Place, of changes of matter in, i. 263. Necessity for, constitutes the great ob- stacle to human improvement, i. 365. That necessity increases, as employ- ments become less diversified, i. 367.— (See Transportation.)
Plant, the, the ruin of the past, and the germ of the future, i. 67.
the, a manufacturer of soil, i. 78. The servant of the animal, i. 84.
and animal ordained to return their borrowed materials to mother earth, i. 82. Compliance with this order, the condition of human progress, i. 86. Planter, the. How he is taxed by the
British system, i. 432. Planting States of America, small pro- duction of the, iii. 99.
Point, the, at which men and animals stand upon a level with each other, i. 79.
Policies of England and France, wide difference of the, ii. 44.
of England and Holland, resem- blance between the, ii. 73. Political Economy, a branch of Social Science. Treats of measures required for giving effect to natural laws, iii. 409. Errors of the modern system of, i. 28, 463, iii. 134.
system of the United States, cor- responds to the federative system of government exhibited in the human body, iii. 408.
Polynesia, the trader the curse of, i. 369. Poor-laws of England, institution of the, i. 398. Malthus and Ricardo on, iii. 436. English theory and practice in regard to, iii. 437. Extension of, to Ireland and Scotland, iii. 438. Neces- sity for, iii. 412. Poor men cultivate such soils as they can, not such as they would, i. 139.
soils first occupied, i. 97; in the United States, i. 108; in Mexico, i. 118; in the West Indies and Central Ame- rica, i. 120; in South America, i. 121; in England, i. 122; in Scotland, i. 124; in France, i. 126; in Belgium, i. 128; in Scotland and Scandinavia, i. 129; in Russia and Germany, i. 130; in Hungary and Italy, i. 131; in Corsica and Sicily, i. 132; in Greece, Africa, and the Pacific Islands, i. 133; in India, i. 134.
Tends to increase as man is enabled to obtain vegetable food, i. 95. Brings the food from the richer soils, i. 139, 384, ii. 31. Effects of diminution therein, i. 145. Move- ment of, in France, ii. 45. Phenomena of, in the United States, iii. 100, 264. Tendency of matter to assume higher' forms, and thus promote increase of,'
iii. 263. Period required for duplica- tion of, iii. 264. Error of modern the- ories of, iii. 266. Creator's blunder in reference to, supposed to require 'positive checks" for their correction, iii. 267. Facts in regard to, mistaken for the laws of, iii. 267. Growth of, in England, iii. 269. Inconsistencies of theorists, in reference to, iii. 270. Self- adjusting laws of, iii. 272. How in- crease in the power of association tends to affect the growth of, iii. 274. Ope- ration of division of the land in refe- rence to, iii. 276. How it is affected by growing feeling of responsibility, iii. 279. How cotter tenancy affects the growth of, iii. 279. Reckless- ness promotes increase of, iii. 286. English phenomena, in reference to, iii. 287, 290. American phenomena of, iii. 293. Pioneer life favorable to increase of, iii. 293. Causes of Mal- thusian error in regard to, iii. 310. Security against excess of, to be found in the development of the real MAN, iii. 311. Causes of apparent excess of, iii. 311. Natural laws regulating the growth of, iii. 312. Westminster Re- view on the law of, iii. 312. Increase of, causes extension of cultivation over richer soils, iii. 313. Effect upon, con- sequent upon the substitution of vegeta- ble for animal food, iii. 316. Pressure of, upon subsistence, in the countries that follow in the lead of England, iii. 321. Laws by which the supply of food is adjusted to meet the wants of a growing, i. 88, iii. 325. Necessity for checks to, grows with growing excess of centralization, iii. 464. Population, Malthusian theory of, i. 91, iii. 351. (See Malthusian Theory.)
and sustenance, harmonies and compensations of, iii. 304.
and wealth of Portugal, i. 308. How skilled industry affects the growth of, iii. 304, 305.
self-acting law of, tends to a harmony of conditions, iii. 305, 308. -, testimony of craniology in refe- Portugal. rence to, iii. 301. Trading power of, i. 249. Splendor and decline of, i. 250. Splen- dor of, in the 16th century, i. 308. Manufactures abandoned by the gov- ernment of, i. 308. Diminution of wealth and population of, i. 309. Sta- tionary condition of, i. 310. Decline of agriculture in, and weakness of the Positive and comparative wealth, differ- government of, i. 311. ence between, i. 192.
