the gross tonnage of Boston now is 165,000, and of Baltimore 120,000-the greatest part of the increase is in enrolled tonnage, for the coasting trade. The enrolled tonnage at Philadelphia is also rising rapidly, because of internal improvements and the new products brought to market, especially coal, with increased quantities of flour, iron, whiskey and The tonnage tables of other manufactured articles. 1827 will instruct us much on this subject. About 175,000 bales of cotton are received from the south and scattered along the coast north of the Potomac or sent up the Mississippi, for the supply of the factories, rising pretty nearly to one fourth of the (late) whole production of that valuable staple. The weight of this cotton is about $0,000 tons-the amount will be increased to 50,000 in less than three years, if the manufacture should continue to flourish, and we may look forward to the period when a quantity of cotton half equal to our present export of the article will be required for our factories, a large part of which will be exported in goods; for we manufacture as cheap as the British, and, certainly, undersell them in foreign places acces sible to us as to them. Stop the domestic manufacbecause of ture, and it is probable that the general demand for 150,000 bales would immediately cease, the want of means to purchase, and the more rigid economy that persons would be compelled to exert. Throw the extra 150,000 bales into the glutted European market, and calculate the effect! They would reduce the whole quantity one cent or one cent and a half per pound. Persons cannot purchase if they cannot sell. It is the profitable employment of personal labor only that creates wholesome public wealth. It seems as if destined that the United States shall and must be, in cotton manufactures, what Great Britain now is, unless Egypt, Greece, &c. may furnish the material cheaper than we can make it, because of the cheapness of labor in these countries. The transportation of cotton coastwise, besides the amount consumed in the manufactories, is of a large amount, as the following items will shew: These examples are sufficient. The crop of the The whole foreign export of cotton for 1826, was 5,972,852 lbs. sea-island, and 204,535,415 of other-together valued at 25,025,214 dollars. It is estimated in the "Georgia Courier," that the Georgia and South Carolina Total 340,000 bales. 100,000 10,000 400.000 100,000 950,000 If this statement is correct, the amount is considerExports of cotton, rice and tobacco from Savanably greater than we had hitherto supposed. S. Island. nah for ten months ending, 31st July, 1827— Foreign In the year ending the 30th September, 1826, there Foreign was exported from Savannah 194,578 bales, of which Coastwise $2,092 were sent coastwise. Of the 186,471 bales exported from New Orleans in 1824-5, 68,020 were sent coastwise, and 150,000 bales in 1825. In the first nine months of 1824, 96,043 bales were received at New York; but in the same period in 1825, the quantity rose to 153,454 bales. In the last season, the amount exported to England from New York was about 100,000 bales. But-in the first six months of the present year 153,135 bales were received at New York-as follows: Upland Rice. Tobacco. 100,$18 13,681 5,922 120 7,719 421 Of the 85,819 bales exported from Mobile, in the present year, up to the 1st Aug. -46,175 were sen coastwise, 39,579 of which to New York. A New York paper says that 153,513 bales of cot present year, up to the 1st August-that is in ton were exported to Europe from that port, in th months. In 1796 when the population of the United State was near 4,500,000, we exported about 33,000,00 dollars worth of domestic products, exclusive of co In 1926, with a population of abo ton and tobacco. 12,000,000, we exported of similar articles only th value $22,683,283. The year 1796 is the first in whi the value of articles exported was given. See the ble, page 25 As production has increased with pop lation, the vast amount for the internal trade is ap rent, as well as the comparatively reduced mes that we have to purchase foreign goods. The average exports for six years Whole export of domestic products to Cuba, So that while the business in cotton has advanced in an average suna of 14 millions a year, the like value of other articles exported has been reduced nearly 7 millions. About only one-sixth of the people of the U. States have any more direct interest in the cultivation of cotton, than the cultivators of cotton have in woollen manufactures. The product for export, therefore, of the first is equal to 11 or 12 dollars per head, even of the slaves; but that of the other no more than about 2 dollars and 75 cents for each of the people. If the first can live by the foreign trade, it is certain that the last cannot. They must have an interior trade by which they can participate in the foreign trade of the other, or decline the latter altogether. 