ANTHONY PERRENOT, usually known by the name of Cardinal Granvelle, an eminent statesman, son of Nicholas Perrenot, lord of Granvelle, chancellor to the emperor Charles V. Anthony was born in 1517, at Besançon, and after studying in the universities of Louvain and Padua with great reputation, entered into holy orders. He was brought to court by. his father, and was employed by Charles V. in various embassies. He was made bishop of Arras at the age of twenty-five; and, upon the resignation of Charles, was recommended so strongly by that sovereign to his son Philip II., that he became his most confidential minister. From the see of Arras he was translated to the archbishopric of Mechlin, and in 1561 was created a cardinal by Pius IV. Perrenot possessed great talents for business; and is said to have occupied five secretaries at once, dictating to them in different languages, of which he thoroughly possessed seven. He was a master of crafty politics; and in the reign of Charles endeavoured to lull the Protestants into a state of security, with respect to the preparations that were making against them. When Margaret of Austria was placed by Philip at the head of the government in the low countries, Perrenot was her principal counsellor, and, in reality, exercised the whole authority. His character is represented as a compound of industry, vigilance, ambition, luxury, and avarice, and as equally surpassing the common measures both in good and bad qualities. A zealous servant to the crown, his sole principle of government was the extension of the royal prerogative, while at the same time he was animated with professional hatred against the Protestants. He became at length so odious to the nobles and the people, that in 1566 public complaints against him were transmitted to Philip, who thought it prudent to recall him. This conduct, however, by no means lost him his master's favour. After having retired for some time to Besançon, of which city he was made archbishop, Philip again employed him in public affairs. He was sent to Rome at the election of Pius V., and was commissioned to negociate a league against the Turks. After having resided some time at Naples in quality of viceroy, the king called him into Spain, and left him in charge of the affairs of that kingdom while he went to take possession of the crown of Portugal. He was finally nominated ambassador to conclude the marriage of the Infanta Catharine with the duke of Savoy. The fatigue of this journey threw him into an illness on his return, which carried him off at Madrid, in 1586, in the 70th year of his age.

PETER ERNEST, count of Mansfeld, was descended from one of the most illustrious families in Germany. In 1552 he was taken prisoner at Ivoy, where he commanded. He was afterwards of great service to the catholics at the battle of

Montcontour, and was employed in affairs of the utmost delicacy and importance. Being made governor of Luxemburg, he maintained tranquillity in that province, while the rest of the Netherlands was a prey to the horrors of civil war. He was afterwards appointed to the command of the Netherlands, and made a prince of the empire. He died at Luxembourg, March 21, 1604, aged eighty-seven. His mausoleum in bronze, in the chapel bearing his name at Luxembourg, is an admirable work. To his military talents he united a taste for the sciences; but, like many heroes, ancient and modern, he was greedy of gain, and lavish of blood. Abbé Schannah wrote his life in Latin; Luxembourg, 1707.

MAURICE, elector of Saxony, son of Henry the Pious, was born in 1531. He was early remarkable for his courage, and during his whole life was engaged in warlike pursuits. He served under Charles V., in 1544, against France, and in 1555, against the league of Smalcald; with which, although a Protestant, he would have no connection. The emperor, as a reward for his services, in 1547 made him elector of Saxony, having deprived his cousin John Frederic of that electorate. But in 1551 he entered into a league with the elector of Brandenburg, the count Palatine, the duke of Wittemberg, and other princes, against the emperor. This league encouraged by Henry II., of France, was more dangerous than that of Smalcald. The pretext for the association was to deliver the landgrave of Hesse, whom the emperor kept prisoner. Maurice and the confederates marched, in 1552, to the defiles of Tirol, and put to flight the imperial troops. The emperor and his brother Ferdinand narrowly escaped, and fled in great disorder. Charles having retired into Passau, where he had collected an army, brought the princes of the league to terms of accommodation. By the famous peace of Passau, in 1552, the emperor granted an amnesty, without exception, to all who had carried arms against him from 1546. The Protestants not only obtained the free exercise of their religion, but were admitted into the imperial chamber, from which they had been excluded since the victory of Mulberg. Maurice soon after joined the emperor against the Margrave of Brandenburg, who laid waste the German provinces. He defeated him in 1553, at Silvershausen, but died of his wounds two days after. He was one of the greatest protectors of the Lutherans in Germany, and equally brave and politic. After he had profited by the spoils of John Frederic, the chief of the Protestants, he became himself leader of the party, and maintained the balance of power against the emperor in Germany. ALBERT, marquis of Brandenburg-Culmbach, born in 1522, was a principal actor in the troubles of Germany during the reign of Charles V. In 1552 he joined with Maurice, VOL. V.