knowledge of natural phenomena derived from direct observation, i. 9.
of the French people, i. 255; of early colonists, i. 263; of the sove- reigns of France, ii. 43; of France, under Louis XV., ii. 48. Power for evil, in both the physical and social worlds, exists in the direct ratio of the power for good, i. 369.
of association grows with increase of numbers, i. 99. Exists in the direct ratio of the development of individual- ity, i. 257. Grows in all the countries that follow in the lead of Colbert, ii. 175. Declines in all those that adopt the theories of the English school, i. 367. How it affects production, iii. 19; accumulation, iii. 58; circulation, iii. 77; distribution, iii. 119; taxation, iii. 199; the demand for food, iii. 319.
of combination, the distinguish- ing characteristic of civilization, i. 266. How affected by supplies of the precious metals, ii. 297.
of consumption. How affected by measures of protection, ii. 276.
of nature. How it exhibits itself to the savage and the man of science, ii. 353.
of progress, one of the distinctive characteristics of man, i. 60.
of the State grows with growing concentration, iii. 232.
placed at the command of the people of the United States, ii. 208; waste of the, ii. 210.
to command increased supplies of food and clothing accompanied by di- minished necessity for either, iii. 318.
to maintain commerce increases with increase in the value of man, ii. 32, iii. 452.
Powers of man, and his necessities, al- ways in the inverse ratio of each other -the two combined making a constant quantity, i. 208.
of nature become embodied in the
man, i. 264. Precious metals, the. Recommendations of, as standards of value, ii. 295. How their value is affected by the process of coinage, ii. 296. How human labor is economised by their use, ii. 298.
How they affect the societary move- ment, ii. 299. To the social body what atmospheric air is to the physical one, ii. 300. How the supply of, af- fects wages and interest, ii. 309. Tend always towards those places at which they are most utilized, ii. 309. How their use tends to promote the freedom of man, ii. 309. Tendency of, towards Great Britain, ii. 310. Present move- ment of, ii. 311. Tendency of, towards those countries in which raw products tend most to rise in price, ii. 312; from those in which the price of such pro- duce declines, ii. 313. Phenomena of the movement of, ii. 315. Their ex- traordinary power over the condition of men, ii. 320. Equalizing tendency of increase in the supply of, ii. 319, 345. How they may be attracted, ii. 325. The commodities that render the largest amount of service in proportion to their cost, ii. 325. How increase in the supply of, tends to augment the supply of food, ii. 329. Cannot be- come superabundant, ii. 330. Tend to leave those countries that do not use circulating notes, ii. 333. Supply of, in Great Britain and the United States, ii. 340. How the societary movement of France is affected by, ii. 341. Value of, declines, as their utility increases, ii. 345. Tend towards those countries which follow in the lead of Colbert, ii. 351. Constitute the great instruments of association, ii. 355. Universal ac- ceptability of, ii. 357. towards steadiness of value, ii. 360. Movement of, in the United States, ii. 436, 480. Hume on the supply of, and its effects, ii. 446. Errors of Adam Smith in regard to, ii. 453. Turkey, the country whose policy is most in accordance with the advice of British economists in reference to, ii. 464. Mr. J. S. Mill on the services rendered by, ii. 467. M. Bastiat on, ii. 471. M. Chevalier on, ii. 478.
Predominance of the animal faculties of man, iii. 298.
Price, definition of, ii. 301. Phenomena of, ii. 267. Hume on, ii. 326. Prices. Approximation in those of rude products and finished commodities, the essential test of civilization, i. 464; comes with growing civilization, ii. 301, iii. 43, 59, 187, 236, 369, 436. How that approximation affects production, iii. 42; accumulation, iii. 59; circulation, iii. 93; distribution, iii. 116.
how affected by measures of pro- tection, ii. 274, 275.
how affected by supplies of the precious metals, ii. 315.