1901 to 1806-Cotton $7,132,938 3,749,658 dollars. All other articles 84,799,760 Total domestic exports 42,000,000 Fish, oil and spermaceti candles 268,438 1819 to 1824-Cotton 21,670,978 Lumber of all sorts 332,748 All other articles 27,330,931 Manufactures of wood 82.166 Total domestic exports 49,000.000 Naval stores 5,419 Skins and furs 16,120 83,153 Butter and cheese 27,661 Pork, hams and bacon, lard and hogs 698,203 Horses and mules 5,300 129,223 bbls. flour 616,035 39,163 6,865 18,104 22,617 3,999 398,738 59,468 Household furniture 78,162 22,400 104,020 31,858 33,981 Leather, boots and shoes 185,635 205,045 5,346 4,399 8,857 65,045 Gunpowder 29,754 $4,573,407 737,924 Copper and brass manufactures 17,447 23,700 5,311,331 1,742,034 Wearing apparel, combs, brushes, and 128,910 3,529,842 Sugar is another great staple, and its cultivation is local or "monopolized" by a small part of our country, at present chiefly confined to Louisiana, but about to be extensively produced in Florida. The last year's crop was about 50,000,000 pounds, 50,000 hhds. or 25,000 tons to be transported coastwise, or by river navigation, for consumption. It is an article of general use, as much in the east as in the south. In the last year we also imported- 76,016.015 lbs. brown sugar, worth 8,883,940 lbs. white or clayed 84,899.955 21,146,856 exported 73,753,099 lbs. consumption $3,569,297 Which shows that the whole consumption is more than 120 millions of unds. All this quantity will speedily be produced in the state and territory named, and the "bounty" upon it, in the shape of a duty that must exclude the foreign article, will amount to nearly four millions of dollars a year. We call it a bounty, because the cultivation is and must be localthere cannot be any general domestic competition to reduce the price, as in every other product or manu facture of our country. The cotton region is of vast extent, wool may be grown in every state, and facto ries may be established almost in every spot where people are to be found to work in them; but it is not thus with sugar. And how are the other states to purchase sugar of Louisiana, if Louisiana refuses to encourage and protect their industry? It is impossible that they should. And, on that account, and because of the severe and direct loss of revenue, and of the foreign trade which the exclusion of foreign sugars must cause, in the sale of such articles as are prohibited to the consumption of Europe, unless Louisiana supports a tariff which benefits other states, she must expect and will obtain a reduction of the duty upon "her "monopoly," sugar. This is inevitable-the pubdic necessity will require it. Nearly all the sugar inported is paid for in bread stuffs, nieats, manufactures fand lumber and fish exported. Forty-four millions of pounds are received from Cuba only, and the peole of that island received of us domestic articles of She value of 3,749.658 dollars, and foreign articles to The value of 2,382,774 dollars in 1826-together ,132,432 dollars; or nearly a twelfth part of the hole foreign business of the United States, the gross xports being valued at 77,595,322 dollars. We shall ive a summary statement of our commerce with Cu la, and compare it with that which exists between he United States and Europe, except in cotton, toJacco and rice. Coaches and carriages Beer, porter, whiskey, &c. Snuff and manufactured tobacco Cables and cordage articles; and, deducting rice and tobacco from the Europe, except in the articles cotton, tobacco and year, in domestic products, amounted to $1.252,910 -equal to the whole of our exports to Russia. Prussia, Sweden and Norway, Denmark, Spain Portugal. &c. indeed all Europe, Great Britain and France excepted!-and leaving out the cotton and tobacco, only, sent to the Netherlands and Germany! We have dwelt at such length on these things that the merits of them cannot be mistaken-that "he who runs may read." tent of the home trade in castings and bar iron, and how far it affects the coasting and inland trade of our country. Its different transportations, however, by land and water, must amount to more than 300,000 tons, and the value of the home product, in castings and bar-iron, may be roughly computed at 25,000,000 dollars. The furnaces, forges and rolling mills of Pennsylvania were given as producing a value of more than three millions in 1810-which value, it is reasonable to believe, is now two or three times greater than it was then. We have no satisfactory data on this subject The whole home manufacture of iron, in ali its various branches and departments, and changes of character and usefulness, great and small, subsists a vast number of persons, and constitutes a mighty item in the national production. product of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, worth Nearly 2,000 tons of pig and bar-iron, chiefly the ries. It is estimated that 30.000 tons of domestic If, as before observed, the whole sugar consumed in the United States was of domestic production, (as it soon will be at the present duty upon the foreign article), an apparent deficiency in the revenue of 4,000,000 dollars annually would take place, and the trade with Cuba be reduced, from whence we now import 46,000,000 lbs. about one fourth of which is exported to purchase articles in Europe which the people of that quarter of the world will not give us in exchange for our own commodities.Let this be observed. But the whole value of wool-114,500 