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elector of Saxony, in the confederacy of the German princes against Charles, and took the separate command of a body of adventurers whom he had drawn together. With this band he commenced a predatory war, exacting contributions, burning towns, and planning the most unjust enterprises. He compelled the ecclesiastical princes to pay him great sums of money. He penetrated to the Rhine, took Spire and Worms, and overran all the neighbouring country. In these transactions he paid no regard to the interests or remonstrances of his allies, and no one knew which side he meant to take when the emperor invaded Lorraine. He however defeated the duke of Aumale, and then joined the emperor before Mentz, and received a pardon for all past offences. A league was formed against him, of which Maurice was declared the head. A fierce battle was fought between their respective troops, in 1553, in which Albert was entirely defeated, but Maurice received a wound of which he died. Albert was put under the ban of the empire, and again routed by the duke of Brunswick, and obliged to quit Germany. He was deprived of all his states, and, after lingering some years in indigence and exile, died, in consequence of intemperance, at Pfortzheim, in Jan. 1558. His hereditary estates were afterwards restored to his collateral heirs. This man possessed the courage, activity, and liberality, proper for a soldier of fortune, but was rash, violent, brutal, and drunken; and only from his profligacy deserved the title of the Alcibiades of Germany, by which he was distinguished.

NICHOLAS GRUDIUS EVERARD, the third son of Nicholas Everard the lawyer, was born at Louvain. His own talents, seconded by his father's influence and reputation, soon raised him to preferment. He was treasurer of the state of Brabant, knight and secretary of the golden fleece, counsellor of the emperor Charles, and Philip II., king of Spain. He was very intimate with the most eminent scholars of his time. He died at Venice where he happened to be on some affairs concerning the republic, in 1571. He was author of several books of Latin poetry.

ADRIAN MARIUS EVERARD, brother of Nicholas Grudius Everard, was born at Mechlin, and became chancellor of Guelderland. Like his father and brothers, he studied jurisprudence, and like Nicholas cultivated Latin poetry. He died at Brussels March 20, 1568.

MAXIMILIAN II., emperor of Germany, son of the emperor Ferdinand, was born at Vienna in 1527. He was educated in Spain under his uncle Charles V., whose daughter Mary he married; and he governed that country for three years in the name of his father-in-law. Returning to Germany he greatly contributed to the pacification of Passau, the spirit of which well suited his tolerant maxims with respect to reli