Prices, comparative, of Russia and France,
how affected by excess or defi- ciency of supply, ii. 192.
of finished commodities tend to fall, as agriculture becomes a science, ii. 267; contrary tendency, as agricul- ture declines, ii. 267.
of rude products, decline of, in the United States, ii. 189, 197, 273.
of Russian products, how they are affected by distance from market, ii. 173.
of agricultural products, how they are affected by the supply of the pre- cious metals, ii. 329. Recession from each other of the prices of such pro- ducts, and those of finished commodi- ties, in the United States, ii. 205, 228.
-, phenomena of, observed in France, ii. 307.
Principle, first, of the trader, i. 210. Principles, truths that are prior to all facts, iii. 354.
of Social and Physical Science, iii. 466. Privileges of foreign merchants in Eng- land, in the 14th century, i. 394. Problem, the, of Social Science, i. 34. Procreation. Limited power of, among the hunter tribes, iii. 299. General laws of, iii. 302. The corrective of excessive, iii. 302. Comparative phy- siology of, iii. 302. How affected by the various mental and moral develop- ments, iii. 303. Ratio of, governed by societary conditions, iii. 305. Pros- pective changes in the ratio of, iii. 305. How influenced by devotion to trade, politics, and science, iii. 308. Procreative tendency, the. Being ad- mitted to be a positive quantity, slavery becomes the necessarily ultimate con- dition of the mass of the human race, iii. 265. Not a positive quantity, iii. 267. Adaptability of, to the socie- tary condition, iii. 271, 286. Is sub- ject to no determinate rule of action, iii. 272.
Produce of French agriculture, prior to the Revolution, ii. 52. Great increase thereof, in the period that has since elapsed, ii. 54.
Producer and consumer. Come together as employments become diversified, i. 83. Approximation of the, the condi- tion of progress, i. 221. Desires of both, directly opposed to those of the trader, i. 212, ii. 221, iii. 23. Waste resulting from separation of the, ii. 213. Production increases, as the two are brought together, iii. 21. Power of accumulation in the ratio of the ap- proximation of the, iii. 49. Circulation
becomes more rapid as the distance is decreased, iii. 93. How their approxi- mation affects the value of land and labor, iii. 43, 59, 93, 116, 187, 215, 236. How it influences the condition of woman, iii. 369.
Production, cost of, not a measure of value, i. 156.
and consumption of India, i. 349 increases, as the necessity for the machinery of exchange diminishes, i. 189. Tendency of the British system to increase the necessity for the use of that machinery, and thus diminish, i. 286, 365.
of, iii. 17. Where does it end, and where does consumption begin? iii. 18. Every act of the one, an act of the other-the two being, therefore, measures of each other, iii. 18. Con- sists in reducing the forces of nature to the service of man, iii. 18. Grows in the ratio of the development of human powers, iii. 19. Man, the ulti- mate object of all, iii. 21. Grows with the growth of demand, iii. 21. In- creases, as the trader's power declines, iii. 23. The less the friction between the consumer and the producer, the greater the, iii. 24. Increases, as men are more and more enabled to combine together, iii. 26. Growth and decline of, in Athens, iii. 26; in Italy, and the Netherlands, iii. 27; in France, iii. 28; of England, at various periods, iii. 31; of Scotland, iii. 37. Increase of, that follows the extension of cultivation over richer soils, iii. 38. Phenomena of, exhibited in the United States, iii. 41; in Spain, iii. 41. Diminishes as the market becomes more distant, iii. 42. The more numerous the societary differences, the larger the, iii. 43. In- creases, as the prices of rude products and finished commodities approximate to each other, iii. 42. Civilization grows, as consumption follows more rapidly on, iii. 43. Increases, as matter tends more and more to assume its highest forms, iii. 43. Grows, as the societary circulation becomes more rapid, iii. 44. Errors of modern economists in regard to, iii. 43. Increases, as the absolutely- necessary wants of man diminish, iii. 318.
of sperm-cells regulated by men- tal activity, iii. 303. Productive and unproductive employ- ments, of, i. 193. Mr. J. S. Mill on,
Profit, high rate of, in purely agricultu- ral countries, i. 158, iii. 116. Rate of, declines, as the societary circulation becomes more rapid, iii. 119. Capital
accumulates most rapidly where the rate is low, iii. 119. Reverse of this held by Mr. McCulloch, iii. 122. Progress, power of, one of the distinctive characteristics of man, i. 60. Heat, motion, and force, essential to, in both the physical and social world, i. 60. Rate of, dependent on the rapidity with which consumption follows pro- duction, i. 61. The more instant the demand for human powers, the greater the tendency towards acceleration in the rate of, ii. 297.