dollars, were received at Providence, R. I. in len goods imported in 1826, as returned and paying hood of that place, for the cotton and other factothe past year, and principally used in the neighborduty, was only 7,886 826-or of cloths and cassimeres, no more than 4,546,714 dollars. The duty on this last sum, if all paid, is only 1,650,000 dollars and if our manufacturers of such goods were protect ed even to the total exclusion of the foreign articles, the revenue would suffer nearly in the same amount that it does in the protection actually, and at this time afforded, to the cultivation of suga! or only about one third as much as the latter protection will amount to when the cultivation shall be extended to meet the present home demand. These things are true Ex amine them by the official documents. How do we "gape at gnats and swallow camels!" The duties le vied upon sugars are prohibitory, so far as the domestic industry can supply the home demand-but the duties asked for on cloths will not be exclusive-not prohibitory, but protecting; yet the amount of pro tection granted to a few sugar planters in Louisiana, but to say the whole people thereof, about 75.000, is equal to that which, as the enemies of the tariff con tend, is asked for by the farmers and manufacturers and citizens of a majority of the states, enlisting the feelings of six or seven millions of the people of the United States. See the population table We wish to be understood clearly. We have no sort of a desire to reduce the duty upon sugar, the cultivation of which is a monopoly in this country; but are really impressed with a belief that if the duty on sugar was one and a half cents per lb. instead of three cents, that, while the revenue would be increased by the greater consumption of the foreign article, the demand for our agricultural products, such as flour, beef, pork, &c. and many manufactures, would be nearly doubled, in the increased trade which that reduction of duty would give rise to, in the enlarged market afforded for the productions of Cuba and other West India islands, &c. We hope that every one of our fellow citizens will reflect upon these facts and remarks presented. We shall urge them no further. All matters of trade, to be just and endurable, must be reciprocal-else man, in one climate or condition, will be as the servant of his fellow in another. There is no natural necessity for this, and discretion or suffering must regulate purchases by sales. The Indian perishes who exchanges his coats of fur for looking glasses or whiskey; he must obtain, at least, some blankets in lieu of his furs, or become a victim to his folly, and miserably expire. Iron and its manufactures, until after it passes the state of bar or rolled iron, may, without any great stretch of the imagination, rather be regarded as the representation of agricultural products than of manufactures, for the reason that so large a porportion of the value of the article is derived from the cost of subsisting the makers of it, and for supplies of fuel and transportations. We have few facts to shew what is the ex bar-iron are used in all the New England states, worth 3,000,000 dollars One factory in New Hamp shire consumes 1,200 tons annually. The supplies are principally derived from New York, New Jersey material is extensively used in all the manufactories-and Pennsylvania, and some from Maryland. This 4,000 tons are annually made or used at Wareham, The numerous works of iron at Baltimore and in its Mass. Many machine shops use several tons a month. neighborhood, including manufactures of machinery, amount to several hundred thousand dollars a year. Large quantities of iron ore have been transported east from Baltimore, or its immediate neighborhood,, and payment for the rude material, perhaps, made in the very articles fabricated from it! The value of the ore was a clear gain to Maryland. This business has employed many tons of shipping. All The trade in domestic spirits is of much value. We have ascertained the quantity received at Baltimore, but the facts which relate to this article are nearly as scarce as those which belong to iron. the grain growing states produce whiskey, in the want of a market for bread stuffs and because of its easier transportation. In New York, Fennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland and Kentucky are the chief manufac tories of it. We know little of its distribution. The greater part not used in the states named, perhaps, passes south; a large quantity, however, is sent east. Lately, one forwarding house in Troy, N. Y. received, by the canal, 900 hhds. of Ohio whiskey, for the eastern market, and it is supposed that, during the present year, a million of gallons will pass from the same state with the same destination. About four millions of gallons of foreign spirits are imported; but it may be supposed that the sea-coast transportation of domes tic spirits employs many times as much tonnage as the foreign trade in spirits employs. Inspections of domestic distilled liquors at Baltifor the years stated: 1824 1825 Large casks. Small casks. Gallons. 2,986 39,868 1,494,640 7,714 61,790 2,625,100 1826 7,494 63,753 2,619,991 3)6,739,731 |