gion. After his father had descended the imperial throne he conferred on Maximilian in 1562, the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, and procured his election to the dignity of king of the Romans. On the death of Ferdinand in 1564, he succeeded to the empire without opposition. He was then at the age of thirty-seven, distinguished for prudence and moderation, and well acquainted with the languages and dispositions of the various people under his sway. The general spirit of his administration was pacific, and his reign was for the most part a season of tranquillity. He was, indeed, obliged to send an army against John Sigismund, prince of Transylvania, who had assumed the title of king of Hungary; but after the capture of several towns by the imperial general, an accommodation was effected through the mediation of Solyman. The sultan himself however, became a more formidable enemy, and entering Hungary in 1566 with a vast army, laid siege to and took the strong town of Zigeth. It was resolutely defended by count Serini. Soon after a truce for twelve years was concluded between the two empires. The protestants of Austria who had been very useful to the emperor in lending him money to carry on the Turkish war, and afterwards cancelled the debt, requested to be indulged in the free exercise of their religion; which both gratitude and his natural disposition induced him to grant. He also endeavoured, by remonstrances to his cousin Philip, king of Spain, to put a stop to the cruelties exercised by Alva in the Low Countries; but that bigoted prince refused to listen to him. The same principle led him to withhold his permission to make levies in Germany for the purpose of exterminating the French Huguenots; though he could not prevent the protestant princes of Germany from sending succours to their persecuted brethren in France. On the death of Sigismund king of Poland, he entertained views of obtaining the crown of that country, with the intention of conveying it to his second son; but the superior interest of Henry of Valois, brother to the French king, thwarted his project. When the crown again became vacant on the succession of Henry to that of France, in 1574, Maximilian declared himself one of the competitors, and was actually elected by a majority of the senate. But his want of activity, and the prompt measures of Stephen Bathoris, prince of Transylvania, gave the latter the possession of the kingdom. Maximilian, who had been successful in securing to his eldest son Rodolph, the succession to the empire and the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, declared his intention of supporting his claim to Poland by force of arms, but his purpose, if real, was prevented by a disease which terminated in his death, in 1576, in the fiftieth year of his age. Few princes have bore a more amiable and estimable character, both on the throne and

in private life. He was affable, benevolent, sincere, frugal, regular, a tender husband, and a kind father. A want of due vigour and promptitude, seems to have been his only defect.

ANDREW EBERHARD RAUBER, of Talberg and Weineck, was lord of the fortress of Petronel, a German knight, a counsellor of the council of war to the emperor Maximilian II., who bestowed on him his natural daughter, but he was first obliged to win her in a whimsical manner. For when he demanded the emperor's daughter in marriage, he happened to have a Spanish rival of great quality and valour. The emperor unwilling to deny either of them, agreed that they should decide the affair by a trial of their strength. He caused a sack to be given each, and promised that he who should put his antagonist into the sack, should have his daughter in marriage. Several feats are related of his extraordinary strength, and his beard was of a surprising length. He died in the year 1575, aged sixty-seven.

FREDERIC ASINARI, count de Camerano, a nobleman of Asti in Piedmont, who in his youth followed the military profession, and was despatched by the duke of Savoy, with 400 soldiers, to assist the emperor Maximilian II., when he held a diet to oppose the army of Solyman, an event which was commemorated by a medal with the inscription, " Fredericus Asinariue, so Camerani." Asinari employed his leisure hours in poetry, and his compositions were published in various collections. His tragedy of Tancred was printed at Paris in 1587, 8vo.

DON JOHN OF AUSTRIA, natural son of the emperor Charles V., whose real or pretended mother, was Barbara Blomberg. He was born at Ratisbon in 1547. He was brought up in ignorance of his descent, till, after the death of Charles, Philip II. sent for him to Valladolid, acknowledging him for a brother, and caused him to be educated at court. When the Moors of Granada revolted in 1569, Don John was appointed captain-general of the Spanish galleys, and was sent to Carthagena to take the command. During the next year he assisted in the operations of the war, which was brought to a happy conclusion. The holy league against the Turks for the protection of the Venetians being formed between the king of Spain, the pope, and the Italian states, Don John was nominated, in 1571, general-in-chief, and assembled the united fleet at Corfu. On October 7, he engaged the Turkish fleet in the gulf of Lepanto, and obtained that celebrated victory which stands conspicuous in the series of actions between the Christian and Mahometan powers. Don John in person fought and took the galley of the Turkish admiral, and the battle terminated in the loss on the part of the Turks of one hundred and thirty galleys taken, fifty-five destroyed,