Prohibition of manufactures in the Brit- ish West Indies, i. 295; in the North American Colonies, i. 286. Property, insecurity of, in the early stages of society, i. 234.
Proportion of labor's products assigned to the laborer increases, as that of the capitalist diminishes, i. 157, iii. 112, 210.
borne by machinery of exchange to production, diminishes as men are more enabled to associate, i. 189. Proportions, law of definite, equally ap- plicable in Physical and Social Science, i. 199. As exhibited in the societary distribution, i. 234, 263, 416, 460, ii. 20, 22, 39. As applied to profits, interest, freights, or rents, iii. 116.
of labor wasted and economised, in the various stages of society, ii. 20. of trade and transportation, in- crease in, in the United States, ii. 218.
of money to commerce, ii. 358. of the land-owners and the labor- ers, according to the Ricardo theory, iii. 135. That theory compared with the facts observed, iii. 150.-(See Rent of land.)
Pro-slavery tendencies of the United States, ii. 252.
Prospect of life increases, with the de- velopment of individuality, i. 259. Prospective changes in the ratio of pro- creation, iii. 305. Prosperity comes with diversity in the demand for human efforts, iii. 341. Prostitution. The necessary consequence of a system based upon the idea of cheap labor, iii. 380. Of, in London, iii. 381. Of, in America, iii. 385. Dr. Sanger on, iii. 385.
Protection, of. Reasons for its adoption by Portugal, i. 308. Measures of, adopted in France, under the adminis- tration of Colbert, ii. 46. Their effect, in giving value to land and labor, ii. 47. Policy of, maintained by Turgot, ii. 49. Repudiated by the negotiators of the Eden treaty, ii. 49. blished by the Revolutionary govern- ment, and strengthened by Napoleon, ii. 50. Effect of, as exhibited in the
progress of agriculture, ii. 51. Simul- taneous adoption of, by the principal nations of Europe and America, ii. 111. In Prussia, ii. 128. In Russia, ii. 149. In Denmark, ii. 112. In Sweden, ii. 167. Operation of, in the United States, ii. 225. How the laborer is affected by, ii. 277. How it cheapens finished com- modities, while raising the prices of rude products, ii. 274, 275. How it affects commerce, ii. 277. How it in- fluences the movements of the precious metals, ii. 351. How it affects the cur- rency of the United States, ii. 437. How it has influenced the societary movement of the United States, ii. 438. How it promotes the growth of capital. iii. 67. The necessary preparation for the substitution of direct for indirect taxation, iii. 207. How it promotes competition for the purchase of labor, iii. 246. How it influences the supply of food in the United States, iii. 322. How it affects the demand for female labor, iii. 383. How regarded by Col- bert, iii. 424; by Hume and Smith, iii. 425; by J. B. Say, iii. 426; by M. Blan- qui, iii. 427; by M. De Jonnès, iii. 428; by Mr. J. S. Mill, iii. 428; by M. Che- valier, iii. 429. Why is it needed? iii. 441. Its object, that of establishing perfect freedom of commerce through- out the world, iii. 453. Protective policy of Spain, ii. 119.
of England, origin and extension of the, i. 394, 398, 404. Proximity of the market, indispensable to the growth of agriculture, ii. 29. Prudence and foresight, recommended by writers who commence by expelling from the minds of their readers all feeling of hope, iii. 362.
Prussia, rapid advance of, in wealth and power, i. 49. Concentration, as exhib- ited in, iii. 226. Division of the land of, and its effects, iii. 84.-(See Germany.) Prussian tariff of 1818, protective features of the, ii. 128.
Psychology follows Social Science, in the order of development, i. 22. Public lands of the United States, sales of the, ii. 230.
revenue of Turkey, diminution in the, i. 312.
revenue of the United States, movement of the, ii. 222.
Quarterly Review, on English agriculture, ii. 33. On the condition of the juve- nile population of England, iii. 394. Question to be settled, that of progress, and not that of existing condition, ii. 73.
Questions asked by Mathematics and by Science, wide difference of the, iii. 469. Quijano, M., on the cause of value, i. 174.
Railroad corporations, growth of the power of, to control legislation, iii. 444.
systems of India and Ireland, tendencies of the, i. 368. Rank of the animal, fecundity graduated inversely to the, iii. 302. Rate, high, of profit in agricultural coun- tries, iii. 116. Accompanied by small- ness of amount, iii. 116.
Ratio of procreation governed by socie- tary conditions, iii. 305.
Raudot, M., on the decline of France, ii. 62.
Raw material, definition of, ii. 303.
materials, prices of, tend to rise with the progress of civilization, i. 427, ii. 302. Their tendency to fall, in all the countries subject to the British system, i. 429. Approximation in the prices of, towards those of finished commodi- ties, one of the most conclusive proofs of human progress, i. 464, ii. 301, iii. 43, 59, 93, 116, 369. Tend toward those places at which they are most utilized, ii. 308.
Real freedom of trade consists in the ex- ercise of the power to maintain direct commerce with the outer world. Its establishment, the object of measures of protection, iii. 453.
Recklessness in the United States, ii. 248. Reform Act of Great Britain, failure of the, i. 451.
Reformers, general error of, iii. 470. How they might profit by the study of Social Science, iii. 470.
Relations of the sexes, iii. 368. Slavery of woman in the early periods of so- ciety, iii. 368. Becomes more free, as man advances in wealth and power, iii. 368.
of the family, how affected by di- vision of the land, iii. 387. Rent of land, high proportion claimed as, in purely agricultural communities, i. 158. Diminution in the proportion of, an evidence of progress, i. 169. In- creases in amount, as it declines in its proportion to the product, i. 176, iii. 133. Obedient to the general law of distribution, iii. 131. Changes in, con- sequent upon the growth of power to cultivate richer soils, iii. 133. Decline in its proportions, as labor becomes more productive, iii. 133. Examina- tion of Mr. Ricardo's theory of, iii. 136- 154. Error of Adam Smith in refe- rence to, iii. 144. Diminution of its
proportions admitted by Mr. Malthus, iii. 144. Changes in the, in England, since the time of Arthur Young, iii. 146. Diminution in the proportions of, in France, iii. 147. Mr. Ricardo's theory of, inconsistent with all the facts observed, iii. 154. Phenomena of Greece and Italy, in regard to, iii. 155. Proportions of, increase, as land be- comes more and more consolidated, iii. 156.
Rents of Ireland, i. 323. Reproduction, cost of, the limit of value, i. 149. Determines the value of all commodities, ii. 335, iii. 111, 133. Reproductive function predominates in woman, iii. 298. -, adjusted to varying con- ditions of the human race, by organic laws, iii. 296.
, and intellectual and moral powers, mature cotemporaneously, iii. 300. Repulsive character of the British trading system, iii. 347.
of the modern political
economy, i. 196. Resistance to the system of trading cen- tralization, how to be effected, ii. 101, iii. 453.
Responsibility, one of the distinguishing characteristics of man, i. 57. Absence of, in the early stages of society, i. 58. Becomes developed with the growth of individuality, i. 58. How it exhibits itself in Germany and the United States, i. 59. Individuality, association, and, develop themselves together, i. 60. Grows with the growth of wealth, i. 197; with division of the land, iii. 275. How it affects the growth of population, iii. 276. Grows with in- crease in the gifts of God to man, iii. 364. Malthusian theory transfers the burthen of, from the rich and strong. to the poor and weak, iii. 365. Of parent and child, iii. 387. How that of parents is manifested in Central and Northern Europe, iii. 388. How, in England, and in the countries that fol- low in her lead, iii. 391; in the United States, iii. 397. Becomes developed in the ratio of the approximation of the prices of rude products and finished commodities, iii. 400. Of the states- man, iii. 471.
Restraints upon Irish commerce and manufactures, i. 321. Restrictions on French commerce, prior to the Revolution, ii. 50, 52. Retrograde character of British policy and British theories, i. 469. Revenue, publie, of Russia, ii. 161; of the United States, ii. 224